Sport & American Society Exam 4 (Chaps 15-21)

Issues for Special Populations

- Acceptance -Funding and Organization support - Trainers, coaches, administrators, officials - Equipment - Inclusion - Media Support

Christian Influences on Sport

- Churches used sport to attract people - Catholics started CYO (Catholic Youth Organization) - Protestants started YMCA (Young Men's Christian Association) - Some athletes use religion to conquer fear and find deeper meaning in sport -link between religion & sport can reinforce desired code of conduct - sport instills Protestant values (hard work, self discipline, striving for success)

US Government in Sport

- Designates the USOC (Olympic Committee) but doesn't provide funding - addresses scandals or social issues (steroid use, drug testing) - helps regulate event security - protects citizens rights - promotes equal opportunity - protects public's financial interests

Islam and Sport

- Every action meant to glorify Allah - Women banned or required to wear traditional dress but starting to have greater international impact - no sport prohibition for males (sport and games expected teachings) - Muhammad Ali - stripped of his boxing championship and sentenced to jail for refusing the military draft due to religious reasons

Use of sport to promote religion

- Fellowship of Christian Athletes - Athletes in Action - Pro Athletes Outreach - National Christian College Athletic Association

Sport as Opiate

- Governments use sport to distract form societal inequities - sport used to rally citizens for a united cause in developed and developing countries

History of Religion and Sport

- Greek Festivals Honored Gods - Roman Emperor Theodosius I banned Olympics due to pagan elements - Puritans saw sport as leisure pursuit that should be avoided - Christianity approached physical fitness as a virtue

Potential Funding Sources for Sport Development Programs

- International Groups (UNESCO, IOC) - Multinational corporations - government groups - social organizations (community centers, schools, recreation departments, faith-based organizations) - Charitable organizations

Judaism in Sport

- Jewish Boxers dominate in 1900s - Jewish Basketball players in 1940s - Baseball (Hank Greenberg, Sandy Koufax) - Olympics (Mark Spitz, Kerr Strug, Sarah Hughes - successes in many other sports

Ted Stevens Olympic & Amateur Sports Act

- Names the US Olympic Committee (USOC) as the coordinator of amateur athletics in the US - Goal of committee is to help disabled athletes by breaking down barriers to competition and support organizations that provide sport experiences to the disabled.

Use of sport to promote religious schools

- Notre Dame - Football - Gonzaga - basketball -Brigham Young - football

Nationalism and Sport

- Patriotic symbols and colors at international games - National Anthem played before games - Army-Navy college football game - Historic Olympic boycotts

Government use of sport to promote unity and identity

- cities attract pro sports to increase attractiveness (draw people to city) - unifies strangers, provides topic for conversation - promotes collective identity through apparel (New Englanders wearing Red Sox gear) - Cities and countries hold special sporting events (Boston Marathon)

How American Disabilities Act (ADA) effects sport

- dramatic change/increase in sport opportunities -more government representation for sport programs -mainstreaming into regular sport programs - more attention given to degree of disability

Paralympics in the US

- founding as division of USOC in 2001 -Start-up funding of $23M for 18 sports - Mission: 1. To be the world Paralympic leader by developing elite programs 2. promote excellence in the lives of persons with disabilities

Four Perspectives on Politics and Sport

- government uses sport to improve citizens quality of life - sport can reinforce status quo- tradition (conservative thinking - most athletes, coaches, owners are conservative - want to preserve the environment in which they excelled ) - nations sponsor international teams to promote patriotic pride - politics of sport institutions

Sport and Politics

- politicians congratulate successful athletes - championship teams visit white house - some athletes become politicians (Schwarzenegger, Bill Bradley) - National sports boards and NCAA operate as political organizations

The IOC (International Olympic Committee) & Physical Activity

- sport can help us create a safer, more tolerant, peaceful society - three core values of the Olympic movement: excellence, friendship, respect

Sport and Society

- sport distracts from difficult times (distraction=passivity) - sport helps maintain status quo (male dominance, traditional values) - sport can change society (Jesse Owens, Arthur Ashe) - sport can promote politicians (photo ops - athletes turned politicians

Use of religion by coaches, owners, organizations

- team unity - moral code for athletes - religious role models for players - prayer events, Christian outreach at Olympics - informal prayer at school events - faith nights in minor leagues

Use of prayer

- to cope with uncertainty -to put life and sport into perspective - to build meaning in sport participation

Use of religion in sport

- to justify commitment to higher performance - to reduce pressure and uncertainty - to enhance bonds between teammates - to guide moral decision making

Trends for Older Athletes

-Big increase in over 50 Group -"old age" new definition and expectations -Increase in lifetime activities (walking, swimming, tennis, golf, yoga, dance) -inexpensive community programs -many opportunities with set minimum age

Sport and Change

-Champions have a platform if they chose to use it (Muhammad Ali (religion), Billie Jean King (women's rights) - not all athletes who use platform are successful or liked (Curt Flood)

Conflict between Sport and Religion

-Violent nature of some sports conflicts with beliefs - how athletes overcome international conflicts, justify dedication to sport, validate sport experience -separate beliefs drive wedges between players/coaches - questions of meaning and value

Politics

-art and science of governing, influencing policy, controlling a government - dominant component of any culture

To file a claim of discrimination under 504

-must be handicapped -otherwise qualified for the activity -excluded solely because of disability -institution receives federal financial assistance

What percentage of people in the US have a disability?

20% (more than 1 in 5)

Results of Drug Testing

2012 Summer Olympics: 5,000 tests, 9 positives 2014 Winter Olympics: 2,453 tests, 8 positives $10 million IOC research fund to develop new technology for drug monitoring MLB penalties for drug use - toughest in major US leagues

How many people with disabilities live in poverty?

3 times as many people

How many people have at least one physical or mental disability?

57 million people (over 50 million)

Sport and Older Adults

Adults over 55 control 70% of net worth of US Households Have twice the discretionary income as younger people Adults over 55 make up 29% of core fitness participants

National Senior Games Association

Age-based categories (up to and including 90 years of age) ensure equitable competition in various sports staged in the United States by the National Senior Games Association.

What Act was signed in 1990, by Pres. George H.W. Bush, to limit long-standing discrimination practices?

American's with Disabilities Act (ADA)

Eating Disorders and Sport

Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, disordered eating, compulsive exercise Up to 33% of female athletes report having an eating disorder (more than nonathletes) 10% of males athletes have disorder Athletes' discipline and determination can lead to eating disorders if taken too far disorders have increase since Title IX (more female athletes) disorders can be encourages inadvertently by coaches and parents

Hazing

Any action that inflicts mental or physical harm or anxiety or demeans or degrades—regardless of intent or consent. 75% of college athletes reported experiencing hazing at some point Seen by some as rite of passage All Athletes at Risk

High School and College Sport

As competition increases, rules may become looser, and coaches and players may try to win at all costs However, NCAA punishments for coaches for violations have increased

Sport Participation for Older Adults

Associations: AARP International Council on Active Aging) ICAA Performance Sport: Master, Senior Tours 2015 - more than 10,000 athletes at National Summer Senior Games in Minnesota

Hazing Vs Bullying

Both involve an imbalance of power and status Bullying is always marked by aggressive behavior intended to harm hazing may involve some of the same qualities but is less frequent

Where was quad rugby invented?

Canada

Concussions and Sports

Children and teens are more likely than adults to be concussed and recover more slowly concussions doubled in the last 10 years 2 of 5 concussed high school athletes return to play before they have recovered strict concussion guidelines are needed

Influence of Youth Sport

Coach's role - to teach young athletes the rules Citizenship Through Sports Alliance (CTSA)

Who are essential for Special Olympics?

Coaches, family members, and other volunteers

Aggression in Sport

Definition: Behavior directed toward another person and intended to dominate or master - it is NOT an emotion or attitude Enforcer - what is their role? How do they create dominance?

On-Field Violence in Sport

Demands of collision and contact sports "Enforcer" roles Societal view of masculinity encouraging warrior mentality Part of the Game "boys will be boys" Richie Incognito, Ndamukong Suh, Ron Artest

Drug Use Scandal

East Germans Chinese Swimmers Cyclists Ben Johnson Major League Baseball Players

Female Athlete Triad

Females who develop an eating disorder are likely candidates for the female athlete triad 1. Disordered Eating 2. Amenorrhea (absence of menstruation) 3. Osteoporosis (loss of bone density)

Benefits of Sport and Physical Activity

Fun Better health Social integration moral development personal development cognitive development

Special Olympics

Games for people with MENTAL DISABILITIES, cognitive delay, or significant learning or vocational challenges due to cognitive factors that require specially designed instructions Began with 1,000 athletes at 1968 Chicago Games Special Olympics World Games every 4 years More than 4.4 million athletes are involved in the Special Olympics movement

Good Aggression in Sport

Good aggression in sport creates high energy or initiative—for example, when a basketball player goes hard after a loose ball in most sports, an athlete who displays aggression is praised and rewarded for his or her behavior, especially in contrast to exhibiting behavior deemed passive and defensive is often well learned in sport, and it can be carried over into life at large and workplace. It is often referred to as "assertiveness"

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

IDEA REQUIRES EACH PUBLIC AGENCY TO: -Ensure a variety of educational programs & services including Phys Ed are available to the disabled -provides nonacademic and extracurricular activities and services to give children with disabilities equal opportunity for participation - student's teachers and parents are to develop an individual education program for student - when participating in athletics is part of program, the privilege of participation becomes a federally protected right.

Examples of Rule Breaking

Illegally modifying equipment committing a foul faking injury to cause a time-out participating in a brawl taking other disallowed actions for strategic advantage

Special Populations in Sport

In the U.S. - Nearly 57 million have at least one mental or physical disability - nearly 110 are over 50 These groups are sometimes excluded and discriminated against

Anabolic Steroids

Increase muscle size, speed and power BALCO scandal Increased drug testing

Emotion and Sport: Fans

Increased excitement and arousal with tailgating and alcohol use Hooliganism - of British soccer fans has been a tradition for several hundred years. Usually, the label hooligan is applied to working- class men who disrupt soccer games with antisocial behavior.

Off-Field Violence

It is unclear whether on-field violence leads to off-field violence alcohol increases the incidence of violence; athletes are more prone to binge drinking some sports may not cause violent off-field behavior but attract more-violent people (football, hockey) challenges to manhood can arise off the field Are athletes challenged to prove themselves?

Youth involved in Sport by Age

Just over 50% of all youth in the United States are involved in at least one organized sport at age 12, and by high school 70% have been lost All youth under age 18: 50 million Youth athletes age 12 and under: 27 million High school athlete: 8 million College athlete: 400,000

concussions and the NFL

Long term effects can include dementia, depression and Alzheimer's NFL legal settlement involves 18,000 retired players

Potential Issues with Drug Use

Long-term health risks (female infertility) Bad example for youth athletes rejection of sport by fans, parents, kids marginalization of non-using athletes withdrawal of corporate financial support futile if bar is raised by genetic engineering

Androgenic

Masculinizing Effects - Growth of Facial Hair - Growth of Body Hair - Deepening of the Voice

Section 504 - Rehabilitation Act

No otherwise qualified handicapped person in US - shall solely for reason of handicap - be excluded from participation, denied benefits of, or subject to discrimination under any program or activity receiving federal assistance

Types of Deviant Behavior

Not conforming to the group's rules and norms overconforming to the group's expectations

Master Athletes

Older athletes, often referred to as masters athletes, also compete worldwide The achievements of these older athletes are becoming increasingly inspirational to an aging population looking for healthy challenges in their later years.

Paralympic Games

PHYSICALLY DISABLED athletes may compete nationally and internationally under the super- vision of the Paralympic Games. (amputees, visually impaired, spinal chord injuries/paralized, MS, dwarfs) 1960 - first games in Rome - 400 athletes/23 countries Much like Olympic - Paralympics are held every four years in both winter and summer events. Medals are awarded in 25 sports, and more than 5,000 athletes compete at each Paralympic Games 2nd largest sporting event in the world 2012 London Games: 4,000 plus athletes

What is monthly earnings of people with disabilities vs people with no disabilities?

People with: $1,961 People w/o : $2724

Violence

Perception that athletes are more violent than other people Perception fed by media exposure and occasional leniency give to accused athlete offenders Sport as mirror of society in violent acts and acceptance of violent acts

Types of Drugs used by Modern Athletes

Prescription and OTC: Promote healing, mask pain, carry long-term risk Stimulants: increase arousal and energy; have been used for decades Anabolic steroids: increase muscle size, speed, strength, and ability to train soon after exhaustion Others: HGH, doping, amino acids

Violence Against Women

Rape culture at universities -1 in 5 women is raped on campus -rape is committed by a rising proportion of athletes and men in military academies Title IX and sexual violence cases -the problem is being addressed by organized countermeasures led by the White House. -College campuses seem to be risky sites for women who associate with fraternity men or male athletes in settings where alcohol is present. -Perhaps even more concerning is the often-dubious manner in which universities and professional sport organizations handle complaints of sexual or physical violence. (ignore it) Domestic abuse and athletes

Rule Breaking in Sport

Rules are Learned Rule breaking results in consequences, such as penalties and suspensions

The Paralympic Games is the _________ largest behind _____________.

Second Olympic

How Sport can contribute to Peace Building

Security rebuilding of economies and traumatized populations political structure and open communication reconciliation in torn societies Second International Forum of 2011

Consequences of On-Field Violent Behavior

Shortened career pressure to return form injury concussions: recent change in perspective negative publicity for teams, leagues, organizations poor behavior modeling

Performance Enhancers (PEDs)

Some athletes use steroids or other drugs -increased use and scandals (Rodriquez, Ryan Braun) -Random drug testing in the Olympics and some professional leagues (MLB congressional hearings) Usage is not a new phenomenon but does get more media attention now

Emotion and Sport: Athletes

Stress of Competition Being Consumed by emotion optimal levels of arousal and intensity role of anger

Peace Initiatives Through Sport

The Sport for Development and Peace International Working Group works with governments to develop sport systems strong societies depend on tolerance and friendship among disparate groups sport provides a safe place to face conflict in a structured environment

Olympic Charter and Social Responsibility

The goal of Olympism is to place sport at the service of the harmonious development of humanity, with a view to promoting a peaceful society concerned with the preservation of human dignity" IOC initiatives to achieve this goal: - Bringing sport to rural & underdeveloped communities - Aiding local economic development - rehabilitating war victims - helping prevent HIV/Aids -Bring hope and joy to refugee camps

What federal legislation addresses issues of discrimination?

Title V - Rehabilitation Act of 1973

Role of US government in Physical Activity & Health

US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Links physical activity and quality of life - sets recommendations for physical activity Kids - at least one hour of aerobic activity Adults - 150 minutes weekly moderate intensity 1950s: President's Council on Youth fitness 1961: President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports Now: President's Council on Fitness, Sports, and Nutrition (for people of all ages)

Sport to Promote Social Values

US View of Sport as teaching mainstream values - capitalism: competition, hard work, winners - Socialism: teamwork, fitness, friendships - Potential to integrate people from diverse backgrounds in areas of conflict

Programs should include ____________ as required for athletes with disability

all young athletes and make adaptions

Disability applies to

any individual who has a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more of the person's major life activities

The real work of ensuring equal opportunities for disabled athletes occur........

at the community level

When do you get one point in Quad rugby?

carrying the ball across the other teams goal line

Reducing Violence

changes in the NHL treatment of fighting NFL studies of brain trauma mentors in Violence Prevention program Suspensions for players accused of violent behavior?

Benefits and Challenges of sport at different ages

children: fast development of skills, social interaction, rule following, self concept Youth: transitions, critical time for dropouts Adults: close relationships, self challenge, less priority on physical activity Older Adults: social and health reasons for participation

American Association of People with Disabilities (AAPD)

founded in 1995 as a nonprofit organization to represent all Americans with a disability. managed by people with a disability for people with a disability. not a government program Although AAPD's mission is much broader than fairness in sport, it does provide leadership and engage in lobbying to ensure that recreational opportunities exist for its constituency

What basic guarantees are given to the people with disabilities according to the ADA?

general employment state and local government public accommodations telecommunications transportation rights

Ableist Ideology

idea of discrimination against those with mental or physical disability

Special Olympics Goals

improve fitness, develop motor skills, increase self-confidence, and enhance self image

Negative Aggression in Sport

is hostile and destructive, whether physically or psychologically one's very intent is to harm or injure another person. This negative aggression often stems from frustration or arises in response to a perceived injustice (perhaps a bad call by an official), an insult (such as trash talk), or a wrong act (for example, dirty play or cheating)

The Freedom From Religion Foundation

keeping religion and government separate. coaches should not show preference for religion over nonreligion or alienate players who don't believe as they do Encouraging athletes with identical or similar religious views may build team cohesiveness, but it can also drive a wedge between players who have different views.

Bruce Pearl

only coach to return to NCAA after severe punishments

What does Ableist ideology reject?

physical and intellectual variation as a natural and normal part of human existence - meanings of different abilities change from one situation to another; like an injury or disease

Section 504 Reasonable Accommodations

requires that reasonable modifications should be made to accommodate people with disabilities does not require substantial or fundamental modifications

Impairment

something that has decreased or has been reduced

Development programs for children & youth

stand alone programs (skill focused, foundational) At-risk prevention (YMCA, Boys &Girls Clubs, Up2Us) attract children and youth who are deemed at risk of school delinquency or running afoul of the law. Academic Enrichment & sport programs (Safe Haven, combining school and sport) Academic development and sport - sport as vehicle to develop academic skills

International Outreach through Sport

the WHO (World Health Organization) emphasizes conditions and diseases that can be addressed through physical activity more than 60% of adults to not engage in physical activity

Citizenship Through Sports Alliance (CTSA)

the single largest coalition of professional and amateur athletics organizations in the U.S focused on character in sport

Rational Rule Breaking

to help the team (or individual) because "everyone is doing it" as acceptable behavior when a rule is considered bad example - Pass interference instead of giving up TD, grabbing the ball instead of giving up soccer goal.

violence stats

while male student-athletes make up 3% of the population on college campuses male athletes account for 19% of sexual assaults and 35% of domestic assaults on campuses. 1 in 5 college football recruits on top 25 Division I teams have a criminal record. Athletes commit 1 in 3 sexual assaults athletes more prone to binge drinking On average, a college rapist will rape seven times before being caught. The general population has a conviction rate of 80% for sexual assaults, whereas the rate for athletes is only 38%. Even when student athletes are accused of a sexual assault, universities are reluctant to aggressively investigate or prescribe punishment to student-athletes.