Speech Final

What is a question of value?

a question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action

What is a question of policy?

a question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken

Specific purpose statement is

a single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech

A false cause is when

a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second

An invalid analogy is

an analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike

Fallacy is

an error in reasoning

Appeal to tradition

assumes that something is old is automatically better than something new

Appeal to novelty

assumes that something new is automatically better than something old

Slippery-slope

assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented

Ad-hominem

attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute

Bandwagon assumes that

because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable

Statistics are

numerical data; often cited in passing to clarify or strengthen a speaker's points; statistics can also be used in combination to show the magnitude or seriousness of an issue

How to gain the attention and interest of your audience in the intro

pose a question, tell a story, make a startling statement, open with a quotation

Testimony is

quotations or paraphrases used to support a point

A hasty generalization is when a

speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence

An example is a

specific case used to illustrate or represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences, or the like.

global plagiarism

stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one's own

patchwork plagiarism is

stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as one's own

Evidence is

supporting materials used to prove or disprove something- examples, statistics, testimony

Peer testimony is

testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic

Expert testimony is

testimony from people who are recognized experts in their field

Credibility

the audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic

Reasoning is

the process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence

Egocentrism is

the tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being (why is this important to me?)

Explain why a strong sense of ethical responsibility is vital for public speaking

1) ethics deal with right vs wrong, fair vs unfair, honest vs dishonest 2) words are very powerful and therefore public speaking can be used as a strong way to inform, persuade, or give opinions 3) speakers can abuse the power of public speaking by using it to exploit people or for personal gain 4) a strong ethical responsibility will help you write and deliver honest and meaningful speeches

Identify the 5 steps in Monroe's motivated sequence

1) Attention 2) Need 3) Satisfaction 4) Visualization 5) Action

Explain the 3 criteria for evaluating the quality of materials on the WWW

1) Authorship 2) Sponsorship 3) Regency

3 ways to enhance your credibility

1) Explain your competence 2) Establish common ground with your audience: a technique in which a speaker connects himself or herself with the values, attitudes, and experiences of the audience 3) Deliver your speeches fluently, expressively, and with conviction

How to use language vividly

1) Imagery--> concrete words, simile, metaphor 2) Rhythm (the pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words)--> parallelism, repetition, alliteration, antithesis

5 guidelines for ethnical speechmaking

1) Make sure your goals are ethnically sound (is it right?) 2) Be fully prepared for each speech (obligation/don't waste time) 3) Be honest in what you say 4) Avoid name-calling and other forms of abusive language 5) Put ethical principles into practice (keep ethics in mind)

The 3 ways to analyze questions of policy

1) Need (burden of proof: the obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from a current policy is necessary) 2) Plan 3) Practicality

Explain the differences between an informative speech and a persuasive speech

1) Persuasion occurs in a situation where two or more points of views exist. 2) There must be a disagreement, or else there would be no need for persuasion.

The 3 questions to ask in judging statistics reliability

1) Representative? (population size) 2) Measures used correctly? (mean, median, mode) 3) From a reliable source? (be aware of bias)

Speech Communication Process

1) Speaker 2) Message 3) Channel 4) Listener 5) Frame of Reference 6) Feedback 7) Interference 8) Situation

Explain what it means to say that audiences engage in a mental dialogue with speakers

1) The mental give-and-take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech. 2) You must anticipate possible objections the audience will raise to your point of view and answer them in your speech. 3) You cannot convert skeptical listeners unless you deal directly with the reasons for their skepticism. 4) Put yourself in the place of your audience and imagine how they will respond (questions, criticism, holes)

Explain why speaking to persuade is especially challenging

1) Your objective is more ambitious than in speaking to inform, and audience analysis and adaptation becomes much more demanding 2) Most deal with controversial topics, and may increase audience's resistance to persuasion and make your task more difficult 3) You must contend not only with your audience's knowledge, but also with attitudes towards it

Dealing with nervousness

1) acquire speaking experience 2) prepare, prepare, prepare 3) think positively 4) use the power of visualization 5) know that nervousness is not visible 6) don't expect perfection

How to use language appropriately

1) appropriateness to the occasion 2) appropriateness to the audience 3) appropriateness to the topic 4) appropriateness to the speaker

How can a speaker adapt to the audience while preparing the speech and delivering the speech?

1) assessing how your audience is likely to respond to what you say in your speech 2) adjusting what you say to make it as clear, appropriate, and convincing as possible

Notes on inclusive language

1) avoid the generic "he" 2) avoid the use of "man" when referring to both men and women 3) avoid stereotyping jobs and social roles by gender 4) use names that groups use to identify themselves

3 basic guidelines for ethnical listening

1) be courteous and attentive 2) avoiding prejudging the speaker 3) maintain the free and open expression of ideas

3 types of examples

1) brief example 2) extended example 3) hypothetical example

5 major methods of organizing main points in a speech

1) chronological 2) spatial 3) causal 4) problem-solution 5) topical

List the 4 key reasons listeners are persuaded by speakers

1) credibility 2) evidence 3) reasoning 4) emotion

Meanings of Words

1) denotative meaning: the literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase 2) connotative meaning: the meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase

Questions to ask about specific purpose statements

1) does my purpose meet the assignment? 2) can I accomplish my purpose in the time allotted? 3) is the purpose relevant to my audience? 4) is the purpose too trivial or too technical for my audience?

6 guidelines for informative speaking

1) don't overestimate what the audience knows 2) relate the subject directly to the audience 3) don't be too technical 4) avoid abstractions 5) personalize your ideas 6) be creative

What can evidence do?

1) enhance your credibility 2) increase both the immediate and long-term persuasiveness of your message 3) help inoculate listeners against counter-persuasion

4 objectives of speech introduction

1) get the attention and interest of your audience 2) reveal the topic of your speech 3) establish your credibility and goodwill 4) preview the body of the speech

3 types of credibility

1) initial credibility 2) derived credibility 3) terminal credibility

3 dispositions toward the topic

1) interest 2) knowledge 3) attitude

Explain why good listening is important to effective speechmaking

1) it is a way you get most of your ideas and info 2) if you don't listen effectively, you could pass on incorrect info when presenting it yourself 3) if you listen to others, they will listen to you 4) likely to get hired

4 major causes of poor listening

1) not concentrating (spare brain time) 2) listening too hard 3) jumping to conclusions 4) focusing on delivery and personal appearance

4 kinds of informative speeches

1) objects (people, places, structures..) (visible, tangible, stable in form) 2) processes 3) events 4) concepts (belief, theory, notion, principle)

Similarities between public speaking and conversation

1) organizing your thoughts logically 2) tailoring your message to your audience 3) telling a story for maximum impact 4) adapting to listener feedback

4 most important aspects of nonverbal communication

1) personal appearance 2) movement 3) gestures 4) eye contact

4 methods of organization used most often in persuasive speeches on questions of policy

1) problem-solution 2) problem-cause-solution 3) comparative advantages 4) monroe's motivated sequence (seeks immediate action)

Differences between public speaking and conversation

1) public speaking is more highly structured 2) public speaking requires more formal language 3) public speaking requires a different method of delivery

4 tips for using testimony

1) quote or paraphrase accurately (don't quote out of context) 2) use testimony from qualified sources 3) use testimony from unbiased sources 4) identify the people you quote or paraphrase

4 methods of delivering a speech

1) reading verbatim from a manuscript 2) reciting a memorized text 3) speaking impromptu 4) speaking extemporaneously

4 types of reasoning

1) reasoning from principle 2) reasoning from specific instances 3) causal reasoning 4) analogical reasoning

7 methods that can be used to gain attention in an introduction

1) relate topic to audience 2) state the importance of your topic 3) startle the audience 4) arouse the curiosity of the audience 5) question the audience 6) begin with a quotation 7) tell a story

4 guidelines for effective central ideas

1) should be expressed in full sentence 2) should not be in form of question 3) should avoid figurative language 4) should not be vague or overly general

Major functions of a speech conclusion

1) signal the end of the speech 2) reinforce the central idea

Discuss why it is important for speeches to be organized clearly and coherently

1) strategic organization: the speech is put together in a way to achieve particular results with your specific audience 2) provides practice with establishing clear relationships among your ideas 3) boosts confidence as a speaker 4) it helps improve your ability to deliver a message fluently (for multiple settings, not just speech delivery)

6 ways to become a better listener

1) take listening seriously 2) be an active listener 3) resist distractions 4) don't be diverted by appearance or delivery 5) suspend judgement (hear them out) 6) focus your listening

Explain the concept of the target audience and its role in persuasive speaking

1) the portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade 2) you can use questionnaires to find out where your classmates stand on your speech topic 3) once you know where your target audience stands, you can tailor your speech to fit their values and concerns

Three methods a speaker can use to generate emotional appeal

1) use emotional language 2) develop vivid examples 3) speak with sincerity and conviction

5 ways to use examples effectively in a speech

1) use examples to clarify your ideas 2) use examples to reinforce your ideas 3) use examples to personalize your ideas 4) make your examples vivid and richly textured 5) practice delivery to enhance your extended examples

How to use language clearly/ how to make a speaker's meaning immediately comprehensible?

1) use familiar words 2) choose concrete words (words that refer to tangible objects) 3) eliminate clutter

Tips for using evidence

1) use specific evidence 2) use novel evidence 3) use evidence from credible sources 4) make clear the point of your evidence (you cannot count on listeners to draw on their own the conclusion you want them to make)

6 tips for using statistics

1) use statistics to quantify your ideas 2) use statistics sparingly 3) identify the sources of your statistics 4) explain your statistics 5) round off complicated statistics 6) use visual aids to clarify statistical trends

8 aspects of voice usage that are crucial to public speaking

1) volume 2) pitch (inflections, monotone) 3) rate 4) pauses (vocalized pauses) 5) vocal variety (changes in volume, pitch, rate) 6) pronunciation (accepted standard) 7) articulation (physical production of speech sounds) 8) dialect (variations of accent, grammar, vocabulary)

5 tips for formulating specific purpose statements

1) write as phrase, not fragment 2) express as statement, not question 3) avoid figurative language 4) limit to one distinct idea 5) not too vague or general

What to be aware of with analogical reasoning

Advice; find out whether it has been tried elsewhere and if it succeeded or not

What to be aware of with reasoning from specific instances

Avoid jumping to conclusions Make sure evidence is fair, unbiased, and representative

Why is evidence important in a class like CA 100?

Few students are recognized as experts on their speech topics

Why should speakers be audience-centered?

Listeners will hear and judge what you say on the basis of what they already know and believe. You must relate your message to your listeners- show how it pertains to them, and explain why they should care about it as much as you do.

Explain why nonverbal communication is important to the speaker

Many people believe the body language over the words

Why is Monroe's motivated sequence considered particularly valuable?

Many speakers prefer it because it is more detailed than problem-solution order. It follows the process of human thinking and leads the listeners step by step to the desired action.

What to be aware of with reasoning form principle

Pay special attention to your general principle- will listeners accept it without evidence? May also need to support your minor premise with evidence.

Ethnocentrism

The belief that one's own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures. To be a successful speaker, show respect for cultures of the people they address. Avoid words or phrases that might cause misunderstanding. Be alert to feedback.

What to be aware of with causal reasoning

The fact that one event happens after another does not mean that the first is the cause of the second. Need to beware of assuming that events have only one cause. Be wary of the temptation to attribute complex events to single causes.

What is the importance of demographic audience analysis?

The importance of any given demographic factor will vary from audience to audience depending on the occasion and the speech topic. If you keep this in mind, demographic analysis can be a valuable starting point in gauging the major demographic factors you should consider. Also, avoid stereotyping.

Discuss the role of emotional appeals in persuasive speeches

They are intended to make listeners feel sad, angry, guilty, afraid, happy, proud, sympathetic, reverent, or the like. They can enhance the message of your persuasive speech.

What are the 2 goals of a question of policy?

To either gain passive agreement or to motivate immediate action from your listeners

Evaluate the use of supporting materials in a speech

When citing sources in a speech, you need to let your audience know where you got your information and why they should accept it as qualified and credible. In most cases, this means identifying the document you are citing, its date of publication or posting, the author or sponsoring organization, and the author's credentials.

General purpose statement is

a broad goal of a speech (inform or persuade)

Central idea is

a one sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech

What is a question of fact?

a question about the truth or falsify of an assertion

The two major factors influencing a speaker's credibility are

competence and character

incremental plagiarism is

failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people

Situation audience analysis

focuses on a situational factors such as the size of the audience, the physical setting for a speech, and the disposition of the audience toward the topic, the speaker, or the occasion

Demographic audience analysis

focuses on demographic factors such as age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, group membership, and racial, ethnic, or cultural background

Either-or

forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist

Competence is

how an audience regards a speaker's intelligence, expertise, and knowledge of the subject

Character is

how an audience regards a speaker's sincerity, trustworthiness, and concern for the well-being of the audience

Red-herring

introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion

Audience-centeredness is

keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation