Speech - Chapters 8 & 9

Testimony

quotations or paraphrases used to support a speech.

Why is it so easy to lie with statistics?

They can be easily manipulated and distorted depending in which area you are using the statistics, they help to clarify or strengthen a speaker's points. you have to use them sparingly and make them meaningful to your audience, use them fairly.

How you use the Brief examples?

You may use brief examples - specific instances- to illustrate a point or you can use several brief examples to create a stronger impression.

Supporting Materials

materials used to support a speaker's ideas - examples, statistics and testimony.

Statistics

numerical data

Topical Order

speech organization in which main points divide the topic into logical and consistent sub-topics.

Causal Order

speech organization in which the main points follow a cause-effect relationship.

Spatial Order

speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern.

Chronological Order

speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern.

Internal Preview

statement in the speech body that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next.

Peer testimony

testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic.

Expert Testimony

testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields

Quotation

testimony that is presented word for word.

Internal Summary

statement in the speech body that summarizes the preceding point or points.

Why it is important for a speaker to cite his or her sources orally?

Because careful listeners are skeptical. Listeners do not have access to your outline you have to identify your sources orally as you are speaking. Oral source citations do not follow a standard format. When citing sources in a speech you need to let your audience know where you got your information and why they should accept it as qualified and credible. In most cases, this means identifying the document you are citing, its date of publication or posting, the author or sponsoring organization, and the author's credentials.

How you use the Hypothetical Examples?

It describes imaginary situations and can be quite effective for relating ideas to the audience, wherever you use a hypothetical example, it is a good idea to follow it with statistics or testimony to show that the example is not far-fetched.

What is Testimony?

Quotations or Paraphrases used to support a point. We are often influenced by the testimony of other people. By quoting or paraphrasing such people, you can give your ideas greater strength and impact. You can either quote someone word for word, or paraphrase restating or summarizing a source's ideas in one's own words. Be sure to quote or paraphrase accurately and to use qualified, unbiased sources you should put longer quotations in your own words as well.

Why do you need supporting materials in your speeches?

To bolster the speaker's point of view. because generalizations don't answer the three questions listeners always ask of a speaker: "What do you mean? "Why should I believe You?" "So what?"

How you use the Extended Examples?

You use it to pull listeners into the speech, they are longer and more detailed examples, they are a story, narrative, or anecdote.

Signpost

a brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas

Brief Example

a specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point.

Example

a specific case used to illustrate or represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences.

Extended Example

a story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point.

Connective

word or phrase that connect the ideas of a speech and indicate the relationship between them.

Transition

word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another.

Main Points

2-5 major ideas or points developed in the body of a speech.

What three questions should you ask to judge the reliability of statistics?

1. Are the Statistics Representatives of what they claim to measure? 2. Are Statistical measures used correctly? (The Mean: the average value of a group of numbers. The Median: is the middle number in a group of numbers arranged from highest to lowest. The Mode: the number that occurs most frequently in a group of numbers). 3. Are the Statistics from a Reliable Source?

What are the three kinds of examples discussed in this chapter?

1. Brief examples, 2. extended examples, 3. Hypothetical examples

What are four tips for using testimony in your speeches?

1. Quote or Paraphrase Accurately, making sure you do not misquote someone; making sure you do not violate the meaning of statements you paraphrase; making sure you do not quote out of context (distort its meaning by removing the statement from the words and phrases surrounding it). 2. Use Testimony from Qualified Sources, being a celebrity or an authority in one area does not make someone competent in other areas. Listeners will find your speeches much more credible if you use testimony from sources qualified on the subject at hand. 3. Use Testimony from Unbiased Sources; be sure to use testimony from credible, objective authorities. 4. Identify the People You Quote or Paraphrase; name the person and sketch his or her qualifications before presenting the testimony. Example: In their book, When Children Work, psychology professors Ellen Greenberger of the University of California and Lawrence Steinberg of Temple University note that intensive levels of work among your tend to produce higher truancy and low grades. According to Greenberger and Steinberg, one study after another has found that working more than a few hours a week has a negative impact on teenagers' academic performance.

What are five tips for using examples in your speeches?

1. Use examples to clarify your ideas. They put abstract ideas into concrete terms that listeners can easily understand. 2. Use examples to Reinforce Your Ideas. 3. Use examples to Personalize your ideas because add human interest to your speech. They are the very life of the speech (example: the Olympic Runner). 4. Make your examples Vivid and Richly Textured, because supplies everyday details that bring the example to life. 5. Practice Delivery to Enhance Your Extended Examples. Is just like a story or narrative don't say your example as you were reading the newspaper, use your voice to get listeners involved, create a sense of action, slower to build suspense. Raise your voice in some places, lower it in others. Pause occasionally for dramatic effect.

Explain the difference between expert testimony and peer testimony.

1.Expert testimony: A testimony from people who are recognized, are experts in their fields. It makes your ideas more credible. It shows that your position is supported by people who are knowledgeable about the topic. 2. Peer Testimony: A testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic. It gives a more personal viewpoint on issues than ca be gained from expert testimony.

What are six tips for using statistics in your speeches?

1.Use Statistics to Quantify Your Ideas. 2. Use Statistics sparingly, insert statistics only when they are needed and make sure they are easy to grasp or you will put your audience to sleep. 3. Identify the sources of your statistics 4. Explain your statistics, they need to be interpreted and related to your listeners. make them meaningful to your audience rather than simply reciting figures, be creative. 5. Round off complicated Statistics, don't say 27,601.0389 people, instead more than 28 million people 6. Use visual aids to clarify statistical trends because save you a lot of time, and make your statistics easier to comprehend.

The three basic types of supporting materials are:

Examples, Statistics and Testimony

Hypothetical Example

an example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation.