Sports Nutrition Final Study Set
Which of the following represents the correct order from the greatest amount of kcal to the least amount of kcal in total energy expenditure for most individuals? A) basal metabolic rate, physical activity, thermic effect of food B) thermic effect of food, basal metabolic rate, physical activity C) physical activity, basal metabolic rate, thermic effect of food D) basal metabolic rate, thermic effect of food, physical activity
A) basal metabolic rate, physical activity, thermic effect of food
Thirst (in athletes) may not always be an accurate indicator of the need for water replacement. A) True B) False
A) True
During glycolysis, one six carbon sugar (glucose) is broken down to: A) Two molecules of pyruvate B) One molecule of pyruvate C) Three citrates D) Three glycerols E) Five acetyl CoAs
A) Two molecules of pyruvate
When can caffeine impair athletic performance? A) When exercising in a warm or hot environment. B) When events are dependent on simple reaction time. C) When the duration of the endurance event increases to an hour or more. D) Caffeine always impairs athletic performance.
A) When exercising in a warm or hot environment.
The main ingredient (by weight) in a product whose label contains an ingredient list which reads in order, "whole wheat, dextrose, hydrogenated vegetable oil, and salt" is: A) Whole wheat B) Sugar C) Added fat D) Salt E) Not enough information given to answer this question
A) Whole wheat
The dietary technique designed to increase the glycogen content in the liver and the muscles in an attempt to delay the onset of fatigue is called: A) carbohydrate loading B) glucagon loading C) glycogen supercompensation D) fructose loading
A) carbohydrate loading
MCTs (medium chain triglycerides) A) have fatty acids that are 6 - 12 carbons in length B) are oxidized at a rate comparable to omega 3 fatty acids C) they are absorbed into the lymphatic system from the small intestines D) A & B E) A, B & C
A) have fatty acids that are 6 - 12 carbons in length
The recommended protein intake for distance runners in 1.2 to 1.4 g/kg , what would it be for an individual trying to gain muscle mass through strength training? It is ________ grams of protein per kilogram body weight. A. 1.5-1.8 B. 1.2-1.4 C. 1.0-0.8 D. 0.5-0.7
A. 1.5-1.8
Which of the following statements concerning the interrelationships between various forms of energy is FALSE? A. A kilocalorie of fat is more energy dense than a kilocalorie of carbohydrate B. Energy can be obtained from fat, carbohydrates, alcohol and protein C. A gram of fat has more Calories than two grams of carbohydrate D. A gram of fat has more Calories than a gram of protein E. None of these statements is false, all are true
A. A kilocalorie of fat is more energy dense than a kilocalorie of carbohydrate
Which of the following statements relative to cholesterol is false? A. All healthy diets should not contain any cholesterol at all B. Your body will manufacture most of the cholesterol that it needs C. Cholesterol is a vital part of the structure of many body cells D. Excessive accumulation of cholesterol in the blood may pose a high risk for the development of coronary heart disease E. None of these statements are false, they are all true
A. All healthy diets should not contain any cholesterol at all
During exercise, the intake of which of the following nutrients will provide the most significant protein sparing effect? A. Carbohydrate B. Medium chain triglycerides C. Carnitine D. Thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin E. Caffeine
A. Carbohydrate
Which of the following statements concerning carbohydrate use as an energy source is not true? A. It supplies about 40 percent of the body's energy at rest B. It is the main fuel during exercise of high intensity for 30 seconds or more C. Most athletes should consume large amounts just prior (minutes) to performance for quick energy D. Intake during performance may help to prolong endurance capacity in very long events E. The major source of carbohydrate energy during exercise is muscle glycogen and a well-fed athlete will have enough for over an hour of exercise
C. Most athletes should consume large amounts just prior (minutes) to performance for quick energy
Typically the highest levels of blood lactate would occur during high intensity exercise for: A) 5 to 10 seconds B) 15 to 30 seconds C) 60 to 90 seconds D) Longer than 5 minutes
C) 60 to 90 seconds
Which of the following does not generate glucose? A) Glucose - Alanine cycle B)Cori cycle C) Beta oxidation D) Glycogenolysis E) All the above are important for making glucose
C) Beta oxidation
Which series of chemical reactions is capable of producing the greatest quantity of ATP energy? A) Aerobic glycolysis B) Anaerobic glycolysis C) Beta-oxidation and aerobic metabolism D) Gluconeogenesis
C) Beta-oxidation and aerobic metabolism
The main energy source for the lactic acid system during exercise is: A) Protein B) Phosphocreatine C) Carbohydrates D) Triglycerides E) Not enough information given to answer this question.
C) Carbohydrates
What is the major source of plasma glucose for a person who has been on a ketogenic (low CHO) diet for two days? A) Muscle glycogen B) Liver glycogen C) Gluconeogenesis in the liver D) Lipolysis in the adipocyte cells
C) Gluconeogenesis in the liver
During distance exercise, all of the following would stimulate gluconeogenesis except: A) Decreased blood sugar levels B) Increased epinephrine output C) Increased insulin release D) Increased glucagon release
C) Increased insulin release
What is the most common nutrient-deficiency disorder in the United States? A) Vitamin C B) Vitamin B12 C) Iron D) Calcium E) Zinc
C) Iron
Which of the following statements is not true considering lactic acid? A) It is formed in large amounts during anaerobic glycolysis B) It is formed when hydrogens combine temporarily with pyruvate C) It is a metabolic waste product D)It is a by-product of excessive NADH + H+ production E) All the above statements are true, none are false
C) It is a metabolic waste product
Which of the following statements regarding potential energy storage in the body is true? A) Most is stored in the form of ATP B) Most is stored in the form of glucose C) Most is stored in the form of triglyceride D) Most is stored in the form of glycerol
C) Most is stored in the form of triglyceride
Which of the following statements concerning the fates of blood glucose is FALSE? A) Blood glucose may be used as energy B) Liver glycogen may be reconverted to blood glucose C) Muscle glycogen may be reconverted to blood glucose D) Blood glucose may be converted to and stored as fat E) All the above are true regarding blood glucose
C) Muscle glycogen may be reconverted to blood glucose
This energy system most rapidly phosphorylates ADP to form ATP A) Oxidative phosphorylation B) Substrate-level phosphorylation C) PCr D) Krebs cycle
C) PCr
The elevation of the metabolic rate that occurs after ingestion of a meal is: A) Increased significantly by the ingestion of fat B) Accountable for less than 3 percent of the total daily energy expenditure C) Referred to as dietary-induced thermogenesis or thermic effect of food D) Significantly higher in obese subjects when compared to lean subjects E) All the above are true statements
C) Referred to as dietary-induced thermogenesis or thermic effect of food
The glycemic index represents: A) The degree to which an athlete suffers from hypoglycemia B) The amount of glucose released into the blood in response to exercise C) The effect a particular food has on the rate and amount of increase in the blood glucose level D) The amount of stored glycogen in the muscle and liver E) The total amount of insulin released in response to food intake
C) The effect a particular food has on the rate and amount of increase in the blood glucose level
Alcohol, when consumed in small amounts (one to two drinks), A) greatly deteriorates physiological processes associated with maximal aerobic exercise B) does not interfere with glucose metabolism during exercise C) may exert a paradoxical stimulation effect D) adversely affects accuracy in competition, such as pistol shooting and archery.
C) may exert a paradoxical stimulation effect
Mary has eaten a lunch with 55 grams of CHO, 40 grams of protein and 20 grams of fat. What is the % Fat from kilocalories of her meal? A. 17% B. 25% C. 32% D. 40% E. 56%
C. 32%
Which food is highest in both carbohydrate and protein? A. Bread B. Potato C. Baked beans D. Banana E. Crackers
C. Baked beans
Fats may be a significant source of energy during exercise of low intensity and long duration. What is the main form of fats that are used for energy production during low-intensity exercise? A. Phospholipids derived from the cell membrane B. Chylomicrons from the liver C. Free fatty acids from the adipose cells and muscle cells D. VLDL from the liver E. Cholesterol from the kidney
C. Free fatty acids from the adipose cells and muscle cells
Increased formation of ketone bodies during a low CHO diet most likely is a result of: A. Decreased levels of glucagon B. Increased levels of insulin C. Increased activity of hormone sensitive lipase D. Increased production of anabolic enzymes E. All the above can lead to an increase formation of ketone bodies
C. Increased activity of hormone sensitive lipase
Increased formation of ketone bodies during fasting can be a result of: A. Decreased levels of glucagon B. Increased levels of insulin C. Increased activity of lipase D. Increased production of anabolic enzymes E. All of the above can result in an increase formation of ketone bodies
C. Increased activity of lipase
What is the major source of plasma glucose for a person who has been on a ketogenic (low CHO) diet for two days? A. Muscle glycogen B. Liver glycogen C. Liver gluconeogenesis D. Adipose lipolysis
C. Liver gluconeogenesis
Because the human body cannot store excess nitrogen, A) Deamination removes it from the amino acid, leaving a substrate known as keto acid B) The liver forms ammonia from the excess nitrogen and converts it into urea, which is eventually eliminated by the kidneys. C) The energy content of the amino acid is utilized by the body. D) All of the answers are correct.
D) All of the answers are correct.
Which of the following is (are) true regarding carbohydrates? A) It supplies about half the body's energy requirements during high intensity aerobic exercise. B) It is the only macronutrient that is metabolized anaerobically C) Is necessary for normal fat catabolism D) B and C E) A, B and C
D) B and C
Which of the following is true regarding exercise? A) During rest, most of the energy needs of the body are met by the supply of muscle triglycerides B) Hormones, such as epinephrine, are secreted during exercise. C) During high-intensity exercise, there is an increase in the total energy cost derived from carbohydrates D) B and C E) A, B and C
D) B and C
A review of research supports that there may be an ergogenic effect associated with the use of _____ supplementation. A) Carnitine B)Tryptophan C) Glycine D) Creatine E) A and D
D) Creatine
Which of the following training adaptations would be of MOST use to an athlete competing in the 100-meter dash? A) Increased number of mitochondria B) Increased fat burning capacity C) Increased efficiency of the electron transport system D) Increased stores of phosphocreatine E) All the above would be equally effective in improving the 100-meter dash.
D) Increased stores of phosphocreatine
Exercising during a glycogen-depleted state versus a glycogen-loaded state is characterized by all of the following except: A) Progressive increase in blood ketones B)Progressive increase in fat metabolism C) Increased use of protein for energy D) Reduced exercise capacity E) All the above occur in a glycogen-depleted state
E) All the above occur in a glycogen-depleted state
Which of the following energy sources found in the human body represents the LOWEST storage of potential energy in the form of total kcals. A) Muscle protein B) Liver glycogen C) Muscle glycogen D) Adipose triglycerides E) Blood glucose
E) Blood glucose
Insulin is made in the ________ and is considered a(n)_________ hormone. A) Gallbladder, catabolic B) Pancreas, catabolic C) Liver, anabolic D) Liver, catabolic E) Pancreas, anabolic
E) Pancreas, anabolic
After digestion, amino acids are absorbed in the ______ and go directly to the _____: A) Stomach: Muscle B) Stomach: Liver C) Small Intestine: Pancreas D) Small Intestine: Muscle E) Small Intestine: Liver
E) Small Intestine: Liver
The main energy source for the oxygen system during exercise of one hour in length would be: A) Carbohydrates B) Triglycerides C) Protein D) Carbohydrates and Fats equally E) Unable to answer this question with the information given
E) Unable to answer this question with the information given
The process of ____________________ results in fatty acid used during low intensity exercise. A. Lipolysis B. Gluconeogenesis C. Transamination D. De-esterfication E. A and D
E. A and D
Which of the following foods would make a good choice to include in a pre-competition meal? A) Corn Flakes B)Sausage Biscuit C)High Bran cereal D) Egg, Cheese and Bacon casserole
A) Corn Flakes
A meal high in ______ exerts the lowest thermic effect. A) Fat B) Protein C) Carbohydrate D) All 3 have the same thermic effect
A) Fat
Power mostly relies on: A) Immediate energy system B) Short term energy system C) Long term energy system D) All three energy systems are used equally in power moves
A) Immediate energy system
Exercise training has all of the following effect upon protein metabolism except: A) Increase production or accumulation of ammonia B) Increased capacity for the oxidation of leucine C) Increased production of alanine D) Increased protein in the urine
A) Increase production or accumulation of ammonia
At rest, 60% of energy for the body's metabolic and physiologic processes comes from: A) Lipid B) Protein C) Carbohydrate
A) Lipid
Mary is about to participate in a 90 minute run outside in the heat. Although both of these are recommended, which is the most effective at reducing heat stress? A) Rehydration B) Hyperhydration (superhydration)
A) Rehydration
Which of the following is true concerning the functions of lipids in the body? A) The major site of triglycerides storage in the body is within the adipose cell B) The FFA are reduced to Acetyl-CoA and produce energy via the lactic acid system. C) There is a metabolic limit to the body's ability to store lipids. D) A & C E) A, B, & C
A) The major site of triglycerides storage in the body is within the adipose cell
The most practical way to determine if muscles have increased their glycogen stores would be: A) To keep an accurate record of your body weight B) To have a muscle biopsy taken C) To keep an accurate record of carbohydrates ingested and convert this to caloric intake D) To strictly follow the classic program and assume that the stores have increased
A) To keep an accurate record of your body weight
A decreased plasma glutamine level in overtrained athletes was hypothetically linked to impairment of the immune system. A) True B) False
A) True
A deficiency of any one of the B vitamins used in energy metabolism could negatively affect physical performance. A) True B) False
A) True
A deficiency of several B vitamins, collectively, would negatively affect physical performance. A) True B) False
A) True
A ketogenic diet would be detrimental to the vast majority of athletes. A) True B) False
A) True
Both amino acids and carbohydrates can be converted to fat via Acetyl-CoA when caloric expenditure is less than caloric intake. A) True B) False
A) True
For some athletes there appears to be a performance benefit associated with the consumption of a high-CHO meal a few hours prior to performance. A) True B) False
A) True
Glycogen is a polysaccharide A) True B)False
A) True
Intense exercise can cause oxidative stress in the body. A) True B) False
A) True
Leg cramps may be caused by excessive loss of minerals through sweating A) True B) False
A) True
The branched-chained amino acids account for 10 - 15 % of the energy source in endurance exercise. A) True B) False
A) True
Which hormone is released from the pancreas and generally increases the rate of gluconeogenesis in the liver? A. Glucagon B. Cortisol C. Epinephrine D. Human growth hormone E. Adrenalin
A. Glucagon
The form by which cholesterol is transported in your blood may be related to the development of atherosclerosis. In general, A. High levels of high-density lipoproteins, which act in a process known as reverse cholesterol transport, appear to lower the chances of developing atherosclerosis. B. A high ratio of low-density lipoproteins to total cholesterol indicates a very low risk for developing coronary heart disease. C. High levels of high-density lipoproteins are associated with the formation of plaque because they are prone to oxidation by macrophages. D. VLDLs are the major transporters of cholesterol in the body E. All the above are true
A. High levels of high-density lipoproteins, which act in a process known as reverse cholesterol transport, appear to lower the chances of developing atherosclerosis.
Linoleic acid A. Is an essential fatty acid that must be supplied in the diet. B. Daily requirements range from 6-7 grams per day. C. Is hard to obtain in adequate amounts on a vegetarian diet. D. Is a saturated fatty acid that must be supplied in the diet.
A. Is an essential fatty acid that must be supplied in the diet.
For aerobic glucose breakdown to take place, two- -carbon fragments must enter which pathway to be metabolized into carbon dioxide and water? A. Krebs cycle B. Cori cycle C. Glycolysis D. Glucose - Alanine Cycle
A. Krebs cycle
Which lipid dietary component appears to be most likely to cause an increase in serum cholesterol and the development of atherosclerosis? A. Saturated and trans fats B. Polyunsaturated and linolenic fatty acids C. Monounsaturated and oleic fats D. Omega-3 and eicosapentanoeic fatty acids E. Phospholipids and triglycerides
A. Saturated and trans fats
The most practical way to determine if muscles have increased their glycogen stores would be: A. To keep an accurate record of your body weight. B. To have a muscle biopsy taken. C. To keep an accurate record of carbohydrates ingested and convert this to caloric intake. D. To strictly follow the classic program and assume that the stores have increased.
A. To keep an accurate record of your body weight.
If exercise intensity is above the steady-rate level, _____ becomes the main energy fuel for any "additional" non-steady-rate exercise: A) Lipid B) CHO C) Protein D) A and B are equal contributors
B) CHO
An ergogenic aid is something that is: A) Added to food to increase its nutrient value B) Designed to increase potential for work output, such as in sport C) Used to restore nutrients removed in processing D) A legal term used by the FDA to designate nutritional supplements that may enhance health status E) A device used to facilitate the measurement on energy in a food
B) Designed to increase potential for work output, such as in sport
A sports drink with a high concentration of fructose would help the athlete during competition. A) True B) False
B) False
Acetyl CoA can be reconverted to pyruvate when activity stops and the cell no longer needs to make a lot of ATP. A) True B) False
B) False
CHO supplementation during endurance training will increase the percentage of protein the muscle uses for energy. A) True B) False
B) False
Decreased production of ammonia may be associated with ↑ exercise duration A) True B) False
B) False
Recent recommendations, based on reputable research, list the range for dietary protein to be from 1.0 - 3.0 grams of protein per kilogram body weight per day. A) True B) False
B) False
The anabolism of contractile muscle proteins may occur in endurance training. A) True B) False
B) False
The lactic acid system predominates in short, very powerful (5 - 8 sec) bursts of muscular activity. A) True B) False
B) False
Low ratios of ATP to ADP favor: A) Glycogen synthesis B) Glycogenolysis C) Lipogenesis D) Protein anabolism (building muscle) E) All the above are activated by low ATP/ADP ratios
B) Glycogenolysis
Studies have shown that endurance trained athletes A) Derive more energy from carbohydrate than they did prior to training. B) Have improved insulin sensitivity C) Have an decreased muscle triglyceride content. D) Exhibit a decreased sensitivity of the adipose cells to epinephrine.
B) Have improved insulin sensitivity
Following a meal high in simple carbohydrate, which of the following is most likely to occur in the next 1-2 hours? A) Suppression of insulin with a resultant hyperglycemia B) Hyperglycemia which stimulates insulin secretion followed by a possible hypoglycemia C) Hypoglycemia which stimulates insulin secretion and a return to normal blood glucose levels D) Hyperglycemia with a suppression of insulin and movement of blood glucose into the liver and muscle tissues E) No change in blood glucose levels.
B) Hyperglycemia which stimulates insulin secretion followed by a possible hypoglycemia
Which of the following is true: A) When dehydration is the major threat to performance, electrolytes replacement is the primary consideration. B) In prolonged endurance events, carbohydrate replacement may help improve performance. C) All glucose replacement drinks should contain calcium D) A and B E) A, B and C
B) In prolonged endurance events, carbohydrate replacement may help improve performance.
Which of the following statements about glycerol is true? A) It is derived from the TCA (Krebs) cycle B) It can be used to make glucose C) It is the immediate precursor of fatty acids D) It facilitates the glucose-alanine cycle E) All the above statements are true
B) It can be used to make glucose
Which of the following statements concerning the fates of blood glucose is true? A) Blood glucose will decrease with increasing production of glucagon B) Liver glycogen may be reconverted to blood glucose C) Muscle glycogen may be reconverted to blood glucose D) Blood glucose will increase with increasing production of insulin E) B and C
B) Liver glycogen may be reconverted to blood glucose
Skin wetting techniques A) Have been shown to decrease sweat loss and prevent hyperthermia B) May be potentially harmful despite the sense of relief that they produce C) Scientists and athletes are in agreement on their usefulness D) May not actually help the athlete, but also pose no danger to the athlete
B) May be potentially harmful despite the sense of relief that they produce
High concentrations of simple sugars may exert a reverse osmotic effect in the intestines, resulting in weakness, sweating, and diarrhea. This phenomena is known as A) Lactose intolerance B) The dumping syndrome C) Glycerine syndrome D) None of the answers are correct
B) The dumping syndrome
The nutrients that are primarily responsible for helping to regulate bodily processes are: A) Carbohydrates and fat B) Vitamins, minerals, and proteins C) Carbohydrate, fat and minerals D) Fat, protein and carbohydrates
B) Vitamins, minerals, and proteins
Most studies show the effect of caffeine ingestion prior to exercise on the body's utilization of glycogen: A) Will increase utilization in distance events B) Will decrease utilization in distance events C) Will have no effect in distance events
B) Will decrease utilization in distance events
The most important factor determining which energy system will be used is the duration of the exercise. A) true B) false
B) false
Fatty acids used for energy during moderate - high intensity exercise comes exclusively from plasma free fatty acids. A) True B)False
B)False
Over the 24-hour period, the rate of muscle glycogen recovery is approximately _____ percent per hour. A. 1-3 B. 4-7 C. 8-10 D. 11-13
B. 4-7
Which of the following statements regarding the complete oxidation of glucose is true? A. Carbon dioxide combines with acetyl CoA to make pyruvic acid B. Carbon dioxide is released during the TCA (Krebs) cycle C. One molecule of glucose forms 2 molecules of lactic acid when it is completely oxidized D. Oxygen combines with Hydrogen to form water directly in the TCA (Krebs Cycle) E. All the above statements are true.
B. Carbon dioxide is released during the TCA (Krebs) cycle
Which of the following statements regarding fatigue during muscular exercise is FALSE? A. Fatigue may be chronic or acutechronic fatigue is generally associated with overtraining, or under recovery. B. Central fatigue, involves fatigue occurring directly in the exercising muscles C. In sports or exercise, fatigue is generally defined as the inability to continue exercising at a desired level of intensity D. A very important factor in the prevention of premature fatigue is proper physiological, psychological, and biomechanical training E. Certain dietary strategies are theorized to help delay the onset of fatigue during exercise, and several have been found to be effective
B. Central fatigue, involves fatigue occurring directly in the exercising muscles
A high quality protein is best described as one that: A. Contains 10 grams of protein per 100 grams of food B. Contains all of the essential amino acids in the proper amounts and ratio C. Contains all of the nonessential amino acids D. Contains adequate amounts of glucose for protein sparing E. Contains the amino acids leucine, isoleucine and valine
B. Contains all of the essential amino acids in the proper amounts and ratio
Which of the following foods is likely to contain the least amount of saturated fats? A. Hard stick margarine with hydrogenated corn oil B. Cooking oil made of 100% olive oil C. Butter D. Sirloin steak E. Artificial coffee whitener made with palm oil
B. Cooking oil made of 100% olive oil
Match the enzyme with the hormone below. A. Hormone sensitive lipase, insulin B. Hormone sensitive lipase, epinephrine C. Lipoprotein sensitive lipase, glucagon D. Lipoprotein sensitive lipase, epinephrine
B. Hormone sensitive lipase, epinephrine
Following a meal high in simple carbohydrate which of the following is most likely to occur in the next 1 - 2 hours? A. Suppression of insulin with a resultant hyperglycemia B. Hyperglycemia which stimulates insulin secretion followed by a possible hypoglycemia C. Hypoglycemia which stimulates insulin secretion and a return to normal blood glucose levels D. Hyperglycemia with a suppression of insulin secretion and movement of blood glucose into the liver and muscle tissue E. No change in blood glucose level
B. Hyperglycemia which stimulates insulin secretion followed by a possible hypoglycemia
Which of the following is the least likely metabolic fate of glucose intake following a prolonged aerobic exercise task? A. It is taken into the muscles to help reform muscle glycogen B. It is taken into the adipose cells to help form body fat C. It is taken into the liver to help restore liver glycogen D. It helps to restore the blood glucose levels, if low, to normal
B. It is taken into the adipose cells to help form body fat
The consumption of individual amino acids A. May lead to an increase in appetite. B. May interfere with the absorption of other essential amino acids. C. May lead to a cardiopulmonary disorder known as eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome. D. Is recommended as safe by the FDA E. All the above are true
B. May interfere with the absorption of other essential amino acids.
During exercise, triglycerides are released from the adipose cells and: A. The FFAs (free fatty acids) go to the muscle for energy and the glycerol is converted to amino acids in the liver B. The FFAs go to the muscle for energy and the glycerol is converted to glucose in the liver C. The FFAs go the liver to be used for energy and the glycerol is converted to glucose in the liver D. The FFAs and glycerol both go to the muscle and are stored as glycogen.
B. The FFAs go to the muscle for energy and the glycerol is converted to glucose in the liver
Which of the following statements comparing animal and plant protein is INCORRECT? A. All natural, unprocessed animal foods contain all twenty amino acids B. Animal protein is considered to be a complete or high-quality protein C. Proteins usually exist in smaller concentrations in plant foods, thus the quality of amino acids found in plants is inferior to those obtained from animals D. Most plant proteins have insufficient amounts of one or more of the essential amino acids
C. Proteins usually exist in smaller concentrations in plant foods, thus the quality of amino acids found in plants is inferior to those obtained from animals
Where are the majority of fats absorbed? A. Mouth B. Stomach C. Small Intestines D. Large Intestine E. Fats are absorbed in equal amounts in the stomach and small intestines
C. Small Intestines
The GLYCEMIC INDEX represents: A. The degree to which an athlete suffers from hypoglycemia B. The amount of glucose released into the blood in response to exercise C. The effect a particular food has on the rate and amount of increase in the blood glucose level D. The amount of stored glycogen in the muscle and liver E. The total amount of insulin released in response to food intake
C. The effect a particular food has on the rate and amount of increase in the blood glucose level
Research suggests that protein may be a significant source of energy during A. Strenuous weight training and accounts for up to 15 percent of the total energy cost. B. Brief sessions of high-intensity exercise. C. The latter stage of prolonged endurance exercise, when protein could contribute up to 15 percent of the total energy cost. D. Times when the body stores of glycogen and glucose are adequate.
C. The latter stage of prolonged endurance exercise, when protein could contribute up to 15 percent of the total energy cost.
During several months of endurance training, all of the following have been noted to occur EXCEPT A. The athlete will be able to perform at a higher VO2 max, without excess lactic acid accumulation. B. The enzymes that metabolize carbohydrates in muscle cells will increase. C. There is more reliance on carbohydrate oxidation during submaximal exercise. D. The athlete will be able to work at a greater percentage of their VO2 max without fatigue. E. All the above occur with several months of endurance training.
C. There is more reliance on carbohydrate oxidation during submaximal exercise.
Oliver drank 2 six packs Friday night. Which of the following lipoproteins would be most likely to increase in the blood as a result of this? A. Chylomicrons B. LDL-Cholesterol C. VLDLs D. Free Fatty Acids E. Not enough information given to answer this question
C. VLDLs
Which of the following statements relative to fats is FALSE? A. Hydrogenation of fats makes them more saturated B. Saturated fats are found primarily in animal foods C. Vegetable oils are the only unsaturated fats D. Polyunsaturated fats are theorized to be more healthful than saturated fats E. Saturated fats appears to raise blood cholesterol levels
C. Vegetable oils are the only unsaturated fats C. Vegetable oils are the only unsaturated fats
Slow twitch muscle fibers: A) Are called type 1 muscle fibers B) Posses a high capacity for aerobic production of ATP C) Predominate in short-term, sprint activities D) A and B E) A, B and C
D) A and B
Which is the true statement concerning carbohydrate? A) It is the only macronutrient whose stored energy is used to regenerate ATP aerobically B)It supplies about ¼ of the body's energy requirements during heavy exercise C) It serves as a metabolic primer for protein breakdown D) A continual carbohydrate breakdown is required for lipid to be used for energy effectively E) A and D are both true
D) A continual carbohydrate breakdown is required for lipid to be used for energy effectively
The effect of training in producing a positive protein balance depends on: A) An adequate supply of protein B) An adequate supply of Calories C) An adequate supply of CHO D) A, B and C
D) A, B and C
Which of the following is a symptom of overtraining? A) Unexplained and persistent poor performance B) Increased susceptibility to URIs C) Increased resting HR D) A and B E) A, B and C
E) A, B and C
Fat is a very efficient, compact means to store energy: A) Because fat has more than three times the kilocalories per gram than do carbohydrates and protein B) There is more water stored with fat than with protein C) There is limited ability of the body to store fat D) Less thermogenic energy is used to digest and absorb fat than protein and carbohydrates. E) All of the above are true statements
D) Less thermogenic energy is used to digest and absorb fat than protein and carbohydrates.
When summarizing the results of studies comparing exercise and the need for minerals, which of the following statements is incorrect? A) Minerals may be lost from the body during exercise due to them being mobilized into circulation, being removed by the kidneys, being lost in perspiration, or being lost from the gastrointestinal tract. B) The proper doses of mineral supplements, balanced with the individual's regular diet, will increase the physical performance of healthy individuals in endurance contests. C) The first concern should be to educate the athletes about obtaining adequate mineral nutrition through dietary means. D) Mineral deficiencies to the point of impairing physical performance are common.
D) Mineral deficiencies to the point of impairing physical performance are common.
Which order most likely represents the decreasing protein needs of athletes? A) Endurance, recreational, strength B) Recreational, endurance, strength C) Strength, Recreational = Endurance D) Strength, Endurance, recreational
D) Strength, Endurance, recreational
Which system produces the most ATPs? A) anaerobic glycolysis of one glucose molecule B) aerobic glycolysis of one glucose molecule C) anaerobic catabolism of one fat molecule D) aerobic catabolism of one fat molecule
D) aerobic catabolism of one fat molecule
Three major monosaccharides are: A) glucose, fructose, and glycogen B) glucose, glycogen, and sucrose C) glucose, fructose, and sucrose D) glucose, fructose, and galactose
D) glucose, fructose, and galactose
Malnutrition may exist: A) When an individual does not receive an adequate intake of nutrients B)When an individual consumes excessive amounts of single or multiple nutrients C)To such an extent that insufficient energy may impair athletic performance D)All the above are examples of malnutrition
D)All the above are examples of malnutrition
In which of the following athletic events would fat assume a more important role as an energy source for the muscles? A. 800 meter run B. 25 mile bicycle race C. 10 kilometer run D. 10 mile swim
D. 10 mile swim
During rest, carbohydrate supplies approximately _______ percent of the body's energy needs. A. 85 B. 70 C. 60 D. 40
D. 40
Which is the true statement concerning carbohydrate? A. It is the only macronutrient whose stored energy is used to regenerate ATP aerobically B. It supplies about ¼ of the body's energy needs during high intensity exercise C. It serves as a metabolic primer for protein breakdown D. A continual carbohydrate breakdown is required for lipid to be used for energy effectively E. A and B are both true
D. A continual carbohydrate breakdown is required for lipid to be used for energy effectively
What are the main energy sources for maintaining as-needed ATP re-synthesis in the muscle cell? A. Muscle protein and muscle glycogen B. Phosphocreatine and muscle phospholipids C. Muscle protein and adipose tissue D. Adipose tissue and glycogen
D. Adipose tissue and glycogen
Which of the following statements best describes the detrimental effects of carbohydrate loading? A. The additional water weight is always a disadvantage B. A high CHO diet will always lead to an increase in tooth decay C. The classic method should be strictly adhered to by those with high blood-lipid cholesterol levels D. Carbohydrate loading poses no significant health hazards to the normally healthy individual
D. Carbohydrate loading poses no significant health hazards to the normally healthy individual
Which of the following statements best reflects the research on fat loading? A. Consumption of a high-fat meal several hours prior to performance will enhance performance B. The 40-30-30 diet will enhance athletic performance C. Fasting for 24 hours will improve endurance exercise performance D. Current scientific literature does not support the notion that fat loading will enhance performance
D. Current scientific literature does not support the notion that fat loading will enhance performance
Where does the majority of glucose come from to maintain blood glucose after a two day fast? A. Glycogenolysis from muscle glycogen B. Glycogenolysis from liver glycogen C. Lipolysis from adipose tissue D. Gluconeogenesis in the liver
D. Gluconeogenesis in the liver
Which of the following statements regarding glycerol is true? A. It is formed in the TCA (Krebs) cycle B. It has been proven to be an ergogenic aid for those athletes that exercise in the heat C. It is recommended for consumption in distance exercise in the form of a sports drink D. It can be used to make glucose E. All the above statements are true.
D. It can be used to make glucose
Which of the following statements regarding CHO supplementation during exercise is true? A. It would be beneficial to all athletes regardless of the sport/activity B. It would be beneficial to all athletes regardless of their diet C. It can be used at a rate of 5 gm/min. D. Its usefulness is high for those who are doing endurance work regardless of their diet E. All the above statements are true.
D. Its usefulness is high for those who are doing endurance work regardless of their diet
The ingestion of which sugar has been associated with gas, bloating, abdominal pain and diarrhea in about 10 percent Americans? A. Glucose B. Sucrose C. Maltose D. Lactose E. Dextrose
D. Lactose
The nutrients that are primarily responsible for regulating metabolic processes are: A. Fat, protein and carbohydrates B. Carbohydrates, fats and minerals C. Carbohydrates and fat only D. Proteins, vitamins and minerals
D. Proteins, vitamins and minerals
Which of the following regarding the dumping syndrome is not true? A. It can be caused by high levels of fructose B. It can impair athletic performance C. It is caused by a reverse osmotic effect in the intestines D. The worst type of CHO leading to severe cases of dumping syndrome are glucose polymers E. All the above statements are true
D. The worst type of CHO leading to severe cases of dumping syndrome are glucose polymers
Which of the following statements regarding creatine or creatine supplementation is FALSE? A. Creatine is found naturally in some foods, particularly meat B. Creatine is not an essential nutrient as it may be synthesized in the body from several amino acids C. Research has shown that creatine supplementation may increase the amount of both free creatine and phosphocreatine in skeletal muscle D. Research indicates that creatine supplementation may be an effective ergogenic, particularly as a means to increase muscle mass and strength when used in concert with resistance training E. Creatine use by marathon runners has been shown to be ergogenic in many studies.
E. Creatine use by marathon runners has been shown to be ergogenic in many studies.
Glucose can be made from all the following except: A. Glycogen B. Lactic Acid C. Alanine D. Glycerol E. Glucose can be made from all the above
E. Glucose can be made from all the above
Which of the following statements relative to the intake of carbohydrates during physical performance is FALSE? A. If an individual has normal glycogen levels in the muscle and liver, carbohydrate feedings are usually not necessary if the exercise task is only about 30-60 minutes B. The intake of concentrated sugar solutions may actually impair performance if it leads to osmosis of fluids into the intestines and precipitates gastrointestinal distress C. Carbohydrate intake may help delay the onset of fatigue in prolonged exercise by either preventing the early onset of hypoglycemia or delaying the depletion of muscle glycogen levels D. Carbohydrate intake prior to and during endurance exercise tasks lasting more than two hours may be helpful as a means to enhance performance E. If consumed during exercise, it takes approximately 60-90 minutes for the carbohydrate to find its way into the muscle and be used as an energy source
E. If consumed during exercise, it takes approximately 60-90 minutes for the carbohydrate to find its way into the muscle and be used as an energy source
Which of the following hormones is involved in reducing the amount of glucose in the blood in response to hyperglycemia? A. Epinephrine B. Thyroxin C. Cortisol D. Glucagon E. Insulin
E. Insulin
Which body fuel can be utilized for both aerobic and anaerobic energy production? A. Blood free fatty acids B. Fat C. Protein D. Muscle triglycerides E. Muscle glycogen
E. Muscle glycogen
Which of the following statements involving the interaction of protein and exercise training is false? A. Some protein may be used as an energy source during endurance exercise B. Small amounts of protein may be lost in the urine and sweat during exercise C. Resistance weight training programs can result in the development of a positive nitrogen balance in most athletes who are attempting to gain body weight in the form of muscle mass D. Although weight lifters and endurance athletes may need slightly more protein than accounted for by the RDA, such increased protein may be obtained readily and more economically through a planned diet E. Research has shown conclusively that amino acid supplements and other protein supplements will enhance performance in sports
E. Research has shown conclusively that amino acid supplements and other protein supplements will enhance performance in sports