Sport and Culture - Exam 1
"Anthropological Days"
"savages" from Africa, Asia, and America were gathered from side shows at the fair to demo their native games and compete against themselves
Coup de boule/Headbutt
#1 song in 2006 because it was talking about Zidane and how he headbutted another player on the Italian team
1978 World Cup in Argentina
10% of budget was used to host the World Cup, was a massive propaganda campaign, threats of boycotting was made and Argentina defeated Holland 3-1 in the final
Jim Thorpe
Native American athlete, won pentathlon and decathlon, 1st NA to win for home country, stripped of his medals but the IOC restored them in 1983 30 years after his death. Considered one of the most versatile.
Which league was established in the US in the 1960s? How long did it last?
North American Soccer League sold soccer to the American people and became a big business. Mostly had British ideals behind it and they signed Pele for New York and it flourished. By the early 1980s, the experiment in adding more soccer teams suffered and in 1984 it stopped.
Controversy surrounding the film that Leni Riefenstahls created.
People were worried that Leni had taken money from Hitler to make the film about him and she denied it. She was paid by Josef to make it propaganda but he was unhappy with the result.
Nicholas Sarkozy
President of France, he visited the sites of riots and said they were going to clean up the "slums" in France
What happened in Chile's Estadio Nacional in the 1970s? Why did the Soviets refuse to play a World Cup match there?
Right wing military seized power in Chile, they used the Estadio Nacional as a place of concentration camps for left wing activists. They didn't come because they didn't want to travel to a country that was controlled with a dictatorship and where the national stadium had been a concentration camp
Describe the birth of soccer in the public schools in Britain.
Since the public schools of Britain were for boys of the elite, they felt that they were better than the staff to take control because the boys had to follow rules and order and it allowed them to burn off energy. They thought that regular physical education would counter the "evils" of boys.
Explain how controversies surrounding the 1998 World Cup affected French notions of national identity.
The "black-blanc-beur" were the three color of the French population because it was a multi-ethnic nation teams. The 98 victory created the illusion of nation unity and it was a short-lived period because of the growing sentiment of racism fostered by the Front National
What image did Germany hope to present before the world?
The Germans hoped to erase the negative memories many still had of the 1936 Berlin Olympics. A way to show the new democratic face of Germany.
What happened with the sporting part of the Olympics after the Munich Massacre began?
The IOC decided that the Olympic games would go on. Eventually suspended until after and held a memorial service for all that died.
What was the atmosphere like in the Olympic Village during the Munich Massacre?
The athletes were outside enjoying the sun, swimming and hanging out like nothing was wrong.
Explain the notion of "muscular Christianity"
The belief that sports were a useful aspect of religious aspect where a fit body brought a fit mind.
Describe the Olympic games in Greek Antiquity.
The first Olympics were held in 776 BC and were held every 4 year for 12 centuries. They took place in Olympia because it could be reached by ship. Athletes trained in Elis a month before the games started and there were messengers that gave the Olympic truce. Women could not compete and men competed naked. Started with footraces and then eventually added running, long jump, shot put, javelin, boxing and chariot races. The prices of the winner included a statue of himself, marry a wealthy women, invited to parties and the best seats at the theaters.
When were the first soccer leagues established in the US? Why did they fail to continue?
The first soccer leagues in 1921. It drew a lot of supporters but failed to continue because of the Depression.
What does the Olympic flag represent?
The rings are important because they represent the 5 continents that the athletes travel from and they are those colors because they are the main colorings of all the flags from other nations. The flag is white because it represents peace.
Describe the 1956 Melbourne Olympics.
There was tension because of the Suez Crisis, which was when Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal and Britain and France invaded to gain control. Also, because the Soviet Union crushed the Hungarian Revolution. The closing ceremonies had athletes mingling together instead of marching as teams behind their national flags.
What role did the Industrial Revolution play in the development of soccer?
There were clear breaks for free time which allowed time for games. The half-day Saturday liberated men from work and created an environment in which soccer could expand. The railways were also important in the traveling and spread of soccer.
Describe some of the failed attempts.
They brought in boxes of food to try and get the terrorists to come out. The police dressed as athletes and tried to storm the building but realized they were watching them on the roof because of the live broadcasting. When the terrorists were headed to the airport the police had snipers ready to go there.
What was the significance of Tommie Smith and John Carlos' Black Power salute?
They did it to combat some of the things that African Americans go through every day
How did the German government respond to Black September?
They had negotiators outside of the building talking to the leader. Begged him to postpone his deadline. The leader ended up changing the deadline from 12 to 5. They also had multiple ways of trying to figure out more of the situation and safe the athletes but all of them failed.
Why were the Munich Olympics especially significant for Jewish and Israeli athletes?
This was the first time they were able to proudly march with their star of David flag in the Olympic games and attend.
What are the differences between traditional games and modern sports?
Traditional games occurred during festivals and religious rituals. They had no set rules and were for enjoyment. They used animals and had a collectivity. Modern sports are secular and integrated into daily life. There are codified set of rules with winners and loser. Emphasis on individual
How did soccer spread from British public schools to the rest of the world?
Victorians were concerned with their physical health and this created a transformation in medicine and public health. They interpreted sport as an instrument of Darwinian selection. Eventually, in the late 1830s and 40s it was played outside just schools. Football quickly spread in Ireland and became popular. The soldiers and sailors would take it wherever they went and that helped spread it around the world.
Falklands War
Videal regime invaded Britain territory in 1982, which was an effort to bolster support of regime. Meant to divert attention from "Dirty War". Argentine government thought that Britain would concede the islands without a fight and they were wrong. Britain was victorious.
How did the memory of the 1936 Berlin Olympics affect the organization of the 1972 Munich Games?
With the new non-militaristic image of Germany, the security at the games were unarmed and police were banned
Pierre de Coubertin
a French aristocrat, and wanted to revive the games because of France's loss in the Franco-Prussian War, he studied physical education - the founder of the modern Olympic Games.
Agon
a Greek term for a conflict, struggle or contest
Zappas Olypics
a series of athletic events held in Athens, Greece and they were sponsored by Evangelos Zappas
"Informal Empire"
a term used to describe the British influence and control in Latin America
Folk football
a traditional game in Britain, which was banned in many cities, ended in 18th century
Pentathlon
an athletic contest consisting of five different events
Pankration
an olympic event that combined wrestling and boxing
Cuju
ancient Chinese football game - kicking a ball through an open net, no use of hands, rectangular field, one or two goals in the field, goal was a moon shape
the desaparecidos/ "disappeared people"
any enemies of the regime were kidnapped and killed
Zinédine Zidane
became a cultural icon because of his 2 out of 3 goals in the final in the 1998 World Cup.
Why are the 1968 Mexico Olympics known as the "Protest Olympics"?
because of the large number of political statements that happened during them
John Ian Wing
came up with the new idea for the closing ceremony, everyone walking together in one big group
Emperor Theodosius
created the end of Olympic games in antiquity because he wanted to impose Christianity as the state religion in Rome and thought the Olympics were against it
When did sport in the modern sense develop?
developed during the 1800s to early 1900s. They lost casual feel, to become uniform, national and highly organized
"Citius, Altius, Fortius"
faster, higher, stronger - the saying for the Olympic games.
Jules Rimet
fought in WWI along side soldiers from the French colonies. His idea was social progress. Created a relationship between people of different classes given France's division. His idea led to the expansion of soccer through France in 20th century.
Kylian Mbappe
grew up in banlieue of Paris, Cameroonian father and Algerian mother
Thomas Arnold
headmaster at Rugby school in 1828-48. Planned to civilize education with discipline, prayer and rational learning
What is antifutbol?
is a defensive, aggressive and physical type of playing football and the S. American teams were known for playing this way.
Why was folk football banned in Britain?
its violent and it posed a threat to social law and order when the games took place. King Edward the II banned football in London, because many evils would rise, and it was distracting young men.
Turner
lager group calisthenic exercise, non-competitive and was the sole form of exercise in Germany
Jean-Marie Le Pen
leader of the National Front, eventually ran for presidency. He said there were too many foreigners on the French soccer team
Tommie Smith and John Carlos
led the black power salute - they did this during the medal ceremony but raising a black glove covered fist during the whole national anthem.
Calcio
medieval and early modern Florence, 16th century and disappeared in the mid-18th century
Freemasons' Tavern
meetings were held here to generate a simple and singular code for football
Truce of Zeus
messengers sent out from Elis a month before the games to ensure safe travel of athletes and spectators
The Guerra Sucial/The "Dirty War"
murder of 30,000 people, brutal regime, Videla in power until 1983 in Argentina
Black-Blanc-Beur
mutli-ethnic national team, players were symbols of integration and brotherhood in a nation struggling with colonial past. Meant to be the three colors of the team because 17 of the players were from immigrant families.
Lilian Thuram
on the French soccer team from 1994-2008, he was called the "Intellectual" and the "Professor" because he was articulate
Diego Armando Maradona
one of the greatest soccer players of 20th century
Kemari
popular medieval Japan, 6-7m square, trees in 4 corners, 8 players take the field, ball is hollow, the point is to keep the ball in the air as long as possible
Describe how soccer spread throughout Latin America.
At first the game was played at elite gentlemen clubs but changed when the railways emerged. The British brought the game over to Argentina, which started the craze. At first, only the British were allowed to play, but eventually they were toppled. Football finally became theirs and it was a means of expression for a communal sense of belonging.
The Olympic salute
Began at the 1936 Olympics, which is similar to the Hitler salute but they are kinda different.
What happened on the morning of September 5th?
Black September entered the Olympic village and went into the Israeli men's quarters armed. The terrorists killed a coach. The athletes were held at gunpoint and continued to shoot and kill people. Held 11 hostages in these apartments. Ended up killing all of the hostages.
Describe the legend of Maradona
Maradona was the undisputed start because he had one of the greatest sport performances of all time and was the greatest soccer player in the 20th century. He had the two greatest goals of all time in one game. Maradona lead the Argentine team to the 1990 World Cup in Italy. They ended up losing but it still continued the legend. There was a Church of Maradona created, which was a religion of Maradona created by fans.
Vera Caslavska
Czechoslovakian gymnast who won 4 gold medals and opposed the soviet led invasion of Czechoslovakia by looking down during her national anthem
Emil Zatopek
Czechoslovakian runner, won gold in 10,000m and silver in 5000m in 1948, and in 1952 won gold in both
Marine Le Pen
Daughter of Jean-Marie Le Pen and leader of the National Front since 2011
William Penny Brookes
English physician and surgeon, he believed that the best way to prevent illness was through physical education and greatly influenced Coubertin.
What is the place of Uruguay in soccer history?
Garra Charrúa was another example of their intrinsic fortitude since they had 4 world championships - Garra had proved its worth
Why did Pierre decide to revive the Olympic Games?
He believed the French lost the Franco-Prussian War because of lack of physical fitness. Pierre studied physical education and the role of sport in schooling. The influence of British sport culture from when he visited the Rugby school and studied PE there. William Penny Brookes also influence him because he believed it was the best way to prevent illness. He also romanticized ancient Greece and thought they had a good approach to PE. He wanted to promote sport, health, and well-being.
Why didn't Peron allow Argentina to play abroad?
He didn't want to risk losing abroad and this was only heightened when they lost to Uruguay. He saw how a defeat in football could affect the country. Soccer was thought of as a unifying thing and as a part of the politics of Peronismo
Josef Goebbels
Hitler's propaganda minister, convinced Hitler to approve of the games because it would be great propaganda
What role did soccer play in the French "civilizing mission"?
In the "civilizing mission" soccer was a vehicle for spreading values of the European community. The education of the Second Republic believed that by being forced to respect rules the African athletes would "think rationally".
How and when did soccer spread to Latin American?
In the 15th-18th centuries, Latin America was conquered and colonized by the Spaniards and Portuguese. The Industrial Revolution in Latin America created a need for sport predominant power and constructed railways. They brought the game over to Argentina. Railway workers spread it further. In the 1930s it gained popularity all across Latin America because the industrialization lead to more people playing.
Jimmy Carter
In the 1980 Moscow Olympics he tried to persuade non-communists to boycott because of the Cold War but he had little success
What was the significance of Japan hosting the 1964 Games?
It showed a successful reentry into international community. Japan had a version of the New Deal that they wanted to implement that would transform Japan into militarism and power. Helped their infrastructure.
Why was soccer initially rejected in Germany? When did it become popular?
It was seen as negative, they didn't like it. The sport in Germany was gymnastics because it was apart of their nationalist philosophy. It finally became popular when the 8 hour workday started.
Describe the image of soccer in the U.S. during the Depression and post-WWII years.
It was seen as un-American. An infiltration of communist thought on American children.
Explain the process by which soccer was codified.
Kicking game or a hacking game was the starting point of the modern game. When the boys started moving on and going to college they needed a set of rules to bring the game. 11 London clubs met at the Freemasons Tavern to discuss a universal set of rules. Hacking and handling were banned.
The "hand of God" goal
Maradona used his head and his hand to put the ball in the goal
Leni Riefenstahl's Olympia
released in 1938, considered a landmark of filmmaking due to its style, insisted it was privately financed but it was paid for by Goebbels
Church of Maradona
religion created by fans of Maradona - it even has 10 commandment
Olympism
seeks to create a way of life based on the joy found in effort, the education value of a good example and respect for universal fundamental ethical principles
General Jorge Videla
seized power in 1976 in Argentina, reign of terror and fear
What role did the Industrial Revolution play in the rise of mass sporting culture?
sport developed during the Industrial Revolution. The Second Industrial Revolution created advances in manufacturing and production. This created alienation from labor and the 40 hour work week which allowed people more time to play which is why sport rose.
2001 France-Algeria Match
symbolic because they have never played together. This match was forced to be called because the Algerian fans were invading the pitch
What happened during the 1972 Munich Olympics
the Munich Massacre
Olympia
the Olympics in Antiquity were held here, one of the oldest religious centers of ancient Greece, could be reached by ship, site of major temple
Elis
the athletes trained here a month before the start of the games and had to swear to follow the rules
Windsor Castle
the first marathon started here and was originally 25 miles. They moved the start beneath the royal nursery and the ending in front of the king, 26.2 miles born
Albicelestes
the national team wore jerseys that were white and sky blue
Black September
the terrorist group that killed 11 hostages in the 1972 Munich Massacre.
Jesse Owens
the unquestionable star of the games in 36, set world record for 100m, Olympic record for 200m, won long jump and set another world record for the 400m
What was Israel's position in the Munich Massacre?
they were not going to make deals with the terrorists. They did not want to give in and continue to let Israel feel unsafe
The Olympic torch
this began in 1936 Berlin Olympics, it was lit at Olympia in Greece and thousands of athletes carried it by relay to Berlin. Hitler wanted to use it to show that the Germans were the best and powerful.
Maracanazo
this was a game of national tragedy and a traumatic experience. The 1950 world cup led to the loss of the game for Brazil against Uruguay and people started committing suicide.
Explain relationship between soccer and politics in Argentina
under General Juan Peron soccer was viewed as a thing to unify people. The idea of soccer and unifying fit into his ideas and politics. He also used it as a means of rallying and constructed many stadiums to support this.
The "goal of the century"
voted in FIFA poll to be the greatest goal of all time
Mary Lou Retton
was an amazing all-around gymnast
General Juan Peron
was elected in 1946 and improved the working and living conditions. Eventually, exiled in 1955 because of the elimination of opposition movement through imprisonment.
Eva Peron
wife of Juan Peron, humble beginnings, ministers to needs of poor
Lionel Messi
won Ballon d'Or/Golden Ball five time - which is for the best player in the world.
