Speech Final Exam
Explain the six-by-six rule and why it is useful in creating effective slides.
6 words to a line, 6 lines to a page It is useful because it retains a necessary amount of information without cluttering a slide
Explain the difference between the causal and the problem-solution patterns of arrangement
A causal patterns emphasizes on the cause and effect of a specific topic while problem solutions suggests a dilemma and then information on how to solve it.
How does the general speech purpose differ from the specific speech purpose?
A general purpose is just defining what type of speech you will be writing while a specific speech purpose is what message you are trying to accomplish. What you want the audience to take away.
How can a speaker analyze the audience?
A speaker can analyze the audience by making general assumptions. This can be done by looking at the setting of the place as well as the general age and gender of the people.
Explain how the concepts of unity, coherence, and balance apply to creating a speech.
A speech exhibits unity when all points relate to that of which implied by the purpose or thesis. It shows coherence when organized effectively and logically to show importance. Balance suggests each part is weighted the same. The body should always be the longest part.
From your own experience, identify something you perceive to be a cultural barrier to listening.
A thick accent and occasionally physical appearance.
Explain the difference between a working outline and speaking outline
A working outline will be used when creating the speech and will include the main and subpoints needed to support a thesis. A speaking outline condenses the information into key phrases to jog your memory and also focuses on delivery cues
List three ways for a speaker to establish a direct connection with an audience when delivering a speech
Adjust your speaking volume to emphasize certain parts Use strategic pauses as well to move from one idea to the next Maintain eye contact to generally gauge the room on how they feel during a certain part of the speech. This will also keep listeners attentive.
Define at least six demographic characteristics and explain how each of them can impact the speaker
Age: Allows you to develop points that are relevant to experiences and interest. Cultural Background: allows you to understand whether some people will relate to what you are speaking of, or may not be aware of certain traditions Socioeconomic status: Some people may not be as fortunate as others so the speaker should remain considerate when choosing scenarios. Religion: Knowing what things may be relatable while others may not culturally Gender: If not co-gendered, It may raise uncertainty around certain topics. Also to avoid any stereotyping. Political Affiliation: It may be wise to not make unwarranted assumptions of peoples affiliation to avoid stereotyping's.
List three benefits of utilizing presentation aids
Allows people to not only hear but also see what is being said Keeps the reader attentive Allows the reader to go back on previous point if they missed something saves time on something that can be time consuming
Describe the dangers and benefits of using of using Wikipedia as a second hand source.
Although it can provide much information, it is also easily edited so it must be used for caution. Use Wikipedia as a stepping stone as that of any other encyclopedia and rather refer to the sources listed underneath for more information.
What should you consider when critically evaluating your sources?
Are the sources reliable? Is there a credible author and publisher and can we be ensured that the information was not tampered with.
Describe the steps in Monroes motivated sequence
Attention-makes speech relevant Need- isolates the issue gives them a reason Satisfaction- identifies the solution Visualization- shows audience the outcomes Action- ask audience to act based on the message
Explain the relationship between attitudes, beliefs, and values.
Attitudes are our general evaluations of people, objects and events. These are based on our beliefs, what we believe is true or false from our perception of reality. Both are shaped by our values our most enduring judgement on what's good in life as shaped by culture and experiences.
List the four citation elements the speaker should share with the audience about each source
Author or origin of the source The title or descriptive of source The date of the source Brief credential
List two ways a speaker can avoid a monotonous speaking style
By adjusting your speaking rate during specific parts of the speech Adjusting speaking volume to add emphasis
Explain the connection between the type of outline you choose and the impact it can have on delivery
By plotting ideas into a hierarchical fashion you create a simple yet effective way to emphasize what the main points are.
How can a speaker create vivid imagery for the audience?
By using more colorful adjectives to further the mood of the speech. Also the usage of stronger verbs
How is explaining information different from describing information
Describing is painting a mental picture for the listeners involving vivid imagery Explaining involves reasoning and cause as well as analysis on a topic
Identify three guidelines for evaluating speeches and presentations
Did they include all parts of the speech? Did they effectively grasp the listeners attention and also maintained it? Did the speaker make non-verbal cues often such as eye contact?
Provide three guidelines for incorporating presentation aids into your speech
Display the aid only when your are ready to discuss it maintain eye contact still with the audience in case problems arise, be ready to continue without it practice until you are confident you can do it without distractions
What are the benefits of separating a speech into its specific parts?
Each part serves a different purpose. Develop each one separately and bring them together with transitions to efficiently allow the listener to stay on track and understand the topic.
Describe and briefly explain the terms ethos, logos, pathos
Ethos-convincing audience from credibility or authority Logos- convincing audience based on facts and statistics Pathos- convincing audience based on emotions or a convincing story
What is the difference between expert testimony and lay testimony?
Expert involves firsthand accounts, eyewitness and professional opinions trained on the opinion. Lay involves just non experts such as eyewitnesses.
How do facts differ from statistics?
Facts represent documents that include actual events, dates and people. Statistics are quantified evidence.
Explain the common pitfalls associated with using presentation software during a speech
File do not save or are not compatible between different types of computer operating systems
How can a speaker project a sense of confidence?
Focus on the ideas you want to convey rather than yourself. Also, appear confident to them so they will reciprocate. q
Describe the four learning styles
Hands-on-performing the activity Visual- seeing the activity Auditory- hearing the activity Read/write- reading then writing about the activity
Give three tips for successfully using presentation software in a speech
Have a speech not a slideshow Be familiar with your slides in case you get lose or skip a slide Have a backup plan in case of technology error Incorporate it into your speech, dont have it be a distraction
How can an audiences perception of the speaker's moral character affect the outcome of a persuasive speech
If the audience has a similar moral character our can relate to it, they will more likely follow the speaker just because of the connection. They need the motivation
Why does a readers use of jargon often exasperate an audience?
If the audience is not familiar with the jargon being used, it can frustrate them because they are now listening to a speech they cannot understand.
Explain and demonstrate the difference between speaking in the active voice and the passive voice
In active voice the subject is doing the action or the verb. In passive voice, subject is being acted upon Kush eats the chocolate. The chocolate was eaten by Kush.
Explain how Maslow's hierarchy of needs relates to persuasive speaking.
In this the most basic needs must be achieved before we desire else. Physiological Safety Social Needs Self-Esteem needs self-actualization
Identify the functions and importance of the introduction, the body and the conclusion.
Introduction serves to gain the audiences attention and interest by introducing the topic The body contains the speeches main points and subpoints arranged to support the thesis. The conclusion restates the thesis and reiterates how the main points relate
List and describe three of the five canons of rhetoric
Invention: finding the appropriate argument in any situation Arrangement: The structure of the text Style: The way that something is written or performed Memory: All the devices that can be used to aide the memory of text (figures of speech) Delivery: Using voice and gestures when in an oral conversation
Discuss three things to consider when narrowing a speech topic
Is the narrowed topic still categorized under the general topic? Is it too specific that there is not enough information on it? Is it not too broad that there are too many interpretations?
Why is it important and beneficial to correctly credit speech sources?
It adds backing to your assertion and strengthens credibility. However, it is crucial this is done without a formula or it can become very repetitive and hinder growth.
Why are audience demographics an important source of information for a speaker
It allows the speaker to analyze how their interest, needs, and opinions will influence their specific response to a topic or event.
Why is it important to identify the purpose of the speech?
It allows you to clearly understand the objective of why you are speaking to the people in front of you. Without this, the reason for saying the speech is invalid.
What are two reasons a speech should follow a clear structure?
It helps the audience follow the speakers idea as well as organizes the speech in a manner that is most logical and emphasizes the main ideas.
Explain how the craft of public speaking uses conversational skills you have already developed
It involves not only choosing appropriate words based on the audience, but also eye contact and gestures that we use in normal day to day conversations.
What is source reliability, and why is it significant?
It is finding sources that are those of which are not altered by bias or conflict of interest. It is important to ensure the speech is said accurately.
Why is it so important for the a speaker to use the introduction to to establish the relevance of the topic to the audience?
It motivates your audience to care about your topic and make it relevant to them. Rather earlier than later, it grabs their attention.
Explain why a speaker should always avoid a deadpan facial expression
It will show the audience that we are not enthusiastic of the topic as well so why should they?
Write a brief list of ways you can become a more active listener. Tailor these goals to your own strengths and weaknesses
Listening for main points, Knowing why I must listen (purpose) and watching for nonverbal cues. I often try to multitask, which more often that not hinders me so I should focus on putting the paper or phone down and putting in the extra time to make sure each task is done accurately
List two reasons why it is important to be able to identify logical fallacies
Logical fallacies create holes in your argument that can be exploited attentive listeners can pick up on these fallacies and will thus ruin your credibility and trust with the speaker
Give three tips for using typefaces and fonts effectively in a presentation aid
Make sure the text is legible for everyone in the audience Lettering should remain in a different color than background (contrast) Use a typeface that is not distracting
Explain why public speaking is such a source of anxiety for most people.
Many people are not used to being the center of attention, are inexperienced/ lack a positive experience, and/or feeling different about minor things.
Name and describe two brainstorming techniques for generating speech topics
Personal Interests: What are you interested and/or informed in Current Events: What is something that many people are familiar with which wont cause much controversy.
Identify the different types of public-speaking anxiety that affects you most, and describe how you cope with it.
Pre-performance anxiety: I cope with this by visualizing success and allowing myself to get comfortable because I have prepared many times Performance anxiety: I cope with this by controlling my breathing and using a repetitive pattern of eye contact to distract myself.
Explain the difference between primary and seconds sources and the benefits of each one.
Primary sources provide firsthand accounts or direct evidence of objects, events, or people. This is important to build trust and credibility. Secondary sources provide analysis about things not directly observed. These are important for listeners to put the topic into perspective.
Explain the difference between pronunciation and articulation
Pronunciation is the correct formation of word wounds while articulation is the clarity with which the sounds are made
Give three ways a speaker should practice a speech
Record the speech and then watch it over Visualize the setting and try to practice under real realistic conditions practice in front of a volunteer and have them criticize
Describe how a listener can plan ways of coping with common listening distractions
Refrain from multitasking, anticipate problems earlier so you are well prepared, avoid daydreaming, and be well rested
Compare and Contrast public speaking and writing: How are they different and how is public speaking "its own thing"
They both involve using proper grammatical structure as well as doing something that will appeal to a specific audience. They are different in which public speaking involves stuff outside the paper such as eye contact and gestures. It is allowed to be more informal with included transitions.
Explain why personal experiences make good narratives.
They help us make a powerful message by conveying true narratives, and strikes an emotional connection between listener and speaker.
Explain why a speech delivery should strive for natural, rather than theatrical, behavior
This allows the audience to relate more towards you rather then them feeling inferior. You want it to feel like you're holding a conversation with the audience to keep everyone's attention.
Why is it important to assess your research needs before beginning your search?
To ensure you do not waste time by searching for irrelevant material. By going in with a plan, you streamline the process.
What are transitions, and how should they function in a speech?
Transitions are words, phrases, or sentences that tie the speech ideas together and enable the listener to follow the speaker.
Give an example of vocal fillers and explain why they distract from the speech message
Um or uhh They distract because it is hard to understand what is being said when every couple words is replaced with an uh or um. People are unable to follow your train of thought.
Describe two types of internal distractions and explain how they detract from a communication situation.
Your thoughts inhibit you from focusing on what the other person is saying or doing and makes you lose your focus Feelings: if you are not in a good mood you can be focusing on other things that are not as relevant and lead you to miss key facts
What are the components of an effective thesis?
an effective thesis states the topic and purpose of the speech that will guide the rest of the speech.
List three objects that can be imported into presentation software
images video clips sound clips graphs/graphics
List three functions of a conclusion.
to end the speech memorably Summarize the key points remind your audience how your ideas will benefit them reiterate the thesis or key idea
List and define the three general speech purposes.
to inform: to increase awareness and understanding of a topic by defining and describing the subject to persuade: effect some degree of change in the attitudes and beliefs of another person to celebrate: used to entertain and celebrate a special occasion
List and explain the subject-matter categories of informative speeches
topical - equal relevance chronological- through time spatial- location based cause-effect narrative problem-(cause)-solution
List two tips to effectively gesturing
using natural body movements avoid distracting gestures practice movements that seem natural
