SPED 360
students identities within school structures
Educators need to pay attention to the ways in which choose to display or hide their developing identity
OSF
Effects such as poverty place severe limits on what can be accomplished through educational reforms.
ELL
English Language Learner
ESL
English as a Second Language
MCE is education for social justice
because it prepares students for active membership in a democracy
Sink or swim
children receive no support
Language Minority Students
children who speak a minority language in the US
Identify the four major ways to differentiate instruction
content, process, products, learning environment
product
culminating projects that ask the student to rehearse, apply, and extend what he or she has learned in a unit.
Discrimination
denotes negative or destructive behaviors that can result in denying some groups life's necessities enjoyed by others
the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people or things, especially on the grounds of race, age, or sex.
discrimination
Linguicism
discrimination based on language
Particularistic
focus on one person or social unit
Plyer v Doe
guarantees all people in the nation , regardless of immigration status, equal protection under the law which means all children in the US have a right to an education in our schools
The SIOP component associated with planning how children will discuss information is
interactions
curriculum
is the organized environment for learning and is concerned with what should be learned and under which conditions
MCE is basic education because
it challenges the core curriculum
Heuristic
it sharpens the reader's understanding, learning to discover new meanings
The SIOP component best associated with writing and stating the content objective is
lesson preparation
Identify the SIOP components
lesson preparation, interaction, building background, practice and application, comprehensible input, lesson delivery, strategies, review and assessment
emergent bilingual
people who are in the process of becoming bilingual
Bilingual Education Act of 1967
provided financial incentives to school districts to support English language learners
Equitable Education
provides the student with the resources and opportunities they need to achieve equality
Equal Education
providing the same resources and opportunities for all students (sameness)
The achievement gap widens due to...(Choose all that apply)
quality of the schools children attend, the curriculum they are taught, the pedagogy used, and length of time they stay in school.
the belief that all members of each race possess characteristics or abilities specific to that race, especially so as to distinguish it as inferior or superior to another race or races.
racism
representation
recognition networks, the WHAT of learning
pedagogy
refers to the strategies, techniques, and approaches used by teachers in their classrooms.
hidden curriculum
refers to the unwritten, unofficial, and often unintended lessons, values, and perspectives that students learn in school.
No Child Left Behind law
repeals the Bilingual education act of 1967
Labeling has a positive and negative affect on children. When teachers devalue Blacks and other children of color and females in society through harmful attitudes and beliefs, this is called
stereotype threat
Action and expression
strategic networks, the HOW of learning
Identify three teaching practices for making content more comprehensible to children learning academic English.
1. Use pictures/drawings 2. allow peers to help each other. 3. write vocabulary in notebooks.
Identify the main components of UDL
1. engagement 2. representation 3. action & expression
Why does Wind-Wolf have challenges in school? Check all that applies.
- Teachers do not understand Wind-Wolf's upbringing - Wind-Wolf's home culture is different from the school culture
In order to receive an excused absence, do the following: 1- watch Zoom recording is one is available 2- study the TopHat slides 3- complete in-class assignments 4- answer the TopHat questions 5- report back by the next class meeting that you are caught up 6- submit before the end of the semester
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
The four principles identified in Teaching in the Savior's Way are: 1. Love those you teach 2. Encourage diligent learning 3. learning by faith 4. Teach the Doctrine 5. Repentance 6. Teach with the Spirit
1, 2, 4, 6
Identify the three goals of MCE 1. tacking inequality and promoting access to equal education 2. monthly celebrations of cultural activities that provide them with equal education and basic education to become critical and productive members of a democratic society 3. student of the week activities that provides them with equal education and basic education to become critical and productive members of a democratic society 4. raising the achievement of all students through meaningful learning that provides them with an equitable and high-quality education 5. providing students with an apprenticeship in an opportunity to become critical and productive members of a democratic society
1, 4, 5
What causes achievement gaps? 1- lack of resources 2- lack of opportunities 3- low expectations from society 4- lack of culture 5- low expectations from teachers
1,2,3,5
The main components of the ethnographic case study method are: 1. Particularistic (focus on one person or social unit) 2. Equal and equitable research 3. Descriptive (the result is rich, thick portrait) 4. Heuristic (discover new meanings) 5. Inductive (generalizations and hypotheses emerge from the analysis)
1,3,4,5
7 basic characteristics of MCE
1. Antiracist education 2. critical pedagogy 3. education for social justice 4. basic education (just as important as reading, writing, and 'rithmetic) 5. a process 6. important for all students 7. pervasive
ROLE AND AUTHORITY OF THE INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD (IRB) Discussion The Institutional Review Board is a local committee charged by the federal government with oversight of an institution's human subjects research. The basic mandate of any IRB is to protect human subjects. At BYU-I the IRB committee is comprised mostly of faculty, but also includes administrative personnel and a non-BYU affiliated community representatives. The IRB committee has authority to approve, disapprove and require modifications in all human subjects protocols under their purview. The IRB committee also has authority under campus policy to address allegations of investigator non-compliance and, when necessary, to impose sanctions. Question Which of the following best describes the role and authority of the IRB?
A local body charged with oversight of an institution's human subjects research.
Social Justice
A philosophy and actions that embody treating all people with fairness, dignity, and generosity.
HUMAN SUBJECTS RESEARCH "EXEMPT" FROM IRB APPROVAL Discussion Some human subjects research studies are considered "exempt" from the need for IRB approval because they pose no risk to subjects. Institutions that receive federal funding are required to verify the exempt status of such studies. At BYU-Idaho, the exemption for these types of human subjects studies is verified by administrative confirmation of "Exempt Status." Examples of studies requiring only confirmation of Exempt Status are: anonymous questionnaires, surveys about non-sensitive subjects, and curricular evaluation studies in regular educational settings. Question Which of the following types of human subjects studies qualify for "Exempt Status"?
A simple survey about non-sensitive subjects ( i.e. Do you enjoy studying at the library rather than home? Do you prefer essay tests over multiple choice?) etc.
class attendance is... A) Required B) Not important
A) Required
engagement
Affective networks, the WHY of learning
OFF SITE RESEARCH Discussion All human subjects research, including off-site research, must be reviewed and approved by the BYU-I IRB, or otherwise registered with the IRB prior to initiation if the study will use BYU-I resources (including faculty time) or will be published/publicized with the investigator's BYU-I title. Off-site research is any research activity that occurs outside of a BYU-I facility. The BYU-I IRB may approve research that is proposed to occur at (or in cooperation with) non-BYU-I or non-BYU-I-affiliated institutions when appropriate documentation demonstrating the support and cooperation of the off-site institution(s) and compliance with federal requirements is provided. The necessary documentation varies based on several factors, including: the site's relationship with BYU-I; the source of funding for the research; and the degree of responsibility for subject contact BYU-I researchers will assume. Question Which of the following statements is true?
All human subjects research performed by BYU-I students, faculty and staff must obtain prior approval or registration from the BYU-I IRB, regardless of the performance site if the study will use BYU-I resources (including faculty time) or will be published/publicized with the investigator's BYU-I title.
SUBJECT PRIVACY AND CONFIDENTIALITY Discussion Violations of subject privacy and confidentiality are risks of participation in human subjects research. Sometimes such violations have the potential to result in serious harm, such as criminal prosecution of subjects or loss of employment. Investigators are required to minimize these risks to the extent possible by maintaining all research records in a secure manner. When the question under study requires subjects to reveal highly sensitive information, such as criminal behavior, investigators can apply to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services for a Certificate of Confidentiality, which will protect the data even from a subpoena. On the other hand, it is possible to conduct a study in which there will be no confidentiality (e.g., an oral history project where subjects' names will be published with their comments). Regardless of the degree to which confidentiality will be maintained, investigators must disclose to subjects any limits of confidentiality that reasonably can be expected. Question What steps can be taken to protect the privacy of human research subjects?
All of the above - Keep all data in a locked file cabinet or other secured container - When a study concerns sensitive issues that could place the subjects in legal or other jeopardy, apply for a Certificate of Confidentiality - Inform all subjects during the informed consent process of any limits to confidentiality so that they will have an informed choice about whether to participate and how much to divulge
DISCLOSING STUDY RISKS DURING INFORMED CONSENT PROCESS Discussion The informed consent process, when executed correctly, provides sufficient information about study procedures that the potential subject can make a reasoned decision about participation, based on an understanding of the potential risks and anticipated benefits (if any) of the study. Risks to subjects may include injury, emotional distress, impairment of cognitive functioning, exposure to litigation or criminal penalties, and even financial risks related to billing of medical procedures or responsibility for transportation costs to and from the study site. Anticipated benefits may be more challenging to quantify, but can include improved physical health; increased understanding of a disease, condition or phenomenon; and exposure to state-of-the-art technology. Question In addition to risks of physical harm, which of the following are considered risks of participation in research that, if relevant to a particular study, must be divulged to a potential subject during the informed consent process?
All of the above (emotional distress, cognitive impairment, and financially responsibility for costs incurred as a result of participation)
NONCOMPLIANCE WITH RESEARCH REQUIREMENTS Discussion Compliance with research requirements is expected for reasons of human subject protection as well as institutional risk management. A campus policy for addressing potential occurrences of noncompliance gives the IRB committee authority to review and resolve noncompliance informally whenever possible. If an allegation of potential noncompliance is unresolvable through informal channels, the IRB is authorized to conduct Regulatory Committee Reviews and, when appropriate, to apply sanctions necessary to effect corrective action. Potential occurrences of regulatory noncompliance in research may be revealed by a complainant or through formal and informal monitoring activities. Examples of noncompliance include: failure to obtain/maintain approval for research, failure to obtain informed consent when required, failure to file adverse event reports, the performance of an unapproved study procedure, performance of research at an unapproved site, failure to file protocol modifications, and failure to adhere to an approved protocol. Question Which of the following constitutes noncompliance with research requirements?
All of the above: - failure to obtain/maintain approval for research - performance of research at an unapproved site - failure to adhere to an approved protocol
READABILITY OF THE INFORMED CONSENT DOCUMENT Discussion Use of an informed consent document is an important component of the informed consent process. To assure truly informed consent by subjects, the consent document information should be presented in nontechnical language the subjects can understand. If the document is not understandable, a claim could be made that the participant did not really know what they agreed to participate in. To increase the chances that the informed consent document will be understood by most subjects, it is recommended that investigators: write at a sixth-grade reading level; use simple, straightforward sentences; use commonly recognizable terms and measurement amounts; avoid the use of jargon or technical language; and explain terms that may not be easily understood. If non-English speaking subjects will be enrolled, plan to translate informed consent documents. Likewise, if illiterate or visually-impaired subjects will be enrolled, plan to provide witnessed verbal translations of the informed consent document. Question What steps can be taken to increase the chances that most subjects will understand the informed consent document?
All of the above: - write it at a sixth grade reading level - avoid the use or technical language - use translated consent forms for non-english speaking subjects
Critical Race Theory
Applies critical theory to examine the ways in which the intersection of race, law, and power influences society and culture
EXCULPATORY LANGUAGE Discussion Federal Policy requires the investigator to refrain from "exculpatory language" in the consent process whether oral or written. Exculpatory language is any statement in which a subject in a research proposal is asked to waive any of the subject's legal rights, or releases the investigator from liability for negligence. An investigator should state simply the factual information and avoid any statements which would require the subject to relieve any party from liability resulting from any negligent or wrongful acts, or waive any legal rights. A statement that sets forth simple facts is usually not viewed as exculpatory. Question Which of the following statements is not exculpatory?
As part of the research project, the investigator plans to have you try different diet products. The investigator may commercialize on information derived from the research. The investigator does not plan to share any profits with the subjects.
GUIDING PRINCIPLES FOR HUMAN SUBJECT PROTECTION Discussion Underlying the federal regulations, state statutes, and University policies for human subject protection are three principles. They are: autonomy, beneficence, and justice. The principle of autonomy requires us to respect each individual's right to decide freely whether or not to enroll in research. The principle of beneficence requires that investigators attempt to "do good" or, conversely, "do no harm" in the conduct of their research. The principle of justice requires that access to research must be equitable, meaning that the risks of research should not disproportionately be borne by the disadvantaged and the benefits of research should not be reserved for the privileged. The principles are described in detail in a document known as the "Belmont Report." Question Which of the following are the principles underlying requirements for human subject protection?
Autonomy, beneficence, and justice.
You have ______ excused absenses A)1 or 2 B) 3 C) no excused
B)3
Studies find, for example, that if you ask kids to write down if they are male or female before taking a math test, girls will often perform worse than if you hadn't reminded them about their gender. This phenomenon is called: A) bias B) discrimination C) stereotype threat D) expectations
C) Stereotype threat
In 1948, Robert Merton described this phenomenon as a false belief that becomes true over time. For example, when teachers treat young children from poverty as losers, they eventually act like losers. This phenomenon is called: A) stereotype threat B) prophecy C) self-fulfilling prophecy D) expectations
C) self-fulfilling prophecy
MODIFICATIONS TO AN APPROVED PROTOCOL Discussion Once a research protocol is approved by the IRB, the investigator may feel that changes are necessary for the safety of the subjects, for the integrity of the data, or for administrative reasons (such as changes in research personnel). These changes are called modifications. Per federal regulations, any desired modification in an approved research protocol must receive approval from the IRB prior to implementation. Examples of modifications include: changes in study personnel, changes in research site, changes in number of subjects, changes in inclusion/exclusion criteria, changes in research interventions and changes in the research design. The IRB carefully evaluates modification requests to determine whether the proposed changes would in any way effect potential risks to subjects and, by extension, whether changes to the informed consent document also should be required. Question Which of the following changes would not require submission of a modification request to the IRB?
Changing the type of computer used to tabulate the data.
LEP
Limited English Proficient
Inductive
Generalizations and hypotheses emerge from the examination of the data
ethic of care
How teachers and schools treat students can make an immense difference in how students experience school
_________________ generally refers to how people are excluded or deprived of rights or opportunities as a result of the normal operations of a business or government office, for example.
Institutional discrimination
VOLUNTARY PARTICIPATION Discussion A subject's participation in research must be completely voluntary. It is inappropriate and unlawful to require participation in research or suggest that it is mandatory. All informed consent documents must include a statement that participation is voluntary, refusal to participate will involve no penalty, and the subject may discontinue participation at any time without loss of benefits to which they otherwise would be entitled. Question Which of the following statements is not true?
Investigators can require their subjects' participation in research in order to have publishable findings.
DISCLOSURE OF FINANCIAL INTERESTS Discussion Sometimes investigators have a financial or other personal interest in the outcome of a study. For example, an investigator may wish to conduct research at BYU that is funded by a private company in which s/he has an equity interest or a management position. In this kind of situation it could be challenging for the investigator to separate the University's interests from the interests of the private company. Investigators need to inform subjects whenever they have such an interest in the outcome of a study because the knowledge may affect the subjects' willingness to participate. This can be accomplished by disclosing the existence of the investigator's interest in the informed consent document. Question Which of the following statements is true?
Investigators who have financial interests in the outcome of a study should disclose those interests to subjects in the informed consent document.
white privilege
Is the societal privilege that benefits white people over non-white people in some societies
CONTINUING REVIEW Disussion Once a study is approved, it continues to receive oversight from the Institutional Review Board until the research is concluded. To protect subjects enrolled in ongoing research studies, federal regulations require that all protocols approved by an Institutional Review Board must receive "continuing" review at least once annually for the life of the study. At the time of this annual re-review, the IRB evaluates preliminary results submitted by investigators and considers whether any adverse effects or problems encountered by subjects over the previous 365 days may warrant study termination, modification, or revisions in the informed consent document. Question Once a human research study has been approved by the IRB:
It must be re-reviewed at least once every 365 days throughout the life of the study
Equal Education Opportunities Act of 1974 (EEOA)
Law interprets the failure of any educational agency to "take appropriate action to overcome language barriers" as a denial of equal education opportunity.
ADVERSE EVENTS Discussion Any undesirable and unintended, although not necessarily unexpected, experience which may be the result of a study intervention is called an "adverse event" or "AE." Expected effects that are listed as risks in an informed consent document need not be reported as AEs unless they occur in an unusual frequency or result in hospitalization or death. Any subject death, hospitalization, unanticipated effect, unusual or high frequency of expected effects (as listed in the informed consent document), or suspicious event (even without confirmation of relationship to experimental intervention) constitutes an adverse event. Specific examples of reportable AEs are: death, extension of hospital stay, pain, infection, intractable vomiting, seizure, and psychological distress. All AEs must be reported to the IRB in writing within 10 days. The death of a research subject must be reported by telephone to the IRB within 48 hours with a written report to follow within 10 days. The IRB evaluates AE reports to determine whether the study may continue as planned or modifications must be made to assure subject safety. Question Which of the following reactions to a study intervention would not constitute an adverse event that must be reported to the IRB?
Minor irritation at the personal nature of an interview question.
a type of non-physical violence manifested in the power differential between social groups.
Symbolic Violence
AVOIDING COERCION OF SUBJECTS Discussion A subject's participation in research must be completely voluntary. Great care should be taken by investigators to avoid even the appearance of coercion or undue influence when recruiting potential study subjects. For this reason, the Institutional Review Board is required to review and approve all subject recruitment materials, such as posters and advertisements, to make sure they do not downplay serious risks, give the impression that participation is mandatory, emphasize financial inducements, or overstate benefits. If a faculty member wants to encourage student participation in their research by offering extra course credit, an alternate method of equal or less rigor for earning the extra credit points must be offered to their students. Students need to have a choice on whether to participate in the research project or choose alternative extra credit options. Question To reduce the potential for coercion during recruitment of BYU-affiliated human research subjects, faculty should:
Offer an alternative method of equal or less rigor for earning extra credit points for their students who choose not to participate in class research projects.
Achievement Gap
One group of students outperforms another group and the difference in average scores for the two groups is statistically significant
Implicit bias
Operates at a level below conscious awareness and is not intentional
resistance
Out of school factors combined with the structural inequities of school encountered by youth can lead to students choosing to actively resist school.
SUBJECT POPULATIONS REQUIRING ADDITIONAL PROTECTIONS Discussion Federal regulations require more rigorous protection of human subject populations that are considered especially vulnerable. Examples of subject populations requiring additional protections include: minors, prisoners or other incarcerated persons, pregnant women and fetuses, and cognitively impaired persons. Elderly subjects are not presumed to be especially vulnerable unless exhibiting cognitive impairments. Question Which of the following research populations is not considered sufficiently vulnerable (by the federal government) as to warrant additional protections?
People over the age of 65
Members of the dominant group in a society think the dominant cultural values as "normal". They view the values of the subordinated groups as deviant or wrong
Power
multicultural education
a process of comprehensive school reform and basic education for all children
Race
a social construct there is no biological evidence
EQUITABLE ACCESS TO RESEARCH Discussion Access to the benefits and risks of research has not always been equitable. Historically, the risks of research have been borne disproportionately by the disadvantaged and the benefits of access to research have been reserved for the very privileged. Whenever possible, investigators are expected to define their inclusion and exclusion criteria for subjects in such a way that allows equitable access. Exclusions based on social categories, such as age, race, gender, or primary language must be scientifically justified in the context of the question under study. For example, exclusion of men from an ovarian cancer study can be justified scientifically. On the other hand, it would be difficult to justify scientifically the exclusion of non-English speaking women from an ovarian cancer study. Unless the IRB specifically approves the exclusion of a certain category of people, it is assumed that entry to a study will be open to all. Question Which of the following circumstances would scientifically justify the exclusion of human subjects from a study?
Researchers want to study the acquisition of English as a second language. They want to exclude native English speakers.
RB EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL RISKS Discussion When the Institutional Review Board reviews a human subjects protocol, one of the major concerns is to weigh the potential risks against the anticipated benefits of the proposed study. The IRB must be assured that any potential risks have been minimized to the extent possible and that all remaining risks are justified in the context of the question to be studied. A study involving only minimal risks may be disapproved if the anticipated benefits are insufficient to justify exposing the subjects to the potential for even minor discomfort or inconvenience. As a rule, subjects must be informed of potential risks during the informed consent process. Question Which of the following statements about potential risks to subjects is false?
Risks never are permitted in human subjects research.
Out-of-School factors
Schools in economically-depressed communities face greater challenges than schools in economically stable communities
Cultural Capital Theory
Schools primarily reflect the knowledge and values of the dominant group in society
HUMAN SUBJECTS RESEARCH DEFINED Discussion Human subjects research is defined as any systematic investigation, including research development, testing and evaluation, designed to develop or contribute to generalizeable knowledge that uses 1) data collected through intervention or interaction with a living human subject or 2) identifiable private information about a human subject. While most people would consider drug trials and psychological experiments to be human subjects research, many are unaware that, according to the federal regulations, even secondary analysis of identifiable private information collected for a non-research purpose (e.g., retrospective review of patient medical charts) also constitutes human subjects research. However, secondary analysis of aggregate data or respondent-level data completely stripped of identifiers (i.e., information that could identify the subject, such as: name, social security number, patient number) does not constitute human subjects research. Question Which of the following data collection activities is not considered by the federal government to constitute human subjects research?
Secondary analysis of aggregate data published by the Centers for Disease Control
Which term means, "students performance is based on overt and covert messages from teachers about students' worth, intelligence, and capability."
Self-fulfilling prophecy
monolingual
Speaking only one language
Identify all possible contributions to why a children might receive poor test results
Stereotype threat and hunger
Prejudice
The attitudes and beliefs of individuals about entire groups of people
economic and social reproduction
The sorting function of schools results in an almost perfect replication of the stratification of society
racism
a system of advantage/privilege based on race
Nieto's theory
We need to understand school achievement as a combination of personal, cultural, familial, political, relational, and societal
Sociopolitical context
a way to think about the interplay of societal and school structures and contexts and how they influence learning
process
activities in which the student engages in in order to make sense of or master the content
Deficit Theories
assume that some children, because of genetic, cultural or experiential differences, are inferior to other children
ENROLLING MINORS AS RESEARCH SUBJECTS Disucssion Because children have limited decision-making capacity, federal regulations require more rigorous protection of all minor research subjects. The regulations also affirm the autonomy of minors by requiring their concurrence in addition to permission from a parent or guardian for almost all types of research. Except for rare instances (i.e., experimental medical procedure likely to benefit a child with a life-threatening condition), to enroll into a study any subject who is at least 7 but not yet 18, parental permission (from one or both parents) and assent from the minor subject are required by law. Assent from minor subjects under age 7 also may be required by a local IRB. Assent from the minor must be obtained in language that is understandable to him/her, which usually requires use of an age-appropriate assent form instead of the consent form used to obtain permission from the minor's parent(s) or guardian(s). Question In general, under what circumstances can a minor enroll in research?
With parental permission and assent from the minor
Mono-cultural education
a form of multi-cultural that reflects only one reality and is biased toward the other dominant group
Lau V Nichols
the court ruled unanimously that the civil rights of students who did not understand the language of instruction were indeed being violated
Tracking
the placement of students for instruction in homogenous groups
descriptive
the result is an attempt to provide a rich, thick portrait of the person or social unit
Stereotype threat
the term is used to identify the devaluation that occurs through harmful attitudes and beliefs that teachers communicate
learning environment
the way the classroom works and feels
Content
what the student needs to learn or how the student will get access to the information