Sports & Ex Psych Exam 1
Recognition and Referral of an Eating Problem
- People with anorexia often pick at their food, push it around on their plate, lie about their eating, and frequently engage in compulsive or ritualistic eating patterns such as cutting food into tiny morsels or eating only a very limited number of bland, lowcalorie foods. - People with bulimia often hide food and disappear after eating (so they can purge the food just eaten) or simply eat alone.
Detection of Substance Abuse
- changes in behavior - changes in personality - changes in athletic or academic performance - profuse sweating - muscular twitches or tremors
Prevalence of Eating Disorders in Sport
- female athletes reported higher frequencies of eating disorders than male athletes - athletes and nonathletes have similar psychopathologies and eating-related symptoms - tend to be sport specific Accurate assessment is difficult to achieve for a variety of reasons: -Fear of being dropped from program -Questionable accuracy of studies (assessment problem) so data must be viewed with caution
Mediating Factors
- the personality factors of asceticism, submissiveness, and conformity were all related to eating pathology among athletes. - nationality may be an important factor mediating the propensity to develop an eating disorder - athletes who are ego-oriented tend to display Pmore disordered eating
Runner's High
-A euphoric sensation, usually unexpected of heightened well-being, an enhanced appreciation of nature + the transcendence of time and space -Preliminary results out of Germany provide initial evidence that there is a chemical change (endorphins) in the brain related to the runner's high.
Exercise in the Reduction of Depression
-A moderate relationship exists between exercise and depression. -This is a correlation, not a cause-effect relationship. -Exercise is as effective as psychotherapy in reducing depression. -The positive effects are seen across age groups, health status, race, socioeconomic status, and sexes. -Both aerobic and anaerobic exercise are associated with reductions in depression. -Severe depression usually requires professional treatment, which may include medication, psychotherapy, electroconvulsive therapy, or a combination of these, with exercise as an adjunct. -Exercise produces larger antidepressant effects when the training program is at least 9 weeks long. -Reductions in depression after exercise do not depend on fitness levels. Exercising three to five times per week produces significant reductions in depression compared to once-a-week exercise.
What is the difference between trait and state when measuring personality?
-A trait is a typical style of behavior. -State is the situation's effect on behavior—a "right now" feeling that can change from moment to moment.
Acute effects of exercise w/regard to reduction of anxiety
-Aerobic exercise is associated with lower state anxiety and higher tranquility scores. -Postexercise reductions in state anxiety return to preexercise anxiety levels within 24 hours. -Exercise intensities between 30% and 70% of maximal heart rate appear to be associated with the greatest reduction in postexercise state anxiety. -Moderate-intensity exercise produced the greatest positive effects in affective responses. -Even low-intensity exercise improved affect -Exercise training is particularly effective for people who have elevated levels of anxiety but will reduce anxiety even for people with low levels of anxiety. -All durations of exercise significantly reduce anxiety, although larger effects have been found for periods of up to 30 minutes (especially under moderate-intensity levels). -State anxiety returns to preexercise anxiety levels within 24 hours (and maybe as quickly as 4 hours). Exercise is associated with reductions in muscle tension. -Reductions in anxiety are not necessarily tied to the physiological gains resulting from exercise bouts. -The anxiety reduction after exercise occurs regardless of intensity, duration, or type. -Aerobic exercise can produce anxiety reductions similar in magnitude to those with other commonly employed anxiety treatments. -Anxiety reduction after exercise occurs in all types of participants (e.g., male or female, fit or unfit, active or inactive, anxious or nonanxious, healthy or nonhealthy, younger or older, patients with or without anxiety disorders).
Quality of Life
-An individuals perception of their position in life in the context of their culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards, + concerns -Quality of life is a person's behavioral functioning ability—being able to do everyday stuff and living long enough to do it. -Physically active people report a better quality of life. -The positive effects of physical activity on quality of life can be grouped into four categories. 1. Enhanced physical functioning 2. Subjective well-being as indicated by personal enjoyment and mood alteration 3. Experiencing peak moments 4. Personal meaning -College students participating in an endurance-conditioning program report a significantly higher quality of life than do nonexercisers. -Older adults who are physically active report greater life satisfaction.
Phenomenological Approach
-Behavior is best determined by accounting for situational and personal characteristics. -A person's understanding and interpretation of one's self and environment are critical. -The phenomenological view is often stressed by today's sport psychologists.
Interactional Approach
-Behavior is determined by both the person and the situational factors as well as by their interaction. -The majority of contemporary sport and exercise psychologists favor the interactional approach.
Situation Approach
-Behavior is determined largely by the situation or environment. -The situation is a more important determinant of behavior than particular personality traits. -The situational approach is not as widely embraced by most sport psychologists.
Bulimia
-Bulimia is an episodic eating pattern of uncontrollable food bingeing followed by purging and is characterized by the following: -An awareness that the pattern is abnormal -Fear of being unable to stop eating voluntarily -Depressed mood -Self-deprecation -Condition is severe but less severe than anorexia. -Bulimia can lead to anorexia. -Bulimic people are aware that they have a problem. -Recurrent binge eating -A sense of lacking control over eating behavior during the binges -Engaging in regular self-induced vomiting, use of laxatives or diuretics, strict dieting or fasting, or vigorous exercise in order to prevent weight gain -Average minimum of two binge-eating episodes a week for three months -Persistent overconcern with body shape and weight (American Psychiatric Association, 2013)
What are some cognitive strategies of successful athletes?
-Cognitive strategies and mental strategies are among the skills and behaviors that athletes use in competition. -Although they're not personality traits in the traditional sense, cognitive strategies reflect the behavior aspect of personality and interact with personality characteristics. -Both quantitative and qualitative cognitive strategy measures have been shown to differentiate between more and less successful athletes. -Overachieving high school athletes scored higher on coachability, concentration, coping with adversity, and total cognitive strategy than average and underachieving athletes. -Cognitive strategies have been shown to be related to superior performance in elite sport. -Elite athletes show superior ability to cope with adversity and mentally prepare compared to non-elite athletes. -Olympic medal-winning wrestlers more often used positive self-talk, had a narrower and more immediate focus of attention, and were better prepared mentally for unforeseen negative events. -Mental preparation and planning are critical components of athletic success.
What are the general guidelines in personality testing?
-DO inform participants about the purpose of the personality test and exactly how it will be used. -DO allow only qualified individuals who understand testing principles and measurement error to give personality tests. -DO integrate personality test results with other information obtained about the participant. -DO use sport- and exercise-specific tests whenever possible, giving them in consultation with a sport psychologist. -DO use both state and trait measures of personality. -DO provide participants with specific feedback concerning the results of the test. -DO compare individuals against their own baseline levels rather than against normative information.
What are some DON'TS of personality testing?
-DON'T use clinical personality tests that focus on abnormality to study an average population of sport and exercise participants. -DON'T use personality tests to decide who makes a team or program and who doesn't. -DON'T give or interpret personality tests unless you are qualified to do so by the APA or another certifying organization. -DON'T use personality tests to predict behavior in sport and exercise settings without considering other sources of information.
What are some strategies to practice IOT be athletically successful?
-Enhance confidence and practice specific plans to deal with adversity during competition. -Practice routines to deal with unusual circumstances and distractions before and during competition. -Concentrate wholly on the upcoming performance and block out irrelevant events and thoughts. -Use several mental rehearsals before competition. --Don't worry about other competitors before a competition; instead, focus on what you can control. -Develop detailed competition plans. -Learn to regulate arousal and anxiety.
Psychological Benefits of Exercise
-Exercise increases self-esteem, feeling of enjoyment, self-confidence, and mood states. -Exercise decreases physical and psychological stress as well as anxiety and depression.
Exercise and Development of the Self w/regard to cognitive functioning
-Exercise is related to participants' self-concept, self-esteem, and self-efficacy (Fox, 1997). -Regular exercise is related to increased self-esteem. -Exercise programs designed to enhance self-esteem should emphasize experiences of success, feeling of increased physical competence, and attainment of goals.
Exercise and Mood changes
-Exercise is related to positive changes in mood state. -Exercise improves positive mood regardless of the number of negative and positive affective states in a given day. -Exercisers with choice of exercise mode scored lower on negative affect than exercisers having no choice. -Perception of fitness may be responsible for part of the mood-enhancing effects of exercise (as opposed to the actual level of fitness itself). -Use rhythmic abdominal breathing. -Avoid interpersonal competition. -Make it a closed predictable activity. -Use rhythmic and repetitive exercise movements. -Exercise 20 to 30 minutes in duration, moderate intensity, 2 or 3 times per week. -Make it enjoyable.
Exercise and Changes in Cognitive Functioning
-Exercise programs conducted over long periods are associated with moderate gains in cognitive functioning. -Acute aerobic exercise increased executive cognitive functioning in planning and problem solving. -Aerobic physical activity has a positive effect on cognition and brain functions; executive central command is most affected by aerobic exercise. -Acute exercise increased cognitive functioning in the form of working memory only for people low in working memory. -Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity enhances executive functioning in children with ADHD. -Integrating physical activity into the classroom produced increases in children's intrinsic motivation, perceived competence, and effort.
Characteristics of a Runner's High
-Few distractions, cool clam weather, low humidity, long distances (6+ miles, duration of at least 30 minutes) -Comfortable pace, may be due to a chemical change in the brain -Runners differ regarding whether and how often they experience the runner's high and may require slightly different sets of conditions to get it.
Cardiovascular Fitness and Cognitive Functioning in Older Adults
-Fitness training has beneficial effects on the cognitive functioning of older adults. -These effects were largest for those tasks involving executive control (e.g., planning scheduling, working memory, task coordination). -Fitness training combined with strength and flexibility programs have a greater positive effect on cognition than fitness training having only an aerobic component. -Effects appear to occur more in females than in males. -Effects on cognition were largest when exercise training exceeded 30 minutes per session. -From a physiological perspective, cardiovascular exercise appears to protect the brain against the normal effects of aging and helps repair or restore the aged brain
Research on the Prevalence of Eating Disorders in Sport
-Frequency rates of eating disorders in athletes range from as low as 1% to as high as 62% across a variety of sports. -Athletes appear to have a greater occurrence of eating-related problems (disordered eating) than does the general population. -A significant percentage of athletes engage in pathogenic eating or weight loss behaviors (e.g., bingeing, fasting), although subclinical in intensity. -Female athletes, in general, report higher rates of eating disorders than male athletes, which is similar to rates for the general population. -Predisposing Factors Weight restrictions and standards Coach and peer pressure Sociocultural factors Performance demands Judging criteria Critical comments about body shape and weight Genetic and biological factors Mediating factors
Physiological Explanations for the effects of exercise on psychological well being
-Increase cerebral blood flow -Changes in brain neurotransmitters (e.g., norepinephrine, endorphins, serotonin) -Increase in maximum oxygen consumption and delivery of oxygen to cerebral tissue -Reduces muscle tension -Structural changes in brain -Enhanced feeling of control -Feeling of competency and self-efficacy -Positive social interactions -Improved self-concept and self-esteem -Opportunities for fun and enjoyment
What is the Sport Psychology-Business Link?
-Lessons learned in high-performance sport can be applied to business. -The corporate athlete notion focuses on helping people in business reach their ideal performance states through use of principles of sport psychology and training. -Sustain high business performance through leadership development seminars, team-building activities, and one-on-one coaching.
Reducing Anxiety and Depression with Exercise
-Mental health problems account for 30% of the total days of hospitalization in the United States and 10% of the total medical cost. -Although a cause-effect relationship has not been established, regular exercise is associated with reductions in anxiety and depression. -High-intensity aerobic activity is not absolutely necessary in producing positive effects. -Other activities (e.g., strength training, yoga) also have produced positive effects.
Disordered Eating
-Middle ground of eating disorders that are not severe enough to be classified as anorexia or bulimia -Refers to an entire spectrum of exaggerated eating patterns involving increased health risks. -The extremes of disorder eating are anorexia and bulimia. -Binge eating is more common than anorexia or bulimia and is commonly associated with severe obesity. -Eating disorders have more than doubled since the 1960s. -40% to 60% of high school girls diet. -13% of high school girls purge. -30% to 40% of junior high girls worry about weight. -40% of 9-year-old girls have dieted. -5-year-old girls are concerned about diet.
What are some highlights or the Present and Future of Sport and Exercise Psychology
-More people are interested in acquiring training in psychological skills and applied work. -There is greater emphasis on counseling and clinical training for sport and exercise psychologists. -Ethics and competence issues are receiving greater emphasis. -Specialization and new subspecialties are developing. -Tension continues to exist between practitioners of academic and applied sport psychology. -Qualitative research methods are receiving more attention. -Applied sport psychologists have more work opportunities than ever but only limited chances for full-time positions. -Sport psychology is gaining increased acceptance and recognition of its usefulness. -The positive psychology movement in general psychology helps sport and exercise psychology expand into new areas such as business, music, and the performing arts. -Embracing the globalization of sport and exercise psychology is paramount for contemporary students of the field and will increase in years to come. -Multidisciplinary research is increasing such that sport and exercise psychologists will work with experts from other kinesiology subdisciplines and across other disciplines. -As technology develops at record pace and changes all aspects of lives, sport psychologists are learning how to use these technologies to facilitate efforts. -More emphasis in contemporary sport psychology is being placed on studying cultural diversity and focus is placed on increasing understanding, facilitating inclusion, and embracing diversity.
Chronic effects of exercise w/regard to reduction of anxiety
-Physical fitness is positively associated with mental health and well-being. -Exercise is associated with the reduction of stress emotions such as state anxiety. -Anxiety and depression are common symptoms of failure to cope with mental stress, and exercise has been associated with a decreased level of mild to moderate depression and anxiety. -Long-term exercise is usually associated with reductions in traits such as neuroticism and anxiety. -Appropriate exercise results in reductions in various stress indicators, such as neuromuscular tension, resting heart rate, and some stress hormones. -Current clinical opinion holds that exercise has beneficial emotional effects across ages and sexes. -Physically healthy people who require psychotropic (mood-altering) medication may safely exercise under close medical supervision
What is an example of an experiment?
-Runners are divided into two equal groups. -Experimental group receives training on setting goals, using imagery, and using positive self-talk. -The second (control) group receives no psychological skills training. -Running times of both groups are measured. -If the experimental group outperforms the control group (with other factors that might affect the relation controlled), a cause-effect relationship is established. -Key: The advantage of an experiment is that researchers are better able to determine causal (or cause-and-effect) relationships.
6 Dimensions of Well-Being
-Self-acceptance (positive views of oneself) -Positive relation to others (trusting, caring, and empathetic relationships) -Autonomy (self-determined with intrinsic motivation and self-referenced standards) -Environmental mastery (effective mastery of the environment to fulfill personal values) -Personal growth (sense of development and self-fulfillment over time) -Purpose on life (directed toward purposeful goals for living)
Type-A Personality
-Strong sense of urgency, an excess of competitive drive and easily aroused. -A behavior patterns (particularly the anger-hostility component) are associated with cardiovascular disease and appear to be altered via exercise.
Why Exercise for Psychological Well-Being?
-The hectic pace of westernized technological society causes stress and increased demands; more people than ever are feeling their ill effects. -Across their lifetimes, 25% of people will have anxiety disorders and 20% depression. -By the year 2020, depression will be second only to cardiovascular disease as the leading cause of death and disability. -Anxiety disorders and depression cost the public $45 billion a year. -Exercise positively influences feelings of well-being and decreases anxiety and depression. -Epidemiological data show that physical activity is positively associated with good mental health in the U.S. and Canadian populations.
Mirrors or No Mirrors in Exercise Settings
-Women who are generally sedentary and have poor perceptions of self tend to focus more often on their own physique, which appears to result in increases in negative affect since this heightens the perceived discrepancy between the actual and the ideal physique. -There was not a negative effect on social physique anxiety with women who were generally more active and confident in their ability to exercise.
What are the 2 sports psychology specialties?
1. Clinical sport psychologists 2. Educational sport psychology specialists
What are some questions sports psychologist make ask IOT understand the effects of psychological factors on physical/motor performance?
1. How does anxiety affect a basketball player's accuracy in free-throw shooting? 2. Does lacking self-confidence influence a child's ability to learn to swim?
Prevention and Control of Substance Abuse
1. Provide a supportive environment that addresses the reasons individuals take drugs 2. Educate participants about the effects of drug use. 3. Early on, expose athletes to the notion that using performance-enhancing drugs amounts to cheating and unfair competition 4. Set a good example 5. Teach coping skills 6. A Web-based personalized feedback program (Martens, Dams-O'Connor, & Beck, 2006) was shown to significantly reduce drinking in high-riskdrinking athletes
What are the 2 objectives of sports & exercise psychology
1. To understand how psychological factors affect an individual's physical performance 2. To understand how participation in sports & exercise affects a person psychological development, health & well being
What are some questions sports psychologist make ask IOT understand the effects of physical participation on psychological development, health and well being?
1.Does running reduce anxiety and depression? 2. Do young athletes learn to be overly aggressive from participating in youth sports?
Is sport and exercise psychology a relatively new field or does it have a long history?
100+ years
Hardiness
A personality style that enables a person to withstand or cope with stressful situations and have: 1. a sense of personal control over external events 2. Sense of involvement, commitment and purpose in daily life 3. Flexibility to adapt to unexpected changes and look at them as challenges -A hardy personality and exercise in combination are more effective in preserving health than either alone.
Science of Sport and Exercise Psychology
A process, or method, of learning about the world through the systematic, controlled, empirical, and critical filtering of knowledge acquired through experience
Scientific Study: Theory
A set of interrelated facts presenting a systematic view of some phenomenon in order to describe, explain, and predict its future occurrences
Sociocultural Factors
Although genetics can certainly influence disordered eating, the current thinking is that the condition has more to do with the cultural emphasis on thinness, which can lead to widespread body dissatisfaction (especially in women).
Female Athletes
Are more achievement oriented, independent, aggressive, emotionally stable and assertive
Social-Psychological Orientation
Behavior is determined by a complex interaction of the social environment and the personal makeup of the athlete or exerciser. Example: How a leader's style and strategies foster group cohesion
Cognitive-behavioral orientation
Behavior is determined by both the environment and thoughts (cognitions). Example: Studying differences in confidence and anxiety among tennis players with or without burnout
Trait Approach
Behavior is determined by relatively stable traits that are fundamental units of personality. These traits predispose one to act in a certain way, regardless of the situation.
Psychodynamic
Behavior is determined by several unconscious, constantly changing factors that often conflict with one another. Emphasis is placed on understanding the person as a whole rather than identifying isolated traits.
Type-B Personality
By moderate ambition and drive, accommodating attitude, cooperativeness, focus on quality over quantity and, in general, an easy going approach to life
Anorexia Nervosa
Characteristics: -An intense fear of becoming obese -A disturbed body image -A significant weight loss -The refusal to maintain normal body weight -Amenorrhea -Weight loss to 15% below normal -Intense fear of gaining weight or being fat, despite being underweight -Disturbance in one's experience of body weight, size, and shape -Females: Absence of at least three consecutive expected menstrual cycles (American Psychiatric Association, 2013) -Anorexia is potentially deadly, with a mortality rate of 5%, the highest mortality rate of any psychiatric condition. It can lead to starvation and other medical complications such as heart disease. -The suicide risk of those affected is 50% higher than that of the general population. -Affected people don't see themselves as abnormal.
Who was Coleman Griffith?
Coleman Griffith was the 1st North American to devote a significant portion of his career to sports psychology & today is considered the father of American sports psychology.
What role is a sports psychologist filling when they are working with athletes of all ages and abilities in the fitness industry, the military, and in sports medicine and physical therapy IOT develop psychological skills for enhancing competitive performance & training?
Consulting role
What time periods exist in the history of sport and exercise psychology?
Divided into 6 periods: 1. (1893 - 1920) characterized by isolated studies 2. (1921 - 1938) sports psychology labs & psychological testing took place at a number of locations around the world; Coleman Griffith became the 1st American to specialize in this area. 3. (1939 - 1965) is characterized by the field's scientific development attributable to the educational efforts of Franklin Henry. 4. (1966 - 1977) during the establishment of the academic discipline, sports & exercise psychology became a valuable component of the academic discipline of physical education. 5. (1978 - 2000) multidisciplinary science & practice is characterized by tremendous growth as the field became more accepted respected by the public. Training in the field took a more multidisciplinary perspective, and the field wrestled with a variety of professional practice issues. 6. (2001 - present) this period has been distinguished by continued growth worldwide, considerable diverse research, & interest in application & consulting.
Psychophysiological Orientation
Examines underlying psychophysiological processes of the brain in terms of primary causes of behavior. Example: Biofeedback to trained marksmen
Self-Concept
Exercise and increased levels of fitness appear to be associated with increases in self-esteem, especially among individuals initially with low self-esteem
Exercise and Chronic Diseases
Exercise has been linked to positive effects on people with these conditions: Human immunodeficiency virus Multiple sclerosis Cancer Parkinson's disease Diabetes Coronary heart disease
Exercise as an adjunct to therapy
Exercise is a useful adjunct but does not replace therapy Running therapies are popular but not if you're fat!
Role-Related Behavior
How you act based on what you perceive your social situation (different situations require playing different roles) Example: Behavior as a student, parent, or friend
Iceberg profile
In sport psychology, a proposed ideal profile of mood-state for elite performers, characterized by low scores on negative moods (specifically tension, depression, anger, fatigue and confusion) and high scores on positive moods (specifically vigor)
Judging Criteria
In sports in which physical attractiveness, especially for females, is considered important to success (gymnastics, figure skating, diving), coaches and athletes may perceive that judges tend to be biased toward certain body types.
Social Facilitation Theory
In the presence of an audience, the performer is aroused by the audience in which hurts performance on difficult task that haven't been learned (or learned well) and helps performance on well-learned tasks.
Describe the characteristics of a Clinical Sport Psychologists
Licensed psychologists Trained to work with people with severe emotional disorders Trained to help athletes with problems such as eating disorders and substance abuse
Mood
Mood refers to a host of transient, fluctuating affective states that can be positive or negative (e.g., feelings of elation or happiness, sadness).
Morgan's Mental health model
Morgan's (1980) mental health model shows that successful athletes exhibit greater positive mental health than do less successful athletes. However, precise predictions have not been achieved and should not be used for team selection.
What are the big 5 model of personality components?
Neuroticism Extroversion Openness to experience Agreeableness Conscientiousness
Do sports psychologist only help elite athletes?
No, they seek to understand & help elite athletes, children, persons who are physically/mentally disabled, seniors, & average participants achieve maximum participation, peak performance, personal satisfaction, & development through participation.
What is an example of a study?
One hundred runners complete a survey that assesses goal setting, imagery, and self-talk. (However, nothing is changed in the environment.) The 20 fastest runners' survey responses are compared against those of the 20 slowest.
Situation-specific measures
Predict behavior more reliably for given situations bc they consider both the personality of the participant and the specific situation (interactional approach).
5 Ways to Study Personality
Psychodynamic, traits, situation, interactional, and phenomenological.
What are the 3 approaches to sports and exercise psychology?
Psychophysiological orientation Social-psychological orientation Cognitive-behavioral orientation
What role incorporates inquiry aimed at advancing knowledge and sharing it through professional meetings and journal articles?
Research role
What 3 primary roles do sports psychologist excel in?
Research, Teaching & Consulting
3 Characteristics of Personality
Role-related behavior, Typical Responses, and Psychological core.
Define Sports & Exercise Psychology
Sports & Exercise Psychology is the scientific study of people & their behavior in sports & exercise activities & the practical application of that knowledge.
Weight Restrictions and Standards
Sports such as weightlifting, wrestling, and boxing commonly use weight classifications to subdivide competitor groups
What are some of the characteristics of contemporary sport and exercise psychology?
Strengths of Scientifically derived information include highly reliable, systematic and controlled, and objective and unbiased. Limitations include reductionistic, conservative, often slow to evolve, lack of focus on external validity (practicality). Strengths of Professional Practice Knowledge include holistic, innovative, and immediate. Limitations of Professional Practice Knowledge include less reliable, lack of explanations, and greater susceptibility to bias.
What does the teaching role incorporate?
Teaching university courses in psychology or exercise and sport science.
Define personality
The characteristics or blend of characteristics that make a person unique
What is an experiment?
The investigator manipulates variables while observing them, then examines how changes in one or more variables affect changes in others.
What is a study?
The investigator observes or assesses without changing the environment in any way.
Psychological Core
The most basic and deepest attitudes, values, interests, motives, and self-worth of a person—the real person Example: A person's religious values
Internal validity
The portion of scientific method that largely requires results to be an attribute to future treatment
Reductionistic
The tendency to isolate variables that are most critical in interest for the study being performed thus limiting the unbiased data being produce and reason why science guided practice isn't always practical.
External validity
The true significance of an issue and/or its utility in the real world
Typical Responses
The way one typically adjusts or responds to the environment Example: Being happy-go-lucky, shy
Describe the characteristics of a Educational Sport Psychology Specialists
Use "mental coach" approach—understand psychology of human movement Have training in physical education, kinesiology, or exercise and sport science Educate and increase athletes' and coaches' awareness of issues such as anxiety management and confidence development Not trained to assist people w/severe emotional disorders
Projective test
Usually include pictures or written situations, and the test takers are asked to project their feelings and thoughts about these materials
Performance-Enhancing Drugs
anabolic steroids, beta-blockers, and stimulants used by athletes or exercisers to increase strength, calm nerves, or block pain.
Critical Comments About Body Shape and Weight
athletes who recalled more critical comments and more severely critical comments than others reported greater disordered eating as well as more intense negative emotions (shame, anxiety).
Coach and Peer Pressure
coaches sometimes knowingly or unknowingly exert pressure on athletes to lose weight, even when they have information about safe and effective weight management procedures.
Deterrence Theory
consists of three major components: the costs of a decision to use, the benefits associated with using, and specific situational factors that may in some way affect the cost-benefit analysis of using.
Genetic and Biological Factors
it may be that certain genetic factors interact with the environment to increase the probability of an eating disorder developing.
Chronic effects
long term effects
Performance Demands
research has indicated that there is a correlation between a low percent body fat and high levels of performance in a number of sports
Acute effects
short term effects
Recreational Drugs
substances that people seek out and use for personal pleasure.
