Spinal cord and spinal nerves

Which of the following accurately compares sections of spinal white matter? A fasciculus is smaller than a funiculus. A fasciculus is larger than a funiculus. A fasciculus is smaller than a tract. A fasciculus is larger than a tract

! A fasciculus is smaller than a funiculus. A fasciculus is larger than a funiculus. A fasciculus is smaller than a tract. A fasciculus is larger than a tract

This figure shows spinal nerve branches. What structure does number 1 indicate? Anterior ramus Posterior ramus Rami communicantes Sympathetic trunk ganglion Posterior root ganglion

! Anterior ramus Posterior ramus Rami communicantes Sympathetic trunk ganglion Posterior root ganglion

This figure shows an anterior view of the spinal cord and meninges. What structure does number 7 indicate? Arachnoid Pia mater Dura mater Gray matter White matter

! Arachnoid Pia mater Dura mater Gray matter White matter

This figure shows a cross section of a vertebra and the spinal cord. What structure does number 1 indicate Epidural space Pia mater Subarachnoid space Central canal Dura mater

! Epidural space Pia mater Subarachnoid space Central canal Dura mater

This structure contains unmyelinated axons and serves as a communication route between the right and left sides of the gray matter in the spinal cord. Gray commissure White commissure Lateral commissure Posterior commissure Denticulate ligaments

! Gray commissure White commissure Lateral commissure Posterior commissure Denticulate ligaments

The spinal nerves that give rise to the sacral plexus are: L4-S4 T11-Co1 L2-S1 S4-C2

! L4-S4 T11-Co1 L2-S1 S4-C2

Following an injury to his arm, a patient complains that he has no sensations from the thumb, index finger, middle finger, and part of the ring finger. What nerve do you suspect to be damaged? Median nerve Radial nerve Musculocutaneous nerve Ulnar nerve Axillary nerve

! Median nerve Radial nerve Musculocutaneous nerve Ulnar nerve Axillary nerve

Which of the following structures is closest to the spinal cord? Posterior ramus Posterior root ganglion Posterior rootlets Posterior root

Posterior ramus Posterior root ganglion → Posterior rootlets Posterior root

These nuclei are located in the lateral horns and innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands. Sensory nuclei Autonomic motor nuclei Visceral sensory nuclei Somatic sensory nuclei Somatic motor nuclei

Sensory nuclei → Autonomic motor nuclei Visceral sensory nuclei Somatic sensory nuclei Somatic motor nuclei

Clonus often accompanies a ______ reflex after damage has occurred to the brain. cremaster pupillary hypoactive hyperactive

cremaster pupillary hypoactive → hyperactive

The anterior rami of T1-T11 are called: dorsal plexuses. anterior plexuses. intercostal nerves. branchial nerves. cervical nerves.

dorsal plexuses. anterior plexuses. → intercostal nerves. branchial nerves. cervical nerves.

For many reflexes, including the stretch reflex, the excitation of a muscle leads to: excitation of all motorneurons that are contralateral. inhibition of motor neurons of its antagonist. inhibition of motor neurons of its synergist. excitation of motor neurons of the antagonist. inhibition of sensory neurons that initiate the reflex.

excitation of all motorneurons that are contralateral. → inhibition of motor neurons of its antagonist. inhibition of motor neurons of its synergist. excitation of motor neurons of the antagonist. inhibition of sensory neurons that initiate the reflex.

The largest and longest nerve in the body is the _________ nerve. femoral radial sciatic obturator saphenous

femoral radial → sciatic obturator saphenous

The simple knee-jerk reflex is an example of a(n) _____ reflex. ipsilateral contralateral monosynaptic crossed-extensor multisynaptic

ipsilateral contralateral → monosynaptic crossed-extensor multisynaptic

The nerves projecting inferiorly from the spinal cord are collectively called the: terminal finale. cauda equina. terminus filus. caudal terminale. caudus finalis.

terminal finale. → cauda equina. terminus filus. caudal terminale. caudus finalis.

In adults, the spinal cord is a different length than the vertebral canal, and most of the lumbar part of the spinal cord is within: the coccyx. the sacrum. the cervical vertebrae. the thoracic vertebrae. the cauda equina

the coccyx. the sacrum. the cervical vertebrae. → the thoracic vertebrae. the cauda equina

A monosynaptic reflex that monitors and regulates skeletal muscle length is a _____ reflex. withdrawal flexor Golgi tendon stretch hypoactive

withdrawal flexor Golgi tendon → stretch hypoactive

Which accurately describes sensory and motor pathways? Sensory pathways terminate in the brain, and motor pathways terminate at effectors. Both sensory and motor pathways terminate in the brain. Both sensory and motor pathways terminate in the PNS. Sensory pathways terminate at effectors and motor pathways terminate in the brain

! Sensory pathways terminate in the brain, and motor pathways terminate at effectors. Both sensory and motor pathways terminate in the brain. Both sensory and motor pathways terminate in the PNS. Sensory pathways terminate at effectors and motor pathways terminate in the brain

This figure shows neuron pathways and nuclei locations. What type of nuclei does number 2 indicate? Somatic motor nuclei Autonomic motor nuclei Visceral sensory nuclei Somatic sensory nuclei

! Somatic motor nuclei Autonomic motor nuclei Visceral sensory nuclei Somatic sensory nuclei

Which of these spinal nerve counts is incorrect? Thoracic nerves = 8 pairs Cervical nerves = 8 pairs Lumbar nerves = 5 pairs Sacral nerves = 5 pairs Coccygeal nerves = 1 pair

! Thoracic nerves = 8 pairs Cervical nerves = 8 pairs Lumbar nerves = 5 pairs Sacral nerves = 5 pairs Coccygeal nerves = 1 pair

The nerve that innervates the deltoid muscle and receives sensory input from the superolateral lateral arm is the: axillary nerve. musculocutaneous nerve. median nerve. radial nerve. ulnar nerve.

! axillary nerve. musculocutaneous nerve. median nerve. radial nerve. ulnar nerve.

The embryonic feature that gives rise to the anterior and lateral horns of gray matter is the _____ plate. basal alar ulnar anterior posterior

! basal alar ulnar anterior posterior

The plexuses that lie on either side of the neck are the _____ plexuses. cervical branchial lumbar radial mandibular

! cervical branchial lumbar radial mandibular

Since most pathways decussate, each side of the brain processes information from the _________ side of the body. contralateral ipsilateral

! contralateral ipsilateral

The posterior ramus of a typical spinal nerve innervates the: deep muscles of the back and the skin of the back. major thoracic and abdominal organs. abdominal wall. anterior and lateral trunk and the limbs. special senses.

! deep muscles of the back and the skin of the back. major thoracic and abdominal organs. abdominal wall. anterior and lateral trunk and the limbs. special senses.

The nerve responsible for innervation (movement) of the quadriceps femoris muscle is the _____ nerve. femoral sciatic obturator genitofemoral tibial

! femoral sciatic obturator genitofemoral tibial

A diminished reflex response that may indicate damage to a segment of the spinal cord is a(n) _____ reflex. hypoactive hyperactive diminutive ponderous excessive

! hypoactive hyperactive diminutive ponderous excessive

The third cervical spinal nerve exits the vertebral column through the: intervertebral foramen between C2 and C3 vertebrae. intervertebral foramen between C3 and C4 vertebrae. transverse foramen of C3 vertebra. vertebral canal of vertebrae C2, C3 and C4

! intervertebral foramen between C2 and C3 vertebrae. intervertebral foramen between C3 and C4 vertebrae. transverse foramen of C3 vertebra. vertebral canal of vertebrae C2, C3 and C4

A person suffering from carpal tunnel syndrome has lost function of the: median nerve. radial nerve. musculocutaneous nerve. ulnar nerve. axillary nerve.

! median nerve. radial nerve. musculocutaneous nerve. ulnar nerve. axillary nerve.

The direct motor pathway originates in the: motor cortex of the cerebral cortex. superior colliculus of the midbrain. vestibular nuclei of the brainstem. reticular formation of the brainstem

! motor cortex of the cerebral cortex. superior colliculus of the midbrain. vestibular nuclei of the brainstem. reticular formation of the brainstem

The most delicate of the meninges consists of elastic and collagen fibers and is known as the: pia mater. dura mater. falx cerebri. arachnoid mater

! pia mater. dura mater. falx cerebri. arachnoid mater

When the Achilles tendon is tapped or the bottom of the foot is stroked, the reflexive response is that the foot: plantar flexes. dorsiflexes. inverts. everts.

! plantar flexes. dorsiflexes. inverts. everts.

If someone steps on a sharp object with their right foot it will lead to: polysynaptic reflexes involving contraction of the right hamstring and left quadriceps. polysynaptic reflexes involving contraction of the right quadriceps and left hamstrings. a monosynaptic reflex causing contraction of the right hamstring and a polysynaptic reflex causing contraction of the left hamstring. a monosynaptic reflex causing contraction of the right quadriceps and a polysynaptic reflex causing contraction of the the left hamstring.

! polysynaptic reflexes involving contraction of the right hamstring and left quadriceps. polysynaptic reflexes involving contraction of the right quadriceps and left hamstrings. a monosynaptic reflex causing contraction of the right hamstring and a polysynaptic reflex causing contraction of the left hamstring. a monosynaptic reflex causing contraction of the right quadriceps and a polysynaptic reflex causing contraction of the the left hamstring.

The cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in the: posterior root ganglion. anterior funiculus. gray commissure. anterior horn. posterior funiculus

! posterior root ganglion. anterior funiculus. gray commissure. anterior horn. posterior funiculus

A posterior root contains: sensory axons only. motor axons only. a mix of sensory and motor axons. autonomic nervous system axons

! sensory axons only. motor axons only. a mix of sensory and motor axons. autonomic nervous system axons

Within the axilla, axons of neurons are organized within: three cords--the posterior, medial, and lateral cords. three divisions--the superior, middle, and inferior divisions. five cords--the superior, inferior, medial, lateral, and middle divisions. five divisions--proximal, distal, ulnar, median, and radial divisions

! three cords--the posterior, medial, and lateral cords. three divisions--the superior, middle, and inferior divisions. five cords--the superior, inferior, medial, lateral, and middle divisions. five divisions--proximal, distal, ulnar, median, and radial divisions

In sum, there are ____ pairs of spinal nerves. 13 31 40 51 12

13 → 31 40 51 12

A typical spinal cord in an adult is 24-26 inches long 12-14 inches long 8-10 inches long 16-18 inches long 20-24 inches long

24-26 inches long 12-14 inches long 8-10 inches long → 16-18 inches long 20-24 inches long

This figure shows spinal nerve branches. What structures are indicated by number 4? Anterior rami Posterior rami Rami communicantes Sympathetic trunk ganglia Posterior root ganglia

Anterior rami Posterior rami → Rami communicantes Sympathetic trunk ganglia Posterior root ganglia

This figure shows an anterior view of the spinal cord and meninges. What structure does number 1 indicate? Anterior root Posterior root Anterior root ganglion Posterior root ganglion Gray commissure

Anterior root Posterior root Anterior root ganglion → Posterior root ganglion Gray commissure

The most inferior spinal nerve is: C7 C8 Co1 Co7 CN XII

C7 C8 → Co1 Co7 CN XII

What is the correct order for the parts of the spinal cord, from superior to inferior? Cervical - thoracic - sacral - coccygeal - lumbar Cervical - thoracic - lumbar - sacral - coccygeal Thoracic - lumbar - sacral - cervical - coccygeal Thoracic - cervical - lumbar - coccygeal - sacral Thoracic - lumbar - sacral - coccygeal - cervical

Cervical - thoracic - sacral - coccygeal - lumbar → Cervical - thoracic - lumbar - sacral - coccygeal Thoracic - lumbar - sacral - cervical - coccygeal Thoracic - cervical - lumbar - coccygeal - sacral Thoracic - lumbar - sacral - coccygeal - cervical

This figure shows the spinal cord and spinal nerves. What structure does number 3 indicate? Cervical plexus Brachial plexus Cervical enlargement Lumbosacral enlargement Sacral plexus

Cervical plexus → Brachial plexus Cervical enlargement Lumbosacral enlargement Sacral plexus

What is the thin strand of pia mater that helps to anchor the spinal cord to the coccyx? Conus medullaris Cervical enlargement Terminus coccyx Filum terminale Coccygeal tendon

Conus medullaris Cervical enlargement Terminus coccyx → Filum terminale Coccygeal tendon

Which of the following lists the components of the brachial plexus in correct order starting with the most medial? cervical brachial bronchiole lumbar sciatic

Cords, divisions, nerves, rami Rami, divisions, cords, trunks Trunks, divisions, rami, cords Ganglia, rami, nerves, terminals → Rami, trunks, divisions, cords

This figure shows the spinal cord and spinal nerves. What structure does number 2 indicate? Dura mater Filum terminale Cauda equina Conus medullaris Posterior rootlets

Dura mater Filum terminale Cauda equina → Conus medullaris Posterior rootlets

This figure shows the spinal cord and spinal nerves. What structure does number 1 indicate? Dura mater Filum terminale Cauda equina Conus medullaris Posterior rootlets

Dura mater Filum terminale → Cauda equina Conus medullaris Posterior rootlets

Which space associated with the spinal cord meninges contains cerebrospinal fluid? Epidural space Subdural space Subarachnoid space Epiarachnoid space Subpial space

Epidural space Subdural space → Subarachnoid space Epiarachnoid space Subpial space

This nerve helps to plant the foot and receives sensory signals from the skin of the sole. Femoral nerve Deep fibular nerve Obturator nerve Genitofemoral nerve Tibial nerve

Femoral nerve Deep fibular nerve Obturator nerve Genitofemoral nerve → Tibial nerve

Stepping on a piece of glass would most likely invoke a _____ reflex. Golgi tendon withdrawal stretch pain motor

Golgi tendon → withdrawal stretch pain motor

This figure shows a cross section of the spinal cord. What structure does number 1 indicate? Lateral horn Anterior horn Gray commissure Posterior horn Posterior funiculus

Lateral horn Anterior horn Gray commissure → Posterior horn Posterior funiculus

This figure shows a cross section of the spinal cord. What structure does number 2 indicate? Lateral horn Anterior horn Gray commissure Posterior horn Posterior funiculus

Lateral horn Anterior horn → Gray commissure Posterior horn Posterior funiculus

Following an injury to his arm, a patient complains that he has lost the ability to flex his elbow and supinate his forearm. Which nerve do you suspect he has damaged? Median nerve Radial nerve Musculocutaneous nerve Ulnar nerve Axillary nerve

Median nerve Radial nerve → Musculocutaneous nerve Ulnar nerve Axillary nerve

Which statement accurately describes spinal nerves? Most spinal nerves are motor nerves. Each spinal nerve is mixed in that it contains some sensory axons and some motor axons. All spinal nerves are sensory nerves. Odd numbered spinal nerves are sensory and even numbered spinal nerves are motor. Spinal nerves are central axons contained within the vertebral canal.

Most spinal nerves are motor nerves. → Each spinal nerve is mixed in that it contains some sensory axons and some motor axons. All spinal nerves are sensory nerves. Odd numbered spinal nerves are sensory and even numbered spinal nerves are motor. Spinal nerves are central axons contained within the vertebral canal.

________ pathways have peripheral primary neurons and central secondary and tertiary neurons. Motor Sensory

Motor → Sensory

Which type of reflex occurs with the smallest delay? Polysynaptic Monosynaptic

Polysynaptic → Monosynaptic

This figure shows a cross section of the spinal cord. What structure does number 3 indicate? Posterior funiculus White commissure Anterior funiculus Lateral funiculus Anterior median fissure

Posterior funiculus White commissure Anterior funiculus → Lateral funiculus Anterior median fissure

This figure shows a cross section of the spinal cord. What structure does number 4 indicate? Posterior median sulcus White commissure Anterior funiculus Lateral funiculus Anterior median fissure

Posterior median sulcus White commissure Anterior funiculus Lateral funiculus → Anterior median fissure

Which are not spinal nerve branches? Rami communicantes Posterior rami Anterior rami Lateral rami No exceptions; all of the choices are spinal nerve branches

Rami communicantes Posterior rami Anterior rami → Lateral rami No exceptions; all of the choices are spinal nerve branches

The adult spinal cord extends inferiorly from the brain through the vertebral canal and ends at the level of the _____ vertebra. S4 L1 L6 S1 T8

S4 → L1 L6 S1 T8

This figure shows neuron pathways and nuclei locations. What type of nuclei does number 1 indicate? Somatic motor nuclei Autonomic motor nuclei Visceral sensory nuclei Somatic sensory nuclei

Somatic motor nuclei Autonomic motor nuclei Visceral sensory nuclei → Somatic sensory nuclei

Which space associated with the spinal cord meninges contains areolar connective tissue, blood vessels, and adipose connective tissue? Subarachnoid space Epidural space Central canal Subdural space Epiarachnoid space

Subarachnoid space → Epidural space Central canal Subdural space Epiarachnoid space

Which of the rami is much smaller? The anterior ramus The posterior ramus

The anterior ramus → The posterior ramus

If a person suffers a thorax-crushing injury and is unable to breathe properly, you would suspect that this nerve was damaged. Transverse cervical nerve Accessory nerve Phrenic nerve Sciatic nerve Greater auricular nerve

Transverse cervical nerve Accessory nerve → Phrenic nerve Sciatic nerve Greater auricular nerve

What is the correct order for the events that occur during a reflex? a: Impulse travels through sensory neuron to the CNS b: A stimulus activates a receptor c: Information is processed by interneurons d: Motor neuron transmits impulse to effector e: Effector responds

a, b, c, d, e → b, a, c, d, e c, b, a, e, d c, a, b, d, e b, d, c, a, e

The fasciculus cuneatus is part of the: anterolateral pathway. spinocerebellar pathway. posterior funiculus--medial lemniscal pathway. lateral spinothalamic tract. fasciculus gracilis.

anterolateral pathway. spinocerebellar pathway. → posterior funiculus--medial lemniscal pathway. lateral spinothalamic tract. fasciculus gracilis.

Motor pathways are _________ tracts that control _________. ascending, affectors ascending, effectors descending, affectors descending, effectors

ascending, affectors ascending, effectors descending, affectors → descending, effectors

The posterior horns of the spinal cord contain: axons of motor neurons and cell bodies of interneurons. axons of sensory and motor neurons. axons of interneurons. axons of sensory neurons and cell bodies of interneurons. autonomic motor neurons.

axons of motor neurons and cell bodies of interneurons. axons of sensory and motor neurons. axons of interneurons. → axons of sensory neurons and cell bodies of interneurons. autonomic motor neurons.

The lateral horns of the spinal cord contain: axons of motor neurons and interneuron cell bodies. axons of sensory and motor neurons. cell bodies of somatic sensory neurons. axons of sensory neurons and interneuron cell bodies. cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons.

axons of motor neurons and interneuron cell bodies. axons of sensory and motor neurons. cell bodies of somatic sensory neurons. axons of sensory neurons and interneuron cell bodies. → cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons.

In a lumbar puncture (spinal tap), fluid is extracted from the: central canal of the spinal cord. epidural space. subdural space. epipial space. subarachnoid space.

central canal of the spinal cord. epidural space. subdural space. epipial space. → subarachnoid space.

The plexus that supplies the upper limbs is the _________ plexus. cervical brachial bronchiole lumbar sciatic

cervical → brachial bronchiole lumbar sciatic

The large section of spinal white matter that is found between the posterior gray horns is known as the posterior: commissure. funiculus. decussation. peduncle

commissure. → funiculus. decussation. peduncle

Where the sciatic nerve splits, it branches directly to the: deep and superficial fibular nerves. tibial and common fibular nerves. femoral and obturator nerves. deep femoral and tibial nerves. popliteal and sural nerves

deep and superficial fibular nerves. → tibial and common fibular nerves. femoral and obturator nerves. deep femoral and tibial nerves. popliteal and sural nerves

The anterior ramus of a typical spinal nerve innervates the: deep muscles of the back and the skin of the back. major thoracic and abdominal organs. abdominal wall. anterior and lateral trunk and the limbs. special senses

deep muscles of the back and the skin of the back. major thoracic and abdominal organs. abdominal wall. → anterior and lateral trunk and the limbs. special senses

Axons of the corticobulbar tracts: descend in the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord and synapse with anterior horn motor neurons. descend in the anterior funiculus of the spinal cord and synapse with lateral horn motor neurons. do not pass through the spinal cord, as they synapse with lower motor neurons in brainstem cranial nuclei. do not pass through the spinal cord, as they synapse with cerebellar Purkinje cells. connect the supplementary motor cortex with the primary motor cortex.

descend in the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord and synapse with anterior horn motor neurons. descend in the anterior funiculus of the spinal cord and synapse with lateral horn motor neurons. → do not pass through the spinal cord, as they synapse with lower motor neurons in brainstem cranial nuclei. do not pass through the spinal cord, as they synapse with cerebellar Purkinje cells. connect the supplementary motor cortex with the primary motor cortex.

The function of upper motor neurons is to: directly excite skeletal muscle cells. excite or inhibit skeletal muscle cells. excite or inhibit lower motor neurons. excite motor portions of the thalamus. excite or inhibit motor portions of the cerebral cortex.

directly excite skeletal muscle cells. excite or inhibit skeletal muscle cells. → excite or inhibit lower motor neurons. excite motor portions of the thalamus. excite or inhibit motor portions of the cerebral cortex.

Two of the nerves of the lumbar plexus are the: femoral and sciatic nerves. femoral and obturator nerves. obturator and pudendal nerves. pudendal and sciatic nerves.

femoral and sciatic nerves. → femoral and obturator nerves. obturator and pudendal nerves. pudendal and sciatic nerves.

The tapered, conical inferior end of the spinal cord is called the conus ___________. finalis medullaris equine caudalis sacralis

finalis → medullaris equine caudalis sacralis

The neurons that directly innervate skeletal muscles are called: first order neurons. second order neurons. upper motor neurons. lower motor neurons.

first order neurons. second order neurons. upper motor neurons. → lower motor neurons.

The medial lemniscus is: gray matter in the spinal cord that processes information about proprioception and touch. gray matter in the spinal cord that processes information about pain and temperature. white matter in the brainstem that conducts information about proprioception and touch. white matter in the brainstem that conducts information about pain and temperature

gray matter in the spinal cord that processes information about proprioception and touch. gray matter in the spinal cord that processes information about pain and temperature. → white matter in the brainstem that conducts information about proprioception and touch. white matter in the brainstem that conducts information about pain and temperature

The Golgi tendon reflex: helps to overcome pain. aids in sending sensory information to the muscles. prevents skeletal muscles from tensing excessively. prevents muscles from contracting. helps to gain balance through a complex series of muscular contractions

helps to overcome pain. aids in sending sensory information to the muscles. → prevents skeletal muscles from tensing excessively. prevents muscles from contracting. helps to gain balance through a complex series of muscular contractions

The lateral corticospinal tracts include a ________ of the upper motor neuron axons that pass through the medulla, and they govern control of ___________. majority, axial muscles majority, muscles used for finely controlled movements minority, axial muscles minority, muscles used for finely controlled movements

majority, axial muscles → majority, muscles used for finely controlled movements minority, axial muscles minority, muscles used for finely controlled movements

Following an injury to his arm, a patient complains that he has no sensations from his "pinky". You suspect that he has damaged the: median nerve. radial nerve. musculocutaneous nerve. ulnar nerve. axillary nerve.

median nerve. radial nerve. musculocutaneous nerve. -> ulnar nerve. axillary nerve.

Following an injury to his arm, a patient complains that he cannot extend the forearm, wrist, and digits. You suspect that he has damaged the: median nerve. radial nerve. musculocutaneous nerve. ulnar nerve. axillary nerve

median nerve. → radial nerve. musculocutaneous nerve. ulnar nerve. axillary nerve

A reflex arc in which both the receptor and effector organs of the reflex are on the same side of the spinal cord is: monosynaptic. polysynaptic. ipsilateral. contralateral. None of the choices is correct.

monosynaptic. polysynaptic. → ipsilateral. contralateral. None of the choices is correct.

A conduction pathway consists of a: nerve and effector. nerve and a tract. ganglion and a nucleus. tract and a nucleus. afferent, nerve, and effector.

nerve and effector. nerve and a tract. ganglion and a nucleus. → tract and a nucleus. afferent, nerve, and effector.

The anterior spinocerebellar tract conducts signals about: pain from the upper limbs. pain from the lower limbs. proprioception from the upper limbs. proprioception from the lower limbs

pain from the upper limbs. pain from the lower limbs. proprioception from the upper limbs. → proprioception from the lower limbs

Information about pain and temperature is conveyed to the brain by way of the: posterior funiculus-medial lemniscal pathway. spinocerebellar pathway. anterolateral pathway. fasciculus gracilis. tectospinal tract.

posterior funiculus-medial lemniscal pathway. spinocerebellar pathway. → anterolateral pathway. fasciculus gracilis. tectospinal tract.

The axons of primary sensory neurons make synaptic connections with: posterior root ganglia of spinal nerves. secondary neurons in the CNS. secondary neurons in the PNS. thalamic neurons.

posterior root ganglia of spinal nerves. → secondary neurons in the CNS. secondary neurons in the PNS. thalamic neurons.

Neurons of the thalamus that are part of sensory conduction pathways are considered: primary neurons. secondary neurons. tertiary neurons. quaternary neurons

primary neurons. secondary neurons. → tertiary neurons. quaternary neurons

A network of interwoven anterior rami of spinal nerves is a: ramus. communicans. ganglion. dermatome. plexus.

ramus. communicans. ganglion. dermatome. → plexus.

Reflexes are described as: slow and spontaneous. spontaneous and self-initiating. pre-programmed and voluntary. rapid and involuntary

slow and spontaneous. spontaneous and self-initiating. pre-programmed and voluntary. → rapid and involuntary

Information about temperature, proprioception, and pressure from skin, joints, and muscles is conveyed by: somatomotor pathways. visceromotor pathways. somatosensory pathways. viscerosensory pathways.

somatomotor pathways. visceromotor pathways. → somatosensory pathways. viscerosensory pathways.

If a patient experiences numbness in the boundaries of a dermatome, it is suggestive of damage to: the somatosensory cortex. the thalamus. one of the spinal funiculi. the anterior horn of grey matter in the spinal cord. a spinal nerve

the somatosensory cortex. the thalamus. one of the spinal funiculi. the anterior horn of grey matter in the spinal cord. → a spinal nerve

The inferior tip of the spinal cord is the ___________ part. thoracic lumbar coccygeal cervical sacral

thoracic lumbar → coccygeal cervical sacral

The spinal cord part with the largest diameter is the ___________ part. thoracic cervical lumbar sacral coccygeal

thoracic → cervical lumbar sacral coccygeal

Each side of the spinal cord gives rise to _____ cervical nerves. two six seven eight twelve

two six seven → eight twelve

Late one night you are leaving the science building during a snowstorm. As you approach your car your right foot suddenly slips on a patch of ice. Your left leg immediately stiffens as you try to regain your balance. The reflex action you relied upon is a(n): unilateral reflex. ipsilateral reflex. contralateral reflex. voluntary reflex. None of the choices is correct

unilateral reflex. ipsilateral reflex. → contralateral reflex. voluntary reflex. None of the choices is correct

The second thoracic spinal nerve exits the spinal column through the: vertebral canal of vertebrae T1, T2 and T3. sacral hiatus. intervertebral foramen between vertebrae T2 and T3. intervertebral foramen between vertebrae T1 and T2

vertebral canal of vertebrae T1, T2 and T3. sacral hiatus. → intervertebral foramen between vertebrae T2 and T3. intervertebral foramen between vertebrae T1 and T2

The _______ nuclei within the gray matter of the spinal cord send nerve impulses to skeletal muscles. visceral sensory somatic sensory autonomic motor somatic motor

visceral sensory somatic sensory autonomic motor → somatic motor

Nuclei within the gray matter of the spinal cord that receive information from sensory receptors such as pain or pressure receptors in the skin are _____ nuclei. visceral sensory somatic sensory autonomic motor somatic motor

visceral sensory → somatic sensory autonomic motor somatic motor