SPMT 455 - Governance and Policy of Sport
History of Major Games
- 19th Century = age of progress - Urbanization led to growth of sport - Special Events and tournaments became more of a leisure time - Far Eastern Championship games (1913) - First Student Games held in 1924 Paralympic games in 1960
The Olympic Games
- Assessing the Olympic programs of sports and events - Studying the cost and complexity of the games - Continuing to implement recent reform - Auditing operation and financial administration - Environmental sustainability
the Modern era of Olympic Games
- Baron Coubertin believed strongly in the healthy mind, healthy body connection - Representatives from 13 countries attended the meeting -The modern Olympics were reborn in 1896 - Traditions from back then we still used today (Opening ceremony, Olympic flame/torch)
History of Paralympic Games
- Began to grow after WWII - Sir Ludwig Guttmann opened the spinal injuries center in England and incorporated sport as a part of rehab - First wheelchair games were held in 1948 - ISOD (International sport organization for the disabled) formed in 1964 - Summer Paralympic games in 1952
NOCs (National Olympic Committees)
- Control operations and policy relative to the Olympics for a particular country - Required to check participant eligibility rules as defined by Olympic, ISF and NOC policies - Ultimately the basic building blocks in the structure of the Olympic games Example: USOC
Individual Team Level (Professional Sport)
- Day to day operations of a professional sports franchise take place on the individual team level - Consists of the Owners and the Front office staff - Owners: ownership is driven largely by revenue generation and today's owners are rich - Front office staff: day to day operational and business decisions are made for the individual professional sport franchise
The ancient Olympic Games
- Early Greek civilizations loved athletics: Chariot racing, boxing, wrestling, footraces, discus, archery - First Olympic games in 776 BCE - Four years between Olympics is called "Olympiad" - Originally restricted to Greek Men
NPCs (National Paralympic Committees)
- Every Nation participating in the Paralympic games must have an NPC - They Undertake the coordination within the respective country or territory and are responsible for relations and communications with the IPC - US's NPC is the USOC which is unusual because usually countries separate the two
Commissioner's Office (Professional Sport)
- First commissioner in pro sport = Kenesaw Mountain Landis (MLB) - This position is typically created and defined within a leagues constitution and bylaws - Powers of the commissioner: Approval of player contracts, resolution of disputes between players and clubs, between clubs and clubs, between players and clubs and the leagues
OCOGs (Organizing Committees for the Olympic Games)
- Formed within a community after it has successfully won the bid to host the Olympic games Mission: reflects the ideals of the Olympic movement: to be the best, host the best, show the world the best Olympic games ever Membership: include both paid staff and volunteers Structure: usually led by president and board of directors
IOC (International Olympic Committee)
- Founded in 1894 - A group of officials governing Olympic organization and policy Mission: Members are expected to serve the Olympic movement by helping to organize and govern policy relative to the staging of the Olympic Games. Membership: elected at the session from the worldwide sport community. They are representatives of the IOC to their nations (not the other way around). Expected to care for the Olympics. Members can serve up to age 70. Funding: generates revenue through ownership of the Olympic games and associated marks and terminology. Countries hoping to host guarantee a percentage of the money will go to the IOC Structure: The session, Executive board, and the office of the president
LPGA History (Ladies Professional Golf Association)
- Founded in 1950 by 14 pioneering women - teaching and club professionals and the LPGA tour - LPGA foundation in 1991 started supporting junior golf programs
The Major Games in Amateur sport
- Governance activites for hosting events in the future - Two important issues are at stake: organizers will focus on the development of policy to ensure the safety and security of participants and spectators and the governance structures in place for organizing major games must be able to deliver effect policy to manage the issues of the day in a timely manner
USOC (United States Olympic Committee)
- Governs, manages, and promotes within and outside the US for all activities of the Olympic, Paralympic, and Pan American Games Mission: goals are athletic excellence and achievement on the world stage and promoting nation building through the achievement of Athletes. Connects to themes and meanings of the Olympics; involves idea of Olympism, the promotion of ethical conduct, and peace between nations. Hopes to encourage national Unity and pride Membership: 78 member organizations divided in 7 categories Funding: nonprofit. Olympic symbol, corporate partnership and advertising. Has an established trust fund Structure: volunteers, paid employees, staff. Officers, Board of directors, Olympic Assembly
Individual professional sport
- Grassroots development - Women's sports continue to struggle - Sponsorships retainment when tiger woods was out
Amateur sport in the community
- Grassroots of competitive athletics - Challenged to maintain the current breadth of programming - Challenge comes from competition for resources - It takes significant human and financial resources to deliver programs
IFs (International Federations)
- IPC recognizes 13 international federations as the sole representatives of Paralympic sport - Responsible for technical jurisdiction and guidance over the competition and training venues of their respective sports during the Paralympic games
Paralympic Games
- Integration of athletes with disabilities into mainstream able-bodied sport - illegal PEDs - Technology - Security
Campus Recreation
- Leaders of campus recreation programs will oversee unprecedented change in the next decade - The governance structure and policy making procedures of future campus recreation programs, especially relating to risk management and access for people with disabilities
Central administrative unit (League Office) (Professional Sport)
- League wide operations - League offices schedule games, hire and train officials, discipline players, market and license logoed merchandise and negotiate broadcast contracts - League offices are usually organized by function
AAU (The Amateur Athletic Union)
- Multisport - Establishes standards for Amateur sport - Amateur sport act = established individual orgs. for the purpose for the purpose of developing specific sports - Development of sport programs Funding: through membership Membership: Inclusive. delivers amateur sport throughout the US. Structure: 56 districts offices each representing either a state or a region of US. they have a congress.
PGA of America and PGA tour history
- PGA and the USGA flourished when the USGA adopted hosting the US open annually in June - Adopted the new steel iron club technology - Professional golf is divided into two distinct organizations - the PGA and the PGA tour: both organize and operate separate major tournaments
Goals of planned change
- Planned change involves the systematic development and initiation of new modes of operating to gain competitive advantage - The goal of planned change within a sport organization likely involves either matters of finance or organization capability - Goal might be to move from responding to the environment to proactively shaping the environment - Understanding the goals of planned change within an organization is important in determining a strategy for change
Professional Sport Leagues in North America
- Player misconduct - Sponsorship sustainability - Security - Women in Sports - Going internationally
Governance of Professional Sport
- Players side is governed by players associations - Common components of the leagues: league commissioner, board of governors or a committee composed of teams, a central administrative unit that negotiates
Players Associations
- Players unions - Mission of NBPA: they share common goals of representing players in matters related to wages, hours, working conditions, and players rights Membership: more than just active players, managers, coaches and trainers Funding: individual membership dues and each associations licensing division Structure: Players representatives, an executive board, and an executive committee
Professional sport beyond North America
- Political and economic factors - New Sports like lacrosse and cricket - America is getting more knowledge of international sport leagues
Canadian Olympic Committee
- Responsible for Canada's involvement in the Olympic movement - Private, nonprofit corporation managing Canada's participation in the Olympic, Paralympic, and Pan American games Mission: Developing and advancing sport and the Olympic movement for all Canadians Structure: two tiered system of governance. One large session and smaller board of directors who manage and develop policy and direction. There is a president and executive committee Funding: partnerships, marketing revenues, investment income, grants and donations
Sport Canada
- Responsible for elite sport programming and sport policy development - Values Canadian sport experience - Strategic directions: strengthening sport leadership, providing support for high performance programming, expanding the body of knowledge about sport....etc. - An Umbrella organization Memberships: no memberships, just comprised of civil servants of the Canadian Federal government. It is separate and distinct from Canadian national sport organizations and the Canadian Olympic committee. Funding: Canadian federal government. It finances: athlete assistance, sport support, sport hosting Structure: led by a director general. Organization is subdivided into 5 areas--Policy and planning, sport support, sport excellence, major games and hosting, business operations
Paralympic Athletes
- Showcase elite level athletes with disabilities - Disabilities include; visual impairments, cerebral palsy, amputations, spinal cord injuries, athletes with intellectual disabilities
PGA of America
- The Mission of PGA: promote the enjoyment and involvement in the game of golf and to contribute to its growth by providing services to golf professional and the golf industry Membership of the PGA: men and women professional teaching and managing the game of golf. Membership licensing has 31 different categories depending on the type of qualifications Funding: ticket sales, merchandise sales, and sponsorships, business development, membership dues, and golf course operations Structure: PGA national office board of directors, board members, national office, president, VP, secretary, honorary president, directors
NHL (National Hockey LEague)
- The NHL started in 1917 with four teams in Canada. - Then expanded to the United States
Major differences between individual sports and league sports
- The absence of unions and collective bargaining agreements - The qualifying process differs markedly from the drafting process for league sports - Team sports usually create a sense of community - Individual sports, spectators often focus on a specific event rather than a single player - The majority of the individual sports include senior tours or senior events promoting longevity in the careers of their individual athletes
USA Basketball
- The international US representative to the USOC and acts as the FIBA member in the US - Responsible for selecting, training, and fielding national teams to compete in FIBA competitions and Olympic games - Responsible for development, promotion and coordination of basketball in the US Membership (5 types): Professional, Collegiate, Scholastic, Youth, Associate Funding: corporate partnerships, sponsorships, television sales, apparel, hosting rights Structure: they have an annual assembly, governed by board of directors
IPC (International Paralympic Committee))
- The international representative organization of elite sports for athletes with disabilities. - Organizes, supervises and coordinates the Paralympic games Vision: IPC Philosophy Mission: goals of the organization Members: IOSD, NPC, and the IPSF's Funding: revenue of the Paralympic games, sponsorship deals Structure: General Assembly, governing board, management team
Board of Governors/Owners Committees (Professional Sport)
- The owners still have the ultimate say in policy development - Each league has a committee structure made up of owners who ultimately make decisions on matters concerning franchise relocation, league expansion, playing facility issues, and collective bargaining - Committee also represents management in labor negotiations with players
Scholastic Sport
- Today's youth has more opportunities than ever to participate in organized sport. This creates more competitive climate for scholastic sport - Sometimes high school sport becomes a higher platform - The issue for funding high school sports - Increasing commercialization of high school sport defeats the purpose of education purpose of sport from the start
Intercollegiate athletics
- policy makers will continue to confront negativity associated with commercialization in college football and basketball - Paying student athletes
PEDs
Current Policy Areas: Major Games in Amateur Sport - Doping: the use of drugs to enhance performance and influence the outcomes of athletic contests - Drugs are considered detours around the rigors of training and preparation -Considered artificial - USADA combats doping. CCES (Canadian Center for Ethics in Sports) also helps Policy on doping: protect the theme of playing fair, deter those who might cheat, apply common sanctions for doping, provide detailed procedures for establishing a breach in the rules
Marketing and Fundraising
Current Policy Areas: Major Games in Amateur Sport - Marking is very important to major events (Olympic symbol) - Increased commercialization of amateur sport - Keeping the cost of major games down
Global conflict, terrorism, and security
Current Policy Areas: Major Games in Amateur Sport - Terrorism: politically motivated form of violence, usually employed to overthrow governments - Impact of event management is very important - Safety and security policies
Sport and International politics
Current Policy Areas: Major Games in Amateur sport - the advance of political ideologies such as democracy versus communism - major games being used for national building -Political factors have influenced the games -International sport agenda may become more and more corrupted by big name corporations
Politics at the Olympic Games
Current Policy Areas: Olympic Sport - Has been almost impossible to keep politics out of the Olympics - Government naturally tries to get all the fans who are following the Olympics since it is such a big market - Boycott: refers to a nation or nations refusing to attend a particular game to protest some action or policy
Television Right
Current Policy Areas: Olympic Sport - IOC has right to negotiate television contracts and to share the revenues among the IOC - Purpose for this is to include control, consistency and ensuring value
Corporate Sponsorship
Current Policy Areas: Olympic Sport - The need to define exactly who owns the rights to the Olympic symbols - IOC has written policy to define who has the right to market and sell which sponsorships - intended to set guidelines for the practices of the different levels of governance - Commercialization
Higher costs and shrinking owner pool
Current Policy Areas: Professional Individual Sport - Challenges with its race car cost structure - Race car owners have expressed difficulties due to exponential cost increases - The higher costs have forced some drivers out of the market
Changing rules for college player
Current Policy Areas: Professional Individual Sport - College players who qualify will play in the nationwide tour unless they receive sponsor exemptions and win enough to play in the PGA tour. the expense of getting to this level is a lot and receiving product endorsements can help with the finances
Retaining Corporate Sponsors
Current Policy Areas: Professional Individual Sport - Tiger woods left the game and the PGA tour decreased by 20% on top of the bad economy and bankruptcy filings of the GM - Tour organizers must ensure corporate sponsor satisfaction to continue future revenue streams
Declining Viewership
Current Policy Areas: Professional Individual Sport - To help reverse viewership declines, NASCAR has connected with its target demographics through social media. Also developed an interactive mobile app
Attracting younger audiences
Current Policy Areas: Professional Individual Sport - Traditionally has appealed to older adults - they need to expand to the younger audience to create a lifelong appreciation for the sport - Provided a live webcast with a lot of technology features and player biographies - Focusing on likes of Facebook and Twitter that helped promote the event
Gambling
Current Policy Areas: Professional Individual Sports - Tennis Integrity Unit was formed in 2008 to monitor the sport more closely and prevent future gambling activites
Developing a professional talent pool
Current Policy Areas: Professional Individual Sports - Tennis analysts have stressed the need for more professional player development - To ensure the sports popularity at the highest levels as well as the grassroots levels represents critical components to the USTA
Social Media
Current Policy Areas: Professional Sport - Athletes, coaches, and teams are all using social media - there is a lack of control by the front office when it comes to social media
Drug Policies
Current Policy Areas: Professional Sport - Each org. constructs drug policies - Professionals could be role models - to strengthen drug prevention, they should: Be independent, transparent, year around drug testing, implement good practices, respect the rights of players, have adequate funding - Different drug testing among different leagues
Players and Coach Misconduct
Current Policy Areas: Professional Sport - Getting players to knock other athletes out - coaching staff, front office, and players would be sanctioned if this happened
Labor Issues
Current Policy Areas: Professional Sport - Players have a deep seated distrust of management - Strikes and lockouts are common - Salary caps are big
Diversity
Current Policy Areas: Professional Sport - The racial and gender report card: provides grades on how each organization is doing in terms of diversity - MLB and Football has a bunch of diversity policies
Formula 1 racing in Bahrain
Current Policy Areas: Professional Sport Beyond North America - Formula 1 racing came under a hailstorm of protest when they decided to run the 2012 grand prix event in strife-torn Bahrain after the 2011 event had been canceled - Shows the interconnectedness of sport, politics and sport governing bodies
Goal line technology
Current Policy Areas: Professional Sport Leagues beyond North America - Technology developing in the game - eliminating human factor
Improving the US open
Current Policy Areas: Professional individual sport - Stadiums doesn't have a roof. Players and media wanted roofs in all stadiums
Integration of Athletes with Disabilities into able bodied sport
Current Policy areas: Paralympic sport - Athletes with disabilities competing with able bodied athletes - May affect, governance, media, management, funding, awareness, events, awards, philosophy, advcoacy
Choosing a host city
Current policy areas: Olympic Sport - Corruption in choosing a host city - Certain Criteria and procedure in choosing a bid - Election Procedure as well
Image
Current policy areas: Olympic Sport - Preserve image - Go outside the realms of government, interference - Go beyond partisanship and corruption
New Olympic Sports
Current policy areas: Olympic Sport - the number of competitions and sports can be added is up for debate - IOC has developed policy to define exactly which sports will compete
Sport and Human Rights
Current policy areas: Paralympic sport - Treaty on the rights of persons with disabilities
Corporate sponsorships and driver endorsements
Current policy areas: Professional Individual sports - NASCAR owners and drivers report challenges with securing sponsors to offset their expenses
Criminal activity by Players
Current policy areas: Professional Sport - Dealing with off-field incidents - incidents are widely covered on social media - Prohibited conduct = violent or criminal activity such as crimes involving use or threat of physical violence, use of a deadly weapon in committing a crime, domestic violence, sexual offences, involvement in hate crimes
Racism in football (Soccer)
Current policy areas: Professional Sport leagues beyond North America - Increased in the number of incidents involving racism - UEFA has joined with football against racism
Formula 1 scandal
Current policy areas: professional sport beyond North America - In an attempt to gain a competitive advantage, McLaren chief designer Mike Coughlan was found in possession of a 780 page dossier of Formula 1 rival Ferraris technical data. The info allegedly had all the data on the Italian Teams, 2007 car
Changing Technologies
Currently Policy Issues: Paralympic Sport - Prosthetics and wheelchairs are becoming lighter and strong with new technology - Technology in general is affecting sports at all levels
USTA (United States Tennis Association)
History: - Began in 1881 - Shortened its name to the USTA in 1975 - Organization expanded as they opened to international players - serves as the governing body for tennis in the US and promotes tennis from the grassroots to the professional level with 3 divisions: community tennis, player development, and professional tennis Mission: to promote and develop the growth of tennis and to develop world class American players through a clearly defined training structure and competitive pathway and through the implementation of comprehensive coaching philosophy and structure Membership: adult, juniors, families, clubs, school parks, and recreation departments Funding: membership dues, media, and sponsorship rights, television deals Structure: volunteer executive board, paid employees. 3 divisions: community tennis, player development, and professional tennis. Each regional section has its own association. The International tennis federation is the governing body for the sport. it regulates the game and controls major international events
NASCAR (National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing)
History: - Sanctioning body for North American Stock Car automobile racing and is the largest such organization in the US - Began in 1948 - Popularity increased rapidly from 1930-40 - Changes occurred toward the 1950's as more car drivers emerged - has an increased television presence - Introduced NASCAR website in 1995 Mission: Headquarters in Daytona, Florida: serves as the sanctioning body for the sprint cup series as well as the nationwide series. NASCAR is committed to ensuring that our sport better reflect Americas composition. Our mission is to engage females and people of diverse ethnic and racial backgrounds in all facets of the NASCAR industry Membership: The governing body establishes guidelines for its owners, drivers, and support personnel both on and off the racetrack, and NASCAR members agree to abide by them. Any disagreements regarding the rules are reviewed and resolved in the house Funding: Corporate sponsorships, television broadcast rights, licensed merchandise fueled, media rights Structure: President, executive vice president, chief financial officer, legal and secretary personnel and licensing and consumer products personnel. NASCAR acts as a sanctioning body and race car owners and drivers operate as independent contractors
USGA (United States Golf Association)
History: Non profit organization established in 1894 as the central body of golf in the US Mission: Dedicated to serving those who share a love and respect for golf and strives to preserve its past, foster its future and champion its best interests for everyone who enjoys the game - Oversees the rules of golf, ensures golf equipment complies with current rules, manages the course handicap and course rating systems - Separate entity called the R&A which takes over joint administration of the rules of golf with the USGA Membership: amateur and professional golfers, golf clubs, public and private. Includes regional golf associations Funding: championships, broadcast rights, membership fees, corporate sponsorships and merchant licensing Structure: executive committee a 15 member volunteer group serves as the associations executive policy making board. Senior leadership team, regional affairs teams
Motor sports
History: The IF is the Federation International del Automobile. Organizes formula 1 world championships. It oversees issues about traffic safety and automobile safety. Formula = a certain combination of car specifications, including min and max weights, fuel consumption, and cylinder capacity. Formula 1 did not appear until after WWII Mission: Promoting the development of motor sport, enacting, interpreting and enforcing common rules applicable to the organization and running of motor sports events Membership: Voting members include: National automobile clubs, traffic, touring, camping, and motor sports associations Structure: highest level of authority is the general assembly composed of delegations from the FIA member clubs, associations of federations. The general assembly elects two world councils
Attracting younger audiences (LPGA)
LPGA - Getting young people involved at an early age in the sport - Oversized equipment, courts, and netting may discourage younger players and have them lose interest quickly
LPGA (Ladies Professional Golf Association)
Mission: to be a leader in the world of sports and to promote economic empowerment for our members. also serve as role models on and off the course Membership: represents the ultimate governing body for female golf professionals qualification and certification for teaching and club professional is similar to PGA members. LPGA members only provide two membership types for teaching and operation Funding: sponsorships, golf facility management, licenses, merchandise sales, membership dues, tournament operations, media rights Structure: Commissioner, chief financial officer, chief marketing officer, general counsel, board of directors
PGA Tour
Mission: to expand domestically and internally to substantially increase player financial benefits while maintaining its commitment to the integrity of the game Membership: Exclusive to professional golfers who have earned a PGA tour membership card by finishing in the top 25 of the PGA qualifying tournament Funding: revenues, operations, sponsorships, licenses, merchandise sales, membership dues, media rights Structure: it is tax exempt with 3 executive officers. PGA tour officials abide by the USGAs rules of golf during their decision making. commissioner and board members, and chief operating operators
Pan American Games
Organizations that Manage Major Games in Amateur Sport - Competition and international friendship for nations of the Americas in the Western Hemisphere -Run on Quadrennial Cycle - First competition in 1951 -Multisport Membership: Athletes from countries in the Americas are eligible to compete. 41 nations belong PASO. Funding: Television, sales, sponsorships, advertising and entry fees Structure: Host committee covers onsite expenses. Organizing committee, president, executive VP, Secretary, Treasurer
Commonwealth Games
Organizations that Manage Major Games in Amateur Sport - Multi-sport competition bringing together countries that once belonged to the British empire and for territories that have joined the British Mission: to host a world class multisport event for peoples of commonwealth nations Funding: televisions, sponsorships, sales, etc.
Special Olympics World Games
Organizations that manage games in Amateur sport - Multisport festival held every four years for individuals with all levels of cognitive and development disabilities Mission: providing an exceptional sport experience for the participants with disabilities around the world Membership: they have participants rather than members Funding: Sponsorships and corporate sponsorships Structure: Managed by GOC (Games organizing Committee)
World Games for the Deaf (The Deaflympics)
Organizations that manage major games in Amateur Sport - First held in Paris 1924 - group of deaf European men organized the international committee of silent sports, this organization oversees the world games for the deaf Mission: to bring deaf athletes together to compete in a range of athletic events Membership: 4 categories--Full and associate members, regional confederations, honorary life members, full members Funding: annual membership fees, contributions and donations Structure: Congress and Executive Committee
World University Games
Organizations that manage major games in Amateur sport - A sporting and cultural festival held every 2 years for University level athletes and governed by FISU. Brings university athletes from all around the world Funding: marketing activities, television revenues, entry fees and subscriptions Structure: composed of a general assembly, executive committee
MLB (Major League Baseball)
Professional Sport - First professional club = Cincinnati red stockings in 1869 - First pro league was baseballs national league in 1876 -There were a bunch of other rival leagues like the "Players league" and the "Federal League" - Didn't like managements strict rules
NFL (National Football League)
Professional Sport - The American Professional football association was established in 1920 - AFL and NFL combined to an interleague championship in 1970
NBA (National Basketball Association)
Professional Sport - Then the BAA (Basketball Association of America) came - National Basketball League was also a major league at the time then renamed itself to the NBA - The ABA then agreed to give a couple teams to the NBA
NGBs (National Sport-Governing Bodies)
Sometimes they are governmental units, and sometimes they are free standing organizations. Example: USA basketball
Premier League and J. League
The FA premier league was formed in 1992 and took over as the top professional league in 1992 and 1993 Mission for Premiere League: Manage continually improve and be regarded as the worlds best league soccer competition, increase interest in our competitions, promote accessibility to live games and ensure that media exposure is used to optimum effect. Generate increased commercial value. Use power and influence responsibility. Using resources to develop talent Mission for J. League: To raise the level of Japanese football and promote the diffusion of the game through the medium of professional football. to foster development of japans sporting culture. To contribute to international friendship Membership: members for these two leagues are the teams themselves. The J. League has very specific conditions of membership. To determine ongoing membership; these leagues a ladder system Funding: Merchandising programs, broadcast revenues, corporate sponsorships, ticket sales Structure: Premier League - is a private company and is owned by 20 share holders (the member clubs) The J. League- board of directors that oversees two executive committees
Components of governance in North American Professional sport are
The commissioner's office Board of Governors League office Individual team level
IOC, NOC, OCOG
What are the three main levels organizations that govern the Olympics?
Pressures for change
originates from 3 sources: -Events occurring within the organizations -Factors arising outside the organization -an interaction of external and internal factors -Sport organizations work within fairly complex environments, both internally and extenrally
Disability sport
sport designed for or specifically practiced by athletes with disabilties
The governing body of players is
the Players Associations (PAs)