Stangor Chapter 12

Which of the following refers to a measured variable used to determine whether the manipulation has unwittingly caused differences on other variables that might be systematically related to the independent variable?

Confound check

Which of the following refers to a false or misleading statement given by the experimenter about what is being studied that is used to reduce the possibility of demand characteristics?

Cover story

Cover stories are most likely to be used to prevent which of the following?

Demand characteristics

Which of the following types of validity is threatened when self presentation occurs?

Internal validity

Which of the following procedures would be likely to reduce experimenter bias?

Keeping experimenters "blind to condition"

Which of the following is NOT a necessary goal for the creation of a valid experimental manipulation?

Matching of groups

An experimenter wishes to know if his research procedure is going to work as he hoped it would. What procedure might he use?

Pilot testing

Which of the following refers to an artifact that occurs when participants' expectations about what effect an experimental manipulation is supposed to have influences the dependent measure independently of the actual effect of the manipulation?

Placebo effect

Which of the following would NOT be useful in reducing extraneous variables?

Providing different information to each participant

Which of the following is NOT a method by which experimenters control for extraneous variables?

Random assignment to conditions

Which of the following is an advantage of before-after designs?

Random error is reduced.

Which of the following is a possible disadvantage of before after research designs?

Retesting effects

The possibility of making a Type 2 error in an experiment would most likely be reduced by using which of the following procedures?

Standardizing conditions

Incorrect conclusions about research that occur because a Type 1 or Type 2 error has been made lead to which of the following?

Statistical conclusion invalidity

Which of the types of validity is threatened when a researcher commits a Type 1 or Type 2 error?

Statistical conclusion validity

Experimental control refers to which of the following

The extent to which unwanted influences on the dependent variable have been eliminate

Which of the following is true of an internal analysis?

The manipulation check is correlated with the dependent measure.

The possibility that a confounding variable, rather than the independent variable of interest, caused changes on the dependent measure represents

an alternative explanation.

A baseline measure is

an initial measurement of the dependent variable in a before after research design.

In a matched group research design, the participants are

assigned to conditions on the basis of information collected prior to the experiment.

Before administering a manipulation designed to improve the mood of research participants, each participant completes a mood questionnaire. After the mood change is created, the participants then complete another mood questionnaire. The original questionnaire is used as a(n) __________.

baseline measure

A variable other than the independent variable that is found to vary systematically among the conditions is known as

confounding variable.

Which of the following types of validity refers to the extent to which the measured variables actually measure the conceptual variables?

construct validity

Aspects of the research that allow the participants to guess the research hypothesis are known as

demand characteristics.

Tova is participating in a study involving media awareness and conformity. After viewing a short film she fills out a conformity questionnaire. As Tova fills out the questionnaire, the questions lead her to guess that the research hypothesis is that the film will increase conformity. In this case the questions serve as a

demand characteristics.

Experimenter bias refers to

differences in how the experimenter treats the participants.

The extent to which the experimental manipulation involves the participants in the research is called

experimental realism.

A threat to internal validity that refers to the fact that the researcher knows the research hypothesis and thus causes an invalid confirmation of the research hypothesis is known as

experimenter bias.

When the experimental manipulation creates the hoped-for changes in the conceptual variable, it is said to have

impact.

A researcher who uses only college students in her research may be trying to

increase experimental control

The absence of confounding variables assures

internal validity

The extent to which changes in the dependent variable can confidently be attributed to the influence of the independent variable is known as

internal validity

In a study manipulating levels of aggression, participants are asked to complete a Likert Scale indicating their current state of aggression. This measure is given after the dependent measure has been assessed. This measure will likely serve as a

manipulation check

When participants are measured on the variable of interest before the experiment begins and are then assigned to conditions on the basis of their score, the design is called a

matched group design.

In a one-way experiment testing the influence of mood states on performance, the manipulation check will be a measure of

mood

Researchers who do not know the research hypothesis are known as

naive experimenters.

A confounding variable is an example of ___________, whereas an extraneous variable is an example of __________.

systematic error; random error

Experimental realism is the extent to which

the experimental manipulation involves the participants in the research.

Pilot testing before conducting an experiment helps to be sure that

the independent variables will be interpreted as expected.

A potential problem with random assignment to conditions is that

unless blocked random assignment is used, confounding can still occur.

A technique in which participants are told that they will be participating in two separate experiments, but in reality the experimental manipulation is presented in the first experiment and the dependent measure is collected in the second experiment, is called the

unrelated-experiments technique.

Manipulation checks are

useful for interpreting the results when there is no significant relationship found between the independent and dependent variables

Manipulation checks are particularly useful

when there is no significant relationship found between the independent and dependent variable.

In scientific research validity refers to

whether the conclusions drawn about the research are correct

Which of the following sets of the sequential assignment of participants to four conditions represents the use of blocked random assignment to conditions?

1,3,2,4,4,2,1,3

Patricia is told by the experimenter that the lights in the experimental room may put people in a positive mood. Although the lights do not actually have any effect on mood, Patricia nevertheless begins to feel a positive mood. The change in mood probably represents which of the following?

A placebo effect

Elliot and Niesta (2008) tested the hypothesis that men would find a woman more attractive when she was surrounded by a red background than when she was surrounded by other colors. In their first study the researchers compared a woman in front of a red background and a woman in front of a white background. The possibility that in this study the white background was brighter than the red background represents which of the following?

An alternative explanation.

An artifact refers to which of the following?

An aspect of the research methodology that may produce confounding

Which of the following procedures can be used to help ensure standardization of conditions?

Automated experiments and the experimental script

Which of the following best describes manipulation checks?

They are usually given after all of the dependent variables have been collected.

Which of the following best describes confound checks?

They help determine whether the manipulation has unwittingly caused differences on other variables that we did not desire to manipulate.

Why would a researcher most likely use a "blind" experimenter?

To decrease experimental bias

When a participant's expectation about what effect an experimental manipulation is supposed to have influences the dependent measure independently of the actual effect of the manipulation, the change in the dependent measure is called

a placebo effect.

Extraneous variables

reduce power and increase the likelihood of a Type 2 error.

The goal of treating all experimental participants in exactly the same way with the simple exception of the manipulation itself is known as

standardization of conditions.

A researcher found that conclusions regarding his research were incorrect because a Type 1 error had been made. His error represents a type of

statistical conclusion invalidity