SPE 525 Measurement and experimental design
Demonstration of effect
A clear and obvious change in the dependent variable either when the independent variable is introduced or removed during the experiment
Adapted Alternating Treatments Design (AATD)
A design which requires one non-reversible behavior and compares two interventions to two or more interventions, each assigned to a specific set of behaviors of equal difficulty.
Parallel Treatments
A design which requires one non-reversible behavior and compares two interventions, with multiple sets of behaviors using a multiple probe, time-lagged fashion.
alternating-treatments design (ATD)
A design which requires one reversible behavior and compares two ore more interventions
split middle
A method of identifying the trend in highly variable data.
trials-to-criterion
A recording method that measures the number of response or practice opportunities needed for a person to achieve a pre-established level of accuracy or proficiency
evidence-based practice
A term used to describe when an intervention has gone through rigorous, high quality experimentation and has been considered to be of value for specific individuals and/or behaviors of interest
PLA-Check
A variation of momentary time sampling that uses head counts to measure group behavior.
level
A within conditions pattern described as high, moderate, or low; an indication of the amount of the behavior that occurs.
variability
A within conditions pattern meaning the range of values; the opposite of stability.
A teacher wants to know which of two commonly used instructional procedures will lead to faster acquisition of multiplication facts for her 3rd grade students. She can only use which design?
AATD or PTD
Which design best denotes a REVERSAL design
ABA'B
A BCBA wants to know whether the intervention DRA alone or DRA plus an extinction procedure will lead to greater decreases in noncompliant behavior for one of his clients. He can only use which of the following?
ATD
internal validity
Is considered high when there is clear experimental control
_______ may occur when a data collector departs from accurate use of definitions of behavior over time.
Observer Drift
percentage of non-overlapping data
Used to calculate overlap between conditions.
Behaviors that have a clear beginning and end and are of short duration are known as _________.
Discrete Behaviors
A "Best Alone" or "Best Treatment" phase is required in Multi-Element/Alternating Treatment designs? T or F
False
A Multi-Element/Alternating Treatment design cannot only include a comparison phase? T or F
False
Multi-Element/Alternating Treatment designs require baseline? T or F
False
Collecting data at different points in time across participants or other conditions is acceptable in which type of design?
Noncurrent Multiple Baseline
What is the minimum number of tiers required to demonstrate a functional relation in a multiple baseline/multiple probe design?
3
Though higher percentages are preferred, the generally agreed upon minimum percentage of IOA acceptable is
80%
Demonstration question/analysis
A basic experiment examining whether an intervention is effective at changing (increasing or decreasing) the behavior if interest.
overlap
A between conditions analysis of the values of data in one condition that are the same as those in an adjacent condition.
Parametric Analysis/question
An experiment examining how much of an intervention is needed to be effective at changing (increasing or increasing)the behavior of interest
Component analysis/question
An experiment examining which parts of a package intervention are needed for changing (increasing or increasing) the behavior of interest
operational definition of behavior
Behavior analysts achieve this when they describe the target in measurable and observable terms
What are examples of a condition across which a multiple baseline design may be used?
Behavior, participants, settings
Immediacy of Effect/Change, Overlap and Consistency are examples of _____ patterns or analyses?
Between Conditions
What are concerns with an ABC design?
Carry over effect, sequencing effects, lack of functional relation
What is important for mitigation of threats to internal validity in a multiple baseline design?
Conditions must be the same Conditions must be functionally independent Conditions must be Functionally similar
Behaviors that last for longer durations are known as _______.
Continuous Behaviors
For what type of question would you NOT use an ABAC design?
Demonstration
For what type of question would you use an ABAB design?
Demonstration
When identifying whether or not she has a demonstration of experimental control in a Multi-Element/Alternating Treatments Design, a researcher must look for what condition?
Differentiation in the data paths of the intervention conditions
Behaviors that occur without need for antecedent stimuli or an antecedent cue are known as: ____________.
Free Operant behaviors
This can be used to ensure reliability of data collection
IOA
Frequency
Measurement method involves counting the number of behaviors one observes
Collecting data intermittently until three sessions immediately prior to implementing the intervention is acceptable in which type of design?
Multiple Probe
When a research team includes ecological validity, social validity, generalization, maintenance, and randomization (if applicable), their study can be said to have ___________.
Quality
The extent to which a new, untrained behavior emerges is known as?
Response generalization
When a research team has planned and conducted their study in such a way that it produces convincing results, this is known as?
Rigor
____________ evaluation may include questionnaires or normative sampling to determine the _______ or ________ of interventions.
Social validity; feasibility; acceptability
immediacy of change/effect
The degree to which behavior change is observed as soon as the intervention is introduced.
Interobserver Agreement (IOA)
The degree to which two or more independent observers report the same observed values after measuring the same events.
The extent to which the targeted behavior generalizes to other contexts, settings, materials, or people from those in the original study is known as?
Stimulus generalization
consistency
The extent to which data patterns in one condition are similar to data patterns in similar conditions.
abscissa (x axis)
The horizontal axis on a graph.
Differentiation
The method used to determine functional relation/experimental control in a Multi-Element/Alternating Treatments Design.
trend
The slope or direction of a data series within a condition.
ordinate (y axis)
The vertical axis on which the dependent variable is depicted
Multi-Treatment Interference
This occurs when concerns about sequencing or carryover effects occur during multi-element/alternating treatments designs.
The two dimensions of interest in behavior are: ________ and ________.
Time/Number
Behaviors that require antecedent stimuli or cue are known as _______.
Trial-Based behaviors
A Multi-Element/Alternating Treatment design can include only a baseline and comparison phase? T or F
True
A Multi-Element/Alternating Treatment design can include only a comparison phase and a best treatments/best alone phase? T or F
True
True or False: Non-continuous measurements of behavior provide only estimates of behavior.
True
Functional Relation
Visually demonstrated (through visual analysis of the graphed data) control of the behavior by the intervention.
experimental control
When this is demonstrated, we have verified that there is functional relation between the independent and dependent variables- that is, that the change in dependent variable (behavior) is casually (functionally) related to the implementation of the independent variable (intervention).
Level, trend, and variability/stability are examples of _________ patterns or analyses?
Within Conditions
Partial Interval Recording
a measurement method that involves scoring the behavior as occurring if it happens at any point during an interval.
Whole interval recording
a measurement method that involves scoring the behavior as occurring if it happens the entire length of an interval.
Momentary Time Sampling (MTS)
a measurement method that involves scoring the behavior as occurring if it is happening at the end of an interval.
Latency
a measurement of behavior involving recording the length of time between some antecedent stimuli or cue and the onset of the behavior.
Inter-response time (IRT)
a recording method that involves recording the length of time from the offset of one behavior and the onset of the next behavior.
external validity
a term referring to the replication of the same or similar results from an experiment; in other words, the degree to which findings have generality across studies.
dependent variable
behavior
Validity
accuracy of an experiment
inter-participant direct replication
an investigator's attempts to repeat an experimental effect across participants in the same study
intra-participant direct replication
an investigator's attempts to repeat an experimental effect with the same participants
Systematic Replication
carry out a series of studies of one's own research or carrying out the exact or expanding on the research of others
Reliability
consistency of an experiment
What are ways to mitigate (prevent or reduce) the concern of sequencing effects in a Multi-Element/Alternating Treatments Design?
include a "best treatment" phase after the comparison and a control (baseline) condition during the comparison phase
Independent Variable
intervention
Comparative/Comparison question/analysis
experiment examining which of two or more intervention are effective at changing (increasing or increasing) the behavior of interest
duration
measurement of behavior that involves recording how long a behavior last
According to the Ledford and Gast textbook (2018), Sequencing Effects, Carryover Effects, and Alternation Effects are all types of _______.
multi-treatment interference
social validity
refers to the socially significant behavior of interest/focus of research
