Speech Ch. 1-4, 7 and 8

What is an upside and downside to using questions in your introduction to grab attention?

+ Direct questions can be helpful in getting attention because they require physical response. - Getting listeners to comply with your request also pose a challenge.

What does the thesis statement do for you speech?

1-2 sentence summary of your speech that incorporates your general and specific goals and previews the main points of the speech.

Share four techniques to help reduce anxiety before your deliver your speech. Include days before and the day of your speech.

1. Allow sufficient time to prepare (A week to 10 days) 2. Use presentational aids (Day of) 3. Practice Speech aloud (Starting day-speech day) 4. Dress up (ON speech day) More: 5.Use positive self-talk (Before speech) 6. Face the audience with confidence (Day of) 7. Choose an appropriate time to speak (Before) 8. Focus on sharing the message (During)

What are the 5 essential Ethnic principles of Public speakers? Explain each one a little.

1. Honesty 2. Integrity 3. Fairness 4. Respect 5. Responsibility 1. People expect that what you tell them will not be made up, will not be a personal belief in fact-form, and will not be an exaggeration. Honest speakers don't PLAGIARIZE.2 Practice what you preach. You can't talk about how bad smoking is for you when you are a chainsmoker. 3. Act impartially and acknowledge any potential bias on a topic. 4. Showing regard for other's pov's, rights and feelings. 5. Recognize the power of words - advocate for only that are in the best interest of audience members.

What are the four different types of context?

1. Intrapersonal 2. Interpersonal 3. Small group 4. Public

What are the 8 things needed for public speaking?

1. Sender(Speaker) 2. Receiver (Audience) 3. Message(The speech) 4. Channels 5. Encoding 6. Decoding 7. Noise 8. Feedback

What are the 10 Demographics analyzed?

Age, Education, Race, Gender, Occupation, Socioeconomic status, Ethnicity, Religion, Geographic uniqueness, and 1st language.

What elements are required for your list of sources? What's the point of listing sources?

All the sources you draw from in the speech, all bibliographical info recorded on the annotated bibliography or research card, and must be alphabetical. It will enable you to direct audience members to the specific source of any info you used and will allow you to quickly find the info at a later date. Also, and more importantly, it will enhance your credibility and help you avoid unintentional plagarism.

What are the three phases of reaction? Define

Anticipation Phase-anxiety before giving a speech. Confrontation phase- surge of anxiety we feel as we begin delivering the speech. Adaptation phase- period during which our anxiety level gradually decreases. (Most comfortable in this phase)

What is stereotyping?

Assuming all members of a group have similar knowledge, behaviors, or beliefs simply because they belong to that group.

What is topical order?

Following an order of interest.

What is chronological order?

Following an order that moves from first to last.

Effective speakers use 2 types of goals. What are they?

General-overall intent (to inform, persuade, or entertain) Specific- single statement identifying exact response a speaker wants from the audience.

Give an example of a strong thesis and weak thesis.

Good: "Three proven techniques for improving test scores in college are to attend classes regularly, develop a positive attitude, and study efficiently. Bad: Today I'm gonna talk about improving test scores.

What is systematic desensitization?*

Method that reduces apprehension by gradually visualizing oneself in and preforming increasingly more frightening events while remaining in a relaxed state.

What is visualization?

Method that reduces apprehension by helping speakers develop a mental picture of themselves giving a masterful speech.

What are ethics?

Moral principles that a society, group, or individual hold that differentiate right from wrong and good behavior from bad behavior.

What are some of the qualities associated with a performance orientation to public speaking? What's wrong with this orientation? When is it appropriate?

Preformance orientation: Viewing PS as demanding special delivery techniques that will impress audiences and audience members as hypercritical judges who won't overlook minor mistakes. What's wrong? Our self-talk tends to focus on fear of failure=increase in anxiety. When is it appropriate? Uh, a preformance I guess? Plays, shows, etc.

What is exigence?

Some real or perceived need that a speech might help address.

What are listener-relevance links?

Statements informing listeners of how and why they should be interested in or care about an idea.

What are transitions? What are sectional transitions?

Statements that verbally summarize one main point in a speech and introduce the next one a.k.a show the relationship between two ideas. Complete sentences that show the relationship between and bridge major parts of the speech. Usually between main pts.

Explain Subject vs Topic

Subject-broad area of knowledge, such as contemporary cinema. Topic- a narrower aspect of the subject, such as Academy awards nomination process and how it works.

What are communication orientation motivation methods?

Techniques designed to reduce anxiety by helping the speaker adopt a "communication" rather than a "performance" orientation toward a speech.

What is the primacy-recency effect? Give an example in the way you answer this question.

The Primacy-recency effect is an effect in listeners where the listeners will only remember what is said at the beginning and end of a message.

Expand on the statement from Aristotle, "The audience is the end and object of the speech."

The eloquence of your words are irrelevant if the words are not heard by, are not understood by, or do not affect the people to whom you are speaking. A message is effective only if it is understood and internalized by the audience.

What is a downside to using actions involving your audience to grab attention in your intro?

There is a possibility that the audience wouldn't comply with the action.

What are the components of an effective audience centered public speech?

Using the rhetorical appeals of ethos, pathos, and logos and by applying those appeals to the content, structure, and delivery of the speech. Include listener-relevance links in their content, and they use a clear structure for their material to help listeners follow what they are saying. Conversational, intelligible, poised and expressive in delivery.

Performance orientation vs communication orientation.

Viewing public speaking as a situation demanding special delivery techniques to impress an audience aesthetically or viewing audience members as hypercritical judges who will not forgive even minor mistakes. Viewing a speech as just an opportunity to talk with a number of people about an important topic.

What are signposts? Give examples.

Words or phrases that connect pieces of supporting material to the mainpt or subpt they address. Signposts are usually one word references like "first" "second" "third".

What's a downside to using a joke to grab attention in the intro?

You have to be prepared to handle the situation if no one laughs.

Give an example of avoiding marginalizing.

If you discover that most of your audience have played adult video games, don't marginalize(leave out) the few who haven't.

What is marginalizing?

Ignoring values, needs, and interest in some, leaving them feeling excluded from the situation.

What is Cognitive Restructuring?*

Replacing negative self-talk with positive self-talk to reduce apprehension.

What is hearing vs listening?

The physiological process that occurs when the brain detects sound waves vs receiving, attending to, constructing meaning from, and responding to spoken or nonverbal messages.

Encoding vs decoding

The process of putting our thoughts and feelings into words and nonverbal behaviors vs The process of interpreting the verbal and nonverbal messages sent by others.

What are the different types of listening?* Examples?

1. Appreciative (enjoyment) Listening to music 2. Discriminative (to infer additional info)When a doctor is explaining test results, we might also try to discern whether the results are troubling or routine. 3. Comprehensive (to learn and understand)Material shared in a lecture 4. Empathic (Provide emotional support) 5. Critical (to evaluate message's worth).

How do you collect information about your audience?(4)

1. Conduct a survey 2. Observe informally (like listening in the classroom and making inferences about classmates) 3. Question a representative 4. Make Educated guesses

Effective speakers are _______ (4 things) in their delivery.

1. Conversational 2. Intelligible 3. Poised 4. Expressive

What sharpens the "understanding and remembering" process of effective listening? (5)

1. Determine speaker's organization 2. Ask questions 3. Silently paraphrasing 4. Paying attention to nonverbal cues 5. Taking good notes.

What are the three challenges that impede our ability to listen?

1. Experiencing listening apprehension-anxiety related to listening. 2 Our preferred listening style may not match the rhetorical situation or speaker. 3. Our approach to processing (either active or passive) may not be appropriate for the rhetorical situation.

What are the required elements of an introduction? (4)

1. Get attention 2. Convey listener relevance 3. Establish credibility 4. Identify the thesis statement.

What sharpens the "attending" process of effective listening? (4)

1. Getting ready to listen 2. Resisting mental distractions 3. Hearing the speaker out regardless of your thoughts or feelings 4.Identifying benefits of attending to the speaker.

What are the six steps in an effective speech action plan?

1. Select appropriate speech goal for the rhetorical situation 2. Understand and adapt to your audience 3. Gather and evaluate info to use in your speech 4. Organize and develop ideas into a well-structured outline. 5. Choose appropriate visual aids 6. Practice oral language and delivery style until you sound confident and fluent.

Name the 8 ways to grab attention in the intro.

1. Startling statements 2. Questions 3. Story 4. Joke 5. Personal reference 6. Quote 7. Action 8. Create suspense

What are the required elements of a conclusion? (2)

1. Summarize the goal and main points 2. Provide a sense of closure by driving home the importance of your message in a memorable way - a.k.a a CLINCHER.

What are the 4 organizational patterns used to structure a speech? Give examples of each one. We mainly focus on 3.

1. Time order - organize by sequence or by steps in a process. 2. Narrative order - convey ideas through a story. 3. Topical order - arranges the main pts using some logical relationship between them (Ex: Least to most important) 4. Logical reasons order - organizes the main points according to reasons for accepting the thesis as desireable or true. (Often used in persuasion.)

An introduction is about __% of the length of the entire speech.

10%

What % is your conclusion supposed to be of your speech?

5%

What's the difference between brainstorming and concept map?

Brainstorming is uncritical- you list as many ideas as you can without evaluating them. Concept mapping is a visual means of exploring connections between a subject and related ideas (Focuses on who, what, where, when and how).

What is logos?

Everything you say and do to appeal to logic and sound reasoning.

What is ethos?

Everything you say and do to convey competence and good character.

What are some methods and techniques you can use to manage PS apprehension effectively?

COM (adopting a communication rather than performance orientation toward a speech), visualization(developing mental picture of you giving a masterful speech), relaxation, systematic desensitization(gradually visualizing oneself in and performing increasingly more frightening events while remaining in a relaxed state), cognitive restructuring(replacing negative-self-talk with positive self-talk), and public speaking skills training.

What is inTERpersonal communication?

Communication between two people.

What is inTRApersonal communication?

Communication with yourself or self-talk.

Explain the rhetorical situation - what does it consist of?

Consists of a speaker, audience, occasion, and is guided by exigence(some real or perceived need a speech might need to address).

What is public speaking apprehension? What are its symptoms and causes?

Def: Level of fear a person experiences when speaking. Symptoms: Cognitive, physical, and emotional reactions that vary. Causes: Negative self-talk (most common) - sources are biologically based temperament, previous experience, and level of skill.

How do you create both depth and breadth in sharing your research during a speech?

Depth-amount and types of evidence you use. Breadth- level of detail you provide from each piece of evidence. Make sure that you have enough sources of evidence to effectively support your position but when explaining, depending on the audience, you decide on a level of detail for said evidence. For example, If I were to write a speech about the different treatment options for a specific type of skin cancer - but my audience had no past knowledge of anything medical, then I wouldn't want to go into super duper detail about it. I would definitely lose them.

What can you do to effectively "evaluate" while listening?

Determine between facts and inferences. Facts(accuracy can be verified as true) vs inferences(assertions based on the facts presented).

What is a benefit to using a story to grab attention in the intro? What is a downside?

Everyone loves a well-told story. They are often lengthy and can take more time to tell them than appropriate for the speech.

What is pathos?

Everything you say and do to appeal to emotions.

What is an example of Audience adaptation?

Ex: You will be giving a speech in front of the class, but the class is 90% female - you were thinking about choosing a Male dominance topic- but decided not to because it could offend the class. Ex2: You would like to speak on the subject of cancer drugs, but if your audience is made up of health-care professionals, they might be well interested - but will already know a good deal about it. You would need to make sure to delve deeper into the topic to insure interest.

Describe the benefits of audience analysis and audience adaption.

Helps you select and tailor your topic to meet the needs, interests, and expectations of your audience. With it, you can use a process of elimination to choose a topic and goal that offer some new information, insight, or perspective on a topic. Analysis and adaption help you to tailor your specific goal in ways that allow you to influence rather than alienate.

What are the benefits of a title? Is this an essential part of your outline development? Why or why not?

It helps the audience to know what to expect. In the classroom you probably do not need a title for your speech unless your teacher requires one. In some other situations, however, a speech title is necessary—as when the speech is publicized in advance or is going to be published.

How can you figure out what percentage the intro and conc take up when practicing your speech? Are there times when this doesn't make sense?

It would depend on the amount of time of the entire speech. For a five-minute speech(about 750 words), 10% would be around 30 seconds and 5% would be 15 seconds. Probably? I would suspect that there are times where this wouldn't make sense because how can one always calculate when they might speak faster or something?

How do you avoid unintentional plagarism when preparing your speech?

Listing your sources and making oral footnotes(said in the speech). You should cite if: You change the beginning and end but not much of the middle You completely paraphrase If you purchase, borrow, or use a speech or essay in part or whole.

Explain parallelism

Parallelism refers to using elements in sentences that are grammatically similar or identical in structure, sound, meaning, or meter. This technique adds symmetry, effectiveness and balance to the written piece.

What is plagiarism?

Passing off the ideas, words, or created works of another as one's own by failing to credit the resource.

Macrostructure vs. Microstructure

The OVERALL organizational framework you use to present your speech content. vs The specific language and style you use within sentences of your speech.