SPTE test 4
different gov't 'councils'
-1950s: president's council on youth fitness eisenhower, overseen by VP Nixon -1961: president's council on physical fitness and sports kennedy -now: president's council on fitness, sports, and nutrition (for people of all ages)
results of recent drug testing
-2012 summer olympics: 5000 tests, 9 positives -2014 Winter Olympics: 2,453 tests, 8 positives -$10 million IOC research fund to develop new technology for drug monitoring -MLB penalties for drug use- toughest in major US leagues
international outreach through sport
-The Who emphasizes conditions and diseases that can be addressed through physical activity -more than 60% of adults worldwide do not engage in sufficient physical activity
use of sport to promote social values
-US view of sport as teaching mainstream values -capitalism: competition, hard work, winners -socialism: teamwork, fitness, friendship -potential to integrate people from diverse backgrounds in areas of conflict
reasons for use
-accepted medical uses -to enhance athletic performance -to improve appearance
gambling on sport: fans
-all but two US states allow some type of gambling -some $2.5 billion is bet illegally each year on march madness -roughly $85 million is bet legally each year on march madness through Las Vegas -the ncaa and professional sport leagues oppose legalized gambling
high school and collegiate sport
-as competition increases, rules may become looser, and coaches and players may try to win at all cost -however, NCAA punishments for coaches for violations have increased
hazing versus bullying
-both involve an imbalance of power and status -bullying is always marked by aggressive behavior intended to harm -hazing may involve some of the same qualities but is less frequent
IOC initiatives to achieve this goal
-bringing sport to rural underdeveloped communities -aiding local economic development -rehabilitating war victims -helping prevent HIV/AIDS -bringing hope and joy to refugee camps
sport and change
-champion athletes have a platform- if they choose to use it -notable examples include Muhammad ali and billie jean king -not all athletes who use the platform are successful or like (ex. curt flood)
reducing violence
-changes in the NHL treatment of fighting -NFL studies of brain trauma -mentors in violence prevention program -suspensions for players accused of violent behavior?
concussions and sports
-children and teens are more likely than adults to be concussed and recover more slowly -concussions doubled in the last 10 years -two of five concussed high school athletes return to play before they have recovered -strict concussion guidelines are needed
benefits and challenges of sport at different ages
-children: fast development of skills, social interaction, rule following, self-concept -youth: transitions, critical time for dropouts -adults: close relationships, self-challenge, less priority on physical activity -older adults: social and health reasons for participation
gov't use of sport to promote unity and identity
-cities try to attract pro sport in order to increase their attractiveness -sport can unify strangers and provide topics of conversation -sport can promote collective identity through apparel -cities and countries hold special sporting events
influence of youth sport
-coach's role: to teach young athletes the rules -citizenship through sports alliance
groups of users
-college athletes -olympic athletes -weightlifters -professional athletes -adolescent age school children -others
gambling on sport: college students
-college athletes have a higher rate of problem gambling than non athletes -in 2008, 30% of male athletes and 7% of female athletes admitted betting on sport events -students with a gambling problem tend to have other issues (ex. binge eating, heavy drinking, tobacco or marijuana use) -male students are more likely to gamble than female students -non athletes are more likely to bet at casinos -typical gambling debts range from $100 to $5,000 or even more
on-fiel violence in sport
-demands of collision and contact sports -"enforcer" roles -societal view of masculinity encouraging warrior mentality -"part of the game" -ex. Richie incognito, ndamukong suh
role of US gov't in sport
-designates the USOC but does not provide its funding -intervenes to address scandals or social issues in sport (ex. MLB steroid use and drug testing) -helps regulate event security -protects citizen's rights -promotes equal opportunity -protects the public's financial interest
scandals
-east germans -chinese swimmers -cyclists -ben Johnson -major league baseball players
eating disorders in sport: females
-eating disorders have increased since Title IX was enacted (more female participants) -these disorders can be encouraged inadvertently by. coaches and parents -female athlete triad: disordered eating amenorrhea osteoporosis
technology
-equipment and facility improvements will result in better performances -training methods will be improved -people will develop new drugs and performance enhancers -the process of recovering from injury will be improved
benefits of sport and physical activity
-fun -better health -social integration -moral development -personal development -cognitive development
social theories and change
-functionalist: sport can be changed from the inside -conflict: participation sport programs allow more people to participate -feminist: women will assume more leadership positions in sport -interactionist: athletes will force changes from the bottom up -critical: educators can take the lead in determine the value and place of sport in society
US social trends that will affect US sport
-global trends (ex. terrorism, global economy) -increase in number of older athletes -protection of citizens' rights -protection of sport investments -expansion of sport management -record breaking due to scientific advances -changing attitudes toward gambling -increase in coaching competence
sport as opiate of the masses
-gov't's use sport to distract citizens rom societal inequities -sport is used to rally citizens for a united cause in both developed and developing countries
hazing in sport
-hazing is any action that inflicts mental or physical harm or anxiety or demeans or degrades- regardless of intent or consent -hazing is seen by some as a rite of passage -about 75% of college athletes report having been hazed -all athletes are at risk
participation sport
-health struggles will continue to increase -development programs will use sport as a vehicle to achieve social goals -the connection will become clearer between physical activity and health and quality of life -growth will continue in community programs, extreme sports, and college sport clubs -funding challenges will persist, including competition with performance sport programs for money and facilities -activities such as electronic entertainment will continue to compete for people's times -commitment will be needed to attract sport dropouts and increase physical activity among young people
four perspectives on politics and sports
-how gov't uses sport to improve citizen's quality of life -how sport can reinforce the status quo -how nations sponsor international teams to promote patriotic pride -the politics of sport institutions
examples of rule breaking
-illegally modifying equipment -committing a foul -faking injury to cause a time-out -participating in a brawl -taking other disallowed actions for strategic advantage
anabolic steroids
-increase muscle size, speed, and power -BALCO scandal -increased drug testing
emotion and sport: fans
-increased excitement and arousal with tailgating and alcohol use -hooliganism
potential funding sources for sport development programs
-international groups (ex UNESCO, IOC) -multinational corporations -gov't groups -social organizations (ex. community centers, schools, recreation departments, faith-based organizations -charitable organizations
off field violence
-it is unclear whether on-field violence leads to off-field violence -alcohol increases the incidence of violence; athletes are more prone to binge drinking -some sports may not cause violent off-field behavior but attract more violent people -challenges to manhood can arise off the field
potential issues with drug use
-long term health risks (ex. female infertility) -bad example for youth athletes -rejection of sport by fans, parents, kids -marginalization of non-using athletes -withdrawal of corporate financial support -futile if bar is raised by genetic engineering
concussions and the nfl
-long-term effects can include dementia, depression, and Alzheimer's disease -nfl legal settlement involves 18,000 retired players
developmental possibilities for sport
-not development in traditional sense (athlete development, economic development) -growing area that recognizes sport as social capital has opportunities to improve lives for social and personal development for all populations, especially disenfranchised -body of research, programming growing
methods of administration
-orally (swallowing) -sublingually -by injection (intramuscularly) -topically
nationalism and sport
-patriotic symbols and colors at international competitions -national anthem played before games -army-navy college football game -historic olympic boycotts
spectatorship
-pay-per-view and internet viewing will continue to revolutionize fan experiences -growing spectatorship will increase participation unless undercut by boom in electronic spectatorship -some will try to legalize sport gambling -competition will increase for fans' time and commitment
violence
-perception that athletes are more violent than other people -perception fed by media exposure and occasional leniency given to accused athlete offenders -sport as mirror of society in violence acts and acceptance of violent acts
gambling in sport
-perennial issue for sport organizers: if the public doubts the integrity of the game, the game's popularity declines -athlete examples: Chicago "black sox" college basketball, Pete rose -referee examples: tim donaghy (NBA), 2006 World Cup, soccer match fixing
sport and politics
-politicians congratulate successful athletes -championship teams visit the white house -some athletes become politicians (ex. Bill Bradley) -national sport boards and the NCAA operate as political organizations
types of drug used by modern athletes
-prescription and OTC: promote healing, mask pain, carry long-term risk -stimulants: increase arousal and energy; have been in use for decades -anabolic steroids: increase muscle size, speed, strength, and ability to train soon after exhaustion -others: include HGH, doping, amino acids
violence against women
-rape culture at universities --one in five women are raped --rape is committed by rising proportion of athletes and men at military academies -title IX and sexual violence cases -domestic abuse and athletes -sense of entitlement?
rule breaking in sport
-rules are learned -rule breaking results in consequences, such as penalties and suspensions
how sport can contribute to peace building
-security -rebuilding of economies and traumatized populations -political structure and open communication -reconciliation in torn societies -second international forum of 2011
effects of steroid use
-short term vs long term -physical and physiological vs. psychological -long term effect not very well documented -many short term effects are reversible when use ceases
consequences of on-field violent behavior
-shortened career (and reduced earnings) -pressure to return from injury -concussions: recent change in perspective -negative publicity for teams, leagues, organizations -poor behavior modeling
Performance sport: international
-soccer participation and spectatorship will increase-in the US and globally -the olympics will become more professional -female sport will continue to grow -drug-testing programs will be expanded
performance enhancers
-some athletes use steroids or other drugs =increased use and scandals (ex. Alex Rodriguez, Ryan braun) =random drug testing in the olympics and some professional leagues (MLB congressional hearings) -usage is not a new phenomenon but does get more media exposure now
electronic media
-sport action will be viewed on demand -fantasy temas and leagues will be interactive -online sport wagering will grow -athletes will be more accessible to fans through social media -giants (ex ESPN) will grow
the IOC and physical activity
-sport can help us create a safer, more tolerant, and more peaceful society -three core values of the olympic movement are excellence, friendship, and respect
sport and society
-sport distracts from difficult times (distraction=passivity) -sport helps maintain status quo (male dominance, traditional value) -sport can also change society (Jesse owned, Arthur ashe) -sport can promote politicians (photo ops, athletes-turned-politicians)
development programs for children and youth
-stand-alone sport and physical activity programs (skill-focuses, foundational) -at-risk prevention programs (ex. YMCA, boys and girls club, Up2Us) -academic enrichment and sport programs (safe haven combining school and sport) -academic development and sport (sport as vehicle to develop academic skills)
emotion and sport: athletes
-stress of competition -being consumed by emotion -optimal levels of arousal and intensity -role of anger
anabolic-androgenic steroids
-testosterone- primary natural male hormone -also present in females in lesser amounts
politics
-the art and science of governing, influencing policy, or controlling a government -despite negative connotations, a dominant component of any culture
social changes
-the civil rights movement increased diversity in sport, but minority opportunities still lag -female participation has increased, but educational and athletic leaders need to embrace title IX -women must be recruited and nurtured in sport leadership roles -latina and hispanic girls and women need to be integrated into lifelong physical activity -as women age, the look to extend their participation in physical activity and sport -age-group competition opportunities will continue to grow for older adults -lgbt individuals need to be welcomed into sport and leadership positions -people who have a disability need continuing opportunities in sport and physical activity
gambling facts from the NCAA
-the internet has made it easier to gamble -student athletes are viewed as easy "marks" -the NCAA prohibits athletes and athletic department personnel from any type of sport wagering
peace initiatives through sport
-the sport for development and peace international working group works with gov't to develop sport systems -strong societies depend on tolerance and friendship among disparate groups -sport provides a safe place to face conflict in a structured environment
rational rule breaking
-to help the team (or individually) win -because "everyone's doing it" -as acceptable behavior when a rule is considered bad
eating disorders in sport: stats
-types are anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, disordered eating, and compulsive exercise -up to 33% of female athletes report having an eating disorder (more than non athletes) -the percentage for Male athletes is 10% -athletes' discipline and determination can lead to eating disorders if taken too far
performance sport: US
-youth participation will increase among those who can afford it -schools will invest more in college athletic programs but still face financial struggles -professional sports will continue to dominate; more may develop true world championships
boycotts in the olympics
1980 moscow 1984 LA 1964 and 68 South Africa banned for apartheid china humans right and 2008 olympic games
the bite fight
1997 between mike Tyson and Evander Holyfield
what percentage of high school students females are on a diet
66%
what is the amateur sports capital of the world
Indianapolis staged more 250 national and international sporting events home to both NCAA and national federation of state high school association, American college of sports medicine
social change
Jesse owns success at the olympics Arthur as he and Ali on protesting Vietnam war billie jean king on women's rights curt flood on free agency
role of US gov't in physical activity and health
US centers for disease control and prevention -links research on physical activity and quality of life -sets recommendations for physical activity kids: at least 1 hour of daily aerobic activity adults: at least 150 min of weekly moderate-intensity activity
government regulation in sport
antitrust issues in sport taxes to finance sport mediate conflicts
aggression
behavior directed toward another person and intended to dominate or master
types of deviant behavior
behavior that is beyond "normal" behavior; can be good or bad -not conforming to the group's rules and norms -over-conforming to the group's expectations
3 core values of the olympic movement
excellence friendship respect
steven corsen
former USC lineman played for steelers; nickname was crow was big steroid user, after his career got heart disease needed heart transplant, he attributed this to steroids
girls in the game
founded in 1995 in Chicago 1 in 6 girls are obese compared to 1 in 21 in 1970
what do individual sports emphasize
independence self reliance self discipline confidence
BALCO
lab in the Bay Area, CA that supplied steroids to olympic and professional athletes
androgenic
masculinizing effects -growth of facial hair -growth of body hair -deepening of the voice
justification to legalize sport betting
provide a new revenue stream for state and local gov'ts
what does hold the flag mean
refrain from calling penalty in order to let players decide the outcome
sport and development
sport in this context includes physical activities such as the following: -strength training -running and walking -swimming -pilates -yoga
what is the most popular single day event to bet on
super bowl
hooliganism
term applied to working class men who disrupt soccer games with antisocial behavior
the olympic charter and social responsibility
the goal of olympism is to place sport at the service of the harmonious development of humanity, with a view to promoting a peaceful society concerned with the preservation of human dignity
maintain status quo
this who benefit from the current establishment want to maintain it and are resistant to change
anabolic
tissue building effects -increases in muscle cell size -increases in strength?
what was the goal of the newest council Obama
to engage, educate and empower all Americans across the lifespan to adopt a healthy lifestyle that includes regular physical activity and good nutrition