Standard 6 The Modern Age

Camp David Accords

(1978) were negotiated at the presidential retreat of Camp David by Egypt's Anwar Sadat and Israel Menachem Begin; they were brokered by U.S. President Jimmy Carter. They led to a peace treaty the next year that returned the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt, guaranteed Israeli access to the Red Sea and Suez Canal, and more-or-less normalized diplomatic and economic relations between the two countries. This isolated Egypt from the other Arab countries and led to Sadat's assassination in 1981.

Persian Gulf War

(1990 - 1991) Conflict between Iraq and a coalition of countries led by the United States to remove Iraqi forces from Kuwait which they had invaded in hopes of controlling their oil supply. A very one sided war with the United States' coalition emerging victorious.

Pentagon Papers

(RN), , a classified study of the Vietnam War that was carried out by the Department of Defense. An official of the department, Daniel Ellsberg, gave copies of the study in 1971 to the New York Times and Washington Post. The Supreme Court upheld the right of the newspapers to publish the documents. In response, President Richard Nixon ordered some members of his staff, afterward called the "plumbers," to stop such "leaks" of information. The "plumbers," among other activities, broke into the office of Ellsberg's psychiatrist, looking for damaging information on him. r Defense Secretary Robert McNamara , revealed among other things that the government had drawn up plans for entering rthe war even as President Johnson promised that he would not send American troops to Viet.

George H. W. Bush

(born June 12, 1924) is an American politician who served as the 41st President of the United States (1989-93), and the 43rd Vice President of the United States (1981-89).

Israel

A Jewish state on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean, both in antiquity and again founded in 1948 after centuries of Jewish diaspora.

Patriot Act

A controversial law overwhelmingly passed by Congress in October 2001, after the terrorist attacks of September 11 on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. It greatly expanded the power of federal law enforcement authorities to move against suspected terrorists.

Taliban

A fundamentalist Muslim movement whose militia took control of much of Afghanistan from early 1995, and in 1996 took Kabul and set up a radical Islamic state. The movement was forcibly removed from power by the US and its allies after the September 11, 2001, attacks

Love Canal

A neighborhood in Niagara Falls, New York, which became the subject of national and international attention, controversy, and eventual environmental notoriety following the discovery of 21,000 tons of toxic waste buried beneath the neighborhood.

al-Qaeda

A network of Islamic terrorist organizations led by Osama bin Laden, he carried out the attacks on the US embassies in Tanzania and Kenya in 1998, the USS Cole in Yemen in 2000, and the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001

Vietnam War

A prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North _______ who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South __________ who were supported by the United States.

Department of Homeland Security

A proposal by President Bush in 2002 which would consolidate 22 federal agencies and nearly 170,000 federal employees, US federal agency created in 2002 to coordinate national efforts against terrorism

Watergate scandal

A scandal involving an illegal break-in at the Democratic National Committee offices in 1972 by members of President Nixon's reelection campaign staff. Before Congress could vote to impeach Nixon for his participation in covering up the break-in, Nixon resigned from the presidency.

Arab Spring

A series of uprisings and riots that spread throughout the Arab world during the Spring of 2011. A major component for these swiftly changing events was the accessibility of Internet access and satellite television.

USS Cole bombing

A suicide attack against the United States Navy guided-missile destroyer USS Cole on October 12, 2000, while it was harbored and being refueled in the Yemen port of Aden. It was the deadliest attack from a U.S. Naval vessel since 1987. The terrorist organization al-Qaeda claimed responsibility for the attack.

digital divide

A term used to describe the discrepancy between people who have access to and the resources to use new information and communication tools, such as the internet, and people who do not have the resources and access to the technology.

Iran-Contra Affair

Americans kidnapped in Beirut by Iranian govt, so deal, scandal including arms sales to the Middle East in order to send money to help the Contras in Nicaragua even though Congress had objected, Poindexter and North involved

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

An economic organization consisting primarily of Arab nations that controls the price of oil and the amount of oil its members produce and sell to other nations.

cell phone and smart phone

At first, its only function was to provide people with a means to call and be called anytime without being connected to any line. It eventually evolved and added more features like text messaging. Before the advent of the smartphone, people were often carrying two devices, a cellphone and a Personal Digital Assistant or PDA. The PDA is a digital organizer where users can get a calendar where they can input tasks and appointments and a contact list among other things. The smartphone combined these two devices into one.

Oklahoma City bombing

Bombing of Murrah Federal Building. The blast, set off by Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols, killed 168 people, including 19 children in the building's day-care center.

presidential election of 2000

Bush narrowly won the election with 271 electoral votes to Gore's 266; Gore won popular votes (first in over 100 years for popular vote winner was defeated

Reynolds v. Sims

Court returned to reapportionment in this case. Ruled that state legislative districts must be roughly equivalent in population. As a result of the case, legislative districts across the country were redrawn following the principle of "one person, one vote." That means each legislator would represent the roughly same number of people, allowing each person's vote to count equally.

Axis of Evil

Created in 2002 by George W. Bush to show the "bad guys" which include: Iran, Iraq, and N. Korea

response to Hurricane Katrina

FEMA's unwillingness to accept initial help from non-government organizations led to slow response after Hurricane Katrina hit. The federal government seemed to lack information about the entirely of destruction.

genetically modified food

Foods that are mostly products or organisms that have their genes altered in a laboratory for specific purposes, such as disease resistance, increased productivity, or nutritional value allowing growers greater control, predictability, and efficiency.

Osama bin Laden

Founder of al Qaeda, the terrorist network responsible for the attacks of September 11, 2001, and other attacks.

Gideon v. Wainwright

Gideon was charged with breaking and entering in Florida and could not afford an attorney. When he asked to be appointed one, the state said they only had to appoint one to indigenous citizens for capital offenses. Result: SC rules that Gideon has a right to an attorney through the Bill of Rights.

Bill Clinton

He was elected president in 1992, defeating incumbent George H. W. Bush. At age 46, he was the third-youngest president and the first from the baby boomer generation. He presided over the longest period of peacetime economic expansion in American history, and signed into law the North American Free Trade Agreement. Two years later, He became the first Democrat since Franklin D. Roosevelt to be elected president twice. He passed welfare reform and the State Children's Health Insurance Program, providing health coverage for millions of children. In 1998, he was impeached by the House of Representatives for perjury before a grand jury and obstruction of justice during a lawsuit against him, both related to a scandal involving White House (and later Department of Defense) employee Monica Lewinsky. He was acquitted by the U.S. Senate in 1999 and served his complete term of office.

Escobedo v. Illinois

He was taken into custody by Chicago police in connection to the shooting of one of his relatives the night before. He was released after 18 hours of questioning without an attorney. The police then arrested his friend who ended up saying that he did it, and he was arrested again. When he asked for his attorney, the police said that he didn't want to see him, and they said the same thing to the attorney. After more questioning, he ended up confessing. Declared that criminals have the right to counsel during interrogation.

Clinton impeachment

In January 1998, another scandal emerged that threatened to undermine Clinton's entire presidency. Paula Jones, a former Arkansas state employee accused the president of sexual harassment while he was Arkansas governor. In connection with the Paula Jones trial, investigators uncovered information that suggested that Clinton had had an affair with a young White House intern, Monica Lewinsky. Both Clinton and Lewinsky had been deposed in the Paula Jones case, and allegations began to surface that Clinton had encouraged Lewinsky to lie under oath about their relationship, leaving Clinton open to charges of perjury and obstruction of justice, as well as adultery. In December 1998, the House of Representatives voted to impeach Clinton for perjury before a grand jury and obstruction of justice. A Senate trial, presided over by Chief Justice William Rehnquist, began in January 1999. Clinton was acquitted on February 12, 1999, although Judge Susan Webber Wright later found him to be in contempt for misleading testimony in the Paula Jones case and ordered him to pay a fine.

Iran hostage crisis

In November 1979, revolutionaries stormed the American embassy in Tehran and held 52 Americans hostage. The Carter administration tried unsuccessfully to negotiate for the hostages release. On January 20, 1981, the day Carter left office, Iran released the Americans, ending their 444 days in captivity.

Miranda v. Arizona

In a number of cases, defendants were not informed of their rights under the 5th A. Miranda raped a woman and admitted to it after not being informed of the right to not self-incriminate. Result: The Court cannot use any statements obtained without the statement of "Miranda" rights.

wars in Iraq and Afghanistan

In response to 9/11, Bush launched the War on Terror, an international military campaign which included these wars. The war in Afghanistan's public aims were to dismantle al-Qaeda, and to deny it a safe base of operations in Afghanistan by invading Afghanistan and removing the Taliban from power. The war in Iraq was led by the US to remove the government of Saddam Hussein and replace it with a democratic government.

Iraq

Invaded by the United States for having "weapons of mass destruction"; but later changed our story to needing to overthrow Hussein; part of War on Terror

personal computer

Is a microprocessor based computing device designed to meet the computing needs of an individual.

Iran

Known as Persia until 1935; central location in the Middle East; 18th largest country in the world in terms of landmass

Griswold v. Connecticut

Mrs. Griswold gave counsel to marital couples that wished to use birth control that was apparently against a Connecticut statute. Result: Marital couples have the right to privacy implied by a few amendments of the Bill of Rights. The statue therefore is unconstitutional. "right to privacy" = 1st, 3rd, 4th, 8th, and 14th

EOC Test Specifications Approximate Number and Percentage of Points by Standard (Reporting Category) Standard 6 - The Modern Age

No. of GLE's on EOC - 6 No. of Points on EOC - 7 Percentage of Points on EOC - 13% (due to rounding the %'s do not add up to a 100%)

oil crisis of 1979

On Jan. 16, 1979, the Shah of Iran was overthrown, and the Ayatollah Khomeini came to power. He cut Iran's oil production, which reduced shipments of crude oil to the United States. Gasoline prices soared, and the American economy plunged into a recession. The recession brought double-digit inflation and sent interest rates up to 20 percent. Consumer confidence evaporated. It sent the car industry into a depression.

oil embargo of 1973

Saudi Arabia initiated this. They were trying to tell the U.S. to stay out of the Arab-Israeli conflict and trying to make the U.S. stop funding Israel. This caused oil prices to go up 70%. When President Nixon gave Israel 2.2 billion dollars in aid, the Arabs responded in cutting off oil completely. They wanted Israel to withdraw from the land it obtained in the 1967 War. The impact of the oil embargo was not catastrophic but it was dramatic. By 1973, the oil production had fallen 9 percent.

September 11, 2001

Suicide attack by al-qaeda hijacked four passenger jets crashing 2 planes into Twin Towers WTC. Another into the pentagon. fourth jet crashed into the fields near shanks ville, Pennsylvania. Nearly 3,000 died in the attack

Transportation Security Administration

TSA employs a risk-based strategy to secure U.S. transportation systems, working closely with stakeholders in aviation, rail, transit, highway, and pipeline sectors, as well as the partners in the law enforcement and intelligence community.

Roe v. Wade

The 1973 Supreme Court decision holding that a state ban on all abortions was unconstitutional. The decision forbade state control over abortions during the first trimester of pregnancy, permitted states to limit abortions to protect the mother's health in the second trimester, and permitted states to protect the fetus during the third trimester.

1993 failure of health care vs. 2010 passage of health care

The Clinton health care plan, known officially as the Health Security Act and unofficially nicknamed "Hillarycare" (after First Lady Hillary Clinton) by its detractors, was a 1993 healthcare reform package proposed by the administration of President Bill Clinton and closely associated with the chair of the task force devising the plan, First Lady of the United States Hillary Rodham Clinton.

the Internet

The global network of interconnected computers that communicate freely and share and exchange information is called the:

cancer research

The study of cancer, called oncology, involves anatomy, physiology, chemistry, epidemiology, and other related fields. It's one of the most rapidly evolving areas of modern medicine. There are many kinds of cancer, but they all start because the out-of-control growth of abnormal cells.

New York Times Co. v. Sullivan

The supreme court concluded that "actual malice" must be proved to support a finding of libel against a public figure.

Arab-Israeli Conflict

This conflict has been going on for years. It started when both the Jewish and Arab Palestinians wanted Palestine for their own. Eventually the Jews got control of Palestine, but there has been a number of wars and terrorist attacks between these two. This conflict continues today.

AIDS research

This is medical ________________ to find a cure to a deadly condition which effects millions around the world--especially in developing continents like Africa and Southeast Asia.

weapons of mass destruction

WMD-nuclear, chemical and biological weapons that can kill a large number of people at one time

war in Iraq

War in which the US led an international coalition in an invasion of ______ for the purpose of deposing Saddam Hussein. Its justification was based largely on intelligence reports that Saddam had "weapons of mass destruction" and ties to terrorism. Although Saddam was removed from power, no weapons of mass destruction were found and many criticize Bush's decision to wage the war.

federal debt

all the money borrowed by the federal government over the years and still outstanding

war in Afghanistan

began on October 7, 2001, as the armed forces of the United States and the United Kingdom, and the Afghan United Front (Northern Alliance), launched Operation Enduring Freedom in response to the September 11 attacks on the United States, with the stated goal of dismantling the Al-Qaeda terrorist organisation and ending its use of Afghanistan as a base.

Barack Obama

born August 4, 1961 is an American politician serving as the 44th President of the United States, the first African American to hold the office. He served three terms representing the 13th District in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004, and ran unsuccessfully in the Democratic primary for the United States House of Representatives in 2000 against incumbent Bobby Rush. In 2004, Obama received national attention during his campaign to represent Illinois in the United States Senate with his victory in the March Democratic Party primary, his keynote address at the Democratic National Convention in July, and his election to the Senate in November.

George W. Bush

born July 6, 1946 is an American politician and businessman who served as the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009, and the 46th Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000. The eldest son of Barbara and George H. W. Bush, he was born in New Haven, Connecticut. He was elected president in 2000 after a close and controversial election, becoming the fourth president to be elected while receiving fewer popular votes nationwide than his opponent. He is the second president to have been the son of a former president, the first having been John Quincy Adams. Eight months into his first term as president, the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks occurred. Bush responded by launching the "War on Terror", an international military campaign which included the war in Afghanistan, launched in 2001 and the war in Iraq, launched in 2003. He also promoted policies on the economy, health care, education, social security reform, and amending the Constitution to prohibit same-sex marriage. He signed into law broad tax cuts, the Patriot Act, the No Child Left Behind Act, the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act, Medicare prescription drug benefits for seniors, and funding for the AIDS relief program known as PEPFAR. His tenure saw national debates on immigration, Social Security, electronic surveillance, and torture. He successfully ran for re-election against Democratic Senator John Kerry in 2004, in another relatively close election. After his re-election, Bush received increasingly heated criticism from across the political spectrum for his handling of the Iraq War, Hurricane Katrina, and other challenges.

social media

independent and commercial online communities where people congregate, socialize, and exchange views and information

1988 "read my lips" campaign promise

is a phrase spoken by then American presidential candidate George H. W. Bush at the 1988 Republican National Convention as he accepted the nomination on August 18. Written by speechwriter Peggy Noonan, the line was the most prominent sound bite from the speech. The pledge not to tax the American people further had been a consistent part of Bush's 1988 election platform, but its prominent inclusion in his speech cemented it in the public consciousness. The impact of the election promise was considerable, and many supporters of Bush believe it helped Bush win the 1988 presidential election.

the Religious Right

is a term used - mainly in the United States - to label right-wing Christian political factions that are characterized by their strong support of socially conservative policies. Christian conservatives principally seek to apply their understanding of the teachings of Christianity to politics and to public policy by proclaiming the value of those teachings or by seeking to use those teachings to influence law and public policy

Egypt

is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia, via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is the world's only contiguous Eurafrasian nation. Most of Egypt's territory of 1,010,408 square kilometres (390,000 sq mi) lies within the Nile Valley. Egypt is a Mediterranean country. It is bordered by the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Gulf of Aqaba to the east, the Red Sea to the east and south, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west.

effects of the North American Free Trade Agreement

is an agreement signed by Canada, Mexico, and the United States, creating a trilateral rules-based trade bloc in North America. The agreement came into force on January 1, 1994. It superseded the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement between the U.S. and Canada. NAFTA has two supplements: the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation (NAAEC) and the North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation (NAALC).

breakthroughs in genetic research (Human Genome Project)

is an international scientific research project with the goal of determining the sequence of chemical base pairs which make up human DNA, and of identifying and mapping all of the genes of the human genome from both a physical and functional standpoint. It remains the world's largest collaborative biological project. After the idea was picked up in 1984 by the US government the planning started, with the project formally launched in 1990, and finally declared complete in 2003.

Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination hearing

law professor Anita Hill accused Thomas of sexual harassment when she worked for him in the 1980s. Thomas won approval to the Supreme Court by a vote of 52-48.

Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, detention camp

military prison located within Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, also referred to as Guantánamo or GTMO (pronounced 'gitmo'), which fronts on Guantánamo Bay in Cuba. At the time of its establishment in January 2002, Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld said the prison camp was established to detain extraordinarily dangerous people, to interrogate detainees in an optimal setting, and to prosecute detainees for war crimes.

Bush tax cuts of 2001 and 2003

refers to changes to the United States tax code passed originally during his presidency and extended during the presidency of Barack Obama, through: Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 (EGTRRA) Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003 (JGTRRA) Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Re-authorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010 American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 (partial extension)

response to 9/11 attacks

sparked investigations into the motivations and execution of the attacks, as well as the ongoing War on Terrorism in Afghanistan The response included funds for affected families, plans for the War on Terrorism, rebuilding of Lower-East Manhattan, and the invasion and investigation of Iraq and Afghanistan.

stem cell research

technology that takes primitive human cells and develops them into most any of the 220 varieties of cells in the human body

Clinton impeachment

the 42nd President of the United States, was impeached by the House of Representatives on two charges, one of perjury and one of obstruction of justice, on December 19, 1998. He was subsequently acquitted of these charges by the Senate on February 12, 1999. Two other impeachment articles - a second perjury charge and a charge of abuse of power - failed in the House.

Palestinian Liberation Organization

the PLO; terrorist group. political & military organization regarded as the sole representative of the Palestinian people; Political party and organization that fought for Palestinian rights

Engel v. Vitale

the Supreme Court decision in 1962, that said a public school could not require a school prayer; guaranteed separation of church and state

Afghanistan

this country has been a safe haven for terrorists like Bin Laden. The Taliban government sponsored terrorist training camps and suppressed the people of this country. In response to September 11, 2001, President Bush (43) ordered the invasion of this country.

Contract with America of 1994

was a document released by the United States Republican Party during the 1994 Congressional election campaign. Written by Newt Gingrich and Richard Armey, and in part using text from former President Ronald Reagan's 1985 State of the Union Address, the Contract detailed the actions the Republicans promised to take if they became the majority party in the United States House of Representatives for the first time in 40 years.

election of 2000

was the 54th quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 7, 2000. The contest was between Republican candidate George W. Bush, the incumbent governor of Texas and son of former president George H. W. Bush; Democratic candidate Al Gore, the incumbent vice president; and various third-party candidates including Ralph Nader. The result of the election hinged on Florida, where the margin of victory triggered a mandatory recount. Litigation in select counties started additional recounts, and this litigation ultimately reached the United States Supreme Court. The Court's contentious decision in Bush v. Gore, announced on December 12, 2000, ended the recounts, effectively awarding Florida's votes to Bush and granting him the victory. This marked the fourth election in U.S. history in which the eventual winner failed to win a plurality of the popular vote (after the elections of 1824, 1876, and 1888). Later studies have reached conflicting opinions on who would have won the recount had it been allowed to proceed.

election of 2008

was the 56th quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 4, 2008. Democratic Party nominee Senator Barack Obama and running mate Senator Joe Biden defeated Republican Party nominee Senator John McCain and running mate Governor Sarah Palin.

"Don't Ask, Don't Tell" policy

was the official United States policy on service by gays, bisexuals, and lesbians in the military instituted by the Clinton Administration on February 28, 1994, when Department of Defense Directive 1304.26 issued on December 21, 1993, took effect, lasting until September 20, 2011. The policy prohibited military personnel from discriminating against or harassing closeted homosexual or bisexual service members or applicants, while barring openly gay, lesbian, or bisexual persons from military service.

federal government shutdown of 1995-1996

were the result of conflicts between Democratic President Bill Clinton and the Republican Congress over funding for Medicare, education, the environment, and public health in the 1996 federal budget. The government shut down after Clinton vetoed the spending bill the Republican Party-controlled Congress sent him. The federal government of the United States put government workers on furlough and suspended non-essential services from November 14 through November 19, 1995, and from December 16, 1995, to January 6, 1996, for a total of 27 days. The major players were President Clinton and Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives Newt Gingrich.