States of Matter 9th Grade

Describe the motion of two gas particles before and during a collision.

"...each atom moves in a straight line until it colloides with the other atom or with a wall of the container. During a collision, one atom may lose kinetic energy and slow down while the other atom gains kinetic energy and speeds up. However, the total kinetic energy of the atoms remains the same."

Where is energy transferred during a phase change?

"...energy is transferred between a substance and its surroundings."

What happens to ice as it gains energy? What temperature does this happen at?

"...some molecules gain enough energy to overcome the attractions and move from their fixed positions." This happens at 0 degrees C.

What do some farmers do when the air temperature is suppose to drop just below 0 degrees C? Why?

"..they spray the crops with water..." "As water freezes, it releases heat. The flow of heat slows the drop in temperature, and helps protect the crops from damage."

What do liquids take shape of?

"A liquid always has the same shape as its container..."

What is a phase change?

"A phase change is the reversible physical change that occurs when a substance changes from one state of matter to another." It does not change its chemical composition.

What do almost all solids have at the atomic level?

"Almost all solids have some type of orderly arrangement of particles at the atomic level."

How do atoms behave at near absolute zero? What temperature is absolute zero?

"At temperatures near -273oC, groups of atoms would behave as though they were a single particle."

Why would the total volume of the helium in 200 balloons be more than the volume of helium in a metal cylinder?

"Because of the space among helium atoms, a large amount of helium can be compressed into a metal cylinder. When helium flows from the cylinder into a balloon, the helium atoms spread out. "

What is an endothermic change?

"During an endothermic change, the system absorbs energy from its surroundings."

What is an exothermic change?

"During an exothermic change, the system releases energy to its surroundings."

Define the gaseous state of matter.

"Gas is the state of matter in which a material has neither a definite shape nor a definite volume."

What keeps water molecules, in ice, in fixed positions?

"In ice, attractions between water molecule keep the molecules in fixed positions."

Define the liquid state of matter.

"Liquid is the state of matter in which a material has a definite volume but not a definite shape."

List the 6 common phase changes.

"Melting, freezing, vaporization, condensation, sublimation, deposition..."

Define the solid state of matter.

"Solid is the state of matter in which materials have a definite shape and volume"

What property of a gas, allows it to fill a container of any shape or size?

"The constant motion of particles in a gas allows a gas to fill a container of any shape or size."

Define kinetic theory of matter.

"The kinetic theory of matter says that all particles of matter are in constant motion."

What is so great about cold atoms? What do they detect?

"Their extreme sensitivity makes them candidates to be used to detect gravitational waves in future spaces-based detectors."

When is melting complete?

"When all the molecules have enough energy to move, melting is complete."

When does ice melt? What temperature?

"When the temperature of the air rises above 0 degrees C or when sunlight shines directly on the ice...ice...begins to melt." Although, some say that it melts at the temperature of 0 degrees C.

Compare the movement of particles that make up a solid material, to the people in a movie theater.

"You might compare the particles in a solid to a polite audience in a movie theater. While the movie is running, people stay in their seats. Although people move around in their seats...each person remains in essentially the same location during the movie. They have 'fixed' locations in a total volume that does not change."

How much energy does 1g of water absorb as it melts?

334 joules.

How much energy does 1g of water release to its surroundings as it freezes.

334 joules.

What is the heat of fusion for water? (joules)

334 joules.

What percentage of matter in the universe is not a solid, liquid, or a gas?

99% of matter.

On Earth, what does almost all matter exist as?

A solid, a liquid, or a gaseous state.

What happens when there are too many particle collisions in a container?

An explosion!

What is a Bose Einstein Condensate? Who created it? When?

Atoms do not act like particles, and sometimes merge and act like waves. They can be particles and waves sometimes. Bose sent a letter to Einstein about it in the 1920s. They predicted that reaching lower temp than absolute zero it might be possible to produce a new state of matter. It goes through an identity crisis.

Which state of matter only exist at an extremely low temperature?

Bose-Einstein Condensate

If you want to glow in a visible spectrum, what will you have to reach?

Draper point which is about 798 Kelvins. At this point almost any object will begin to glow a dead red.

Freezing is an example of a ___________ change.

Exothermic.

What happens when a gas cools down?

If we cool the gas down, it won't have enough energy to overcome forces and condensate the gas to a liquid.

Where are the coldest things on Earth found?

In labs here on Earth!

What does the word "kinetic" mean?

It means "to move".

What is a substance's melting point identical to?

It's freezing point.

What is the temperature of Absolute Zero in Kelvins, and in Celsius?

Kelvin - 0 (NOT DEGREES) Celsius - 273.15 degrees

Is helium more or less dense than air?

Less dense!

What do lower temperatures do to particle waves?

Lower temperatures make the waves longer, and longer. And colder makes them overlap, and act like one and lose their identity.

What is fusion another term for?

Melting.

What are the atoms that are liquid at room temp?

Mercury and Bromine.

Why can we not get to absolute zero?

Molecules cannot have negative kinetic energy, therefore it cannot be colder than this. It is impossible.

Absolute zero marks minimum...

Motion.

What strongly correlates with temp?

Motion.

Does the total amount of KE of the particles change?

No, the KE remains the same.

Do all gas particles move at the same speed?

No, they do not!

Can liquids and solids be squashed to be compressed?

No.

Does the temperature change while a phase change is occuring?

No.

How can you create plasma?

Particles in a gas when heated more can create plasma. Very strong heat must apply. THERE ELECTRONS ARE STRIPPED CREATING FREE ELECTRONS AND POSITIVE IONS.

What is plasma like, and made of? How is it made?

Plasma is like a gas, but instead of contained atoms or molecules it is made of ions and electrons. Scientist create conditions when electrons get knocked off of particles, ionizing the gas to make plasma. Fluorescent lights have plasma.

Is plasma neutral, positive, or negative?

Plasma is neutral because there are equal amounts of oppositely charged particles. They can conduct energy unlike most gases.

What is that extremely high temperature and charged matter called?

Plasma.

Which state of matter is the best conductor of electricity?

Plasma.

What are the atoms arranged like in a solid?

Ridgid/regular pattern, and packed closely together.

A _________ force of attraction between particles take place in a solid.

STRONG

What is a Planck Distance?

Shortest distance possible in our universe. Adding even more energy can not even make the wavelength smaller. The Planck Temperature eventually becomes so hot it can not be considered a temperature.

What is a real world example of something that acts like a liquid?

Students moving in a crowded hallway.

What are some examples of plasma?

Sun, stars, lightning

What is the 5th state of matter called?

The 5th state of matter is called a Bose-Einstein condensate or BEC.

What states that all matter is in constant motion?

The Kinetic Theory of Matter.

What is volume?

The amount of space the matter takes up. Mass divided by density = Voulme.

Define kinetic energy.

The energy possessed by an object or substance that is in motion. Increases with an increase in temperature.

What is a loose force of attraction?

The force of attraction is still there, but it is weak. Found in some gas. Some gases has very little force of attraction. It means that the particles are not close together.

What causes pressure?

The kinetic energy of the particles.

What is the particle theory?

The particle theory describes the movement and arrangement of particles. They consider each particle as small, solid, inelastic spheres.

What does the amount of energy absorbed depend on?

The substance.

How can we calculate the wavelength of the radiation of an object?

The temp!

What happens to a substance after it is completely melted? For how long does a substance maintain its boiling point?

The temperature of the substance begins to rise again. It is maintained until the boiling is complete.

Is there more space between the atoms of a liquid or the atoms of a gas?

There are more space between atoms of a gas.

What kind of energy is heat?

Thermal energy.

What can a gas do when warm things occur? What about when cold things occur?

Warm - Expands Cold - Compressed

What do particles do when they are heated (enough to melt)?

When heated, they vibrate more and weaken the forces between them. Melting gives enough energy to break free of their bonds.

What does the Heisenberg uncertainty principle state?

You cannot know a particle's motion and position.

Energy is either _______ or __________ during a phase change and the direction of the transfer depends on the ___________________.

absorbed or released transfer depends on the type of phase change

KE is transferred during ___________ of particles.

collison

Melting is an example of a _____________ change.

endothermic

Solids have a definite volume a definite shape because particles in a solid vibrate around ______ locations.

fixed

Particles can _____ around each other due to their weaker force of attraction in a liquid.

flow

There is little to no _________ __ _________________ between the gas particles.

force of attraction

The faster an object moves, the _______ its KE.

greater

Any energy gained by the liquid after the phase change ____________ the average ___________ of the molecules and the temperature ______________.

increases energy rises

The greater an object's _________, the greater its KE.

mass

Hydrogen and oxygen atoms are combined to form units called _____________. The arrangement of molecules in water becomes ________ orderly as water __________ and ______ orderly as water ___________.

molecules less melts more freezes

Gas particles are _______ at rest, they are in __________ random motion. They move is a ________ line and very ________.

never, constant straight, fast

The particles in a liquid are more closely __________ together than the particles in a gas.

packed

The KE of a liquid particles are more _________ together than the particles in a gas. The KE is greater of a liquid particle due to a heavier __________ and a larger _______ ____ ________ between particles.

packed mass force of attraction

Liquids take the shape of its container because.... The volume of a liquid is constant because....

particles in a liquid can flow to new locations. forces of attraction keep the particles close together.

A strong force of attraction between particles __________ their motion and keeps them fixed in place, causing the shape and volume to _______ ____ _________.

restricts stay the same

When a solid is warming up, its temperature _______, but when it reaches its melting point, the temperature _______ rising and ________ that temperature until melting is _____________.

rises stops remains complete

A gas takes the _______ and _______ of its container.

shape and volume

What is something that behaves like a solid in the real world?

sitting in your chair during class

What are the 5 states of matter?

solid, liquid, gas, plasma, Bose-Einstein condensate

Materials can be classified as _______, ___________, or ____________ based on whether their shapes and volumes are _________ or __________.

solid, liquid, or gases based on whether their shapes and volumes are definite or variable.

What is mass?

the amount of matter in an object

The motion of one gas particle is ___________ by the motion of other particles, unless the particles _____.

unaffected collide

The volume of the helium in a balloon is equal to the __________________.

volume of the balloon.

The three basic properties of matter are

volume, shape, and mass

What are the two reasons that a mercury atom moves slower than a helium atom?

1.) "A mercury atom has about 50 times the mass of a helium atom." 2.) "The particles in a liquid are more closely packed than the particles in a gas. Therefore, attractions between the particles in a liquid do affect the movement of the particles."

The 3 main points of the kinetic theory as applied to gases are...

1.) "Particles in a gas are in constant, random motion. 2.) The motion of one particle is unaffected by the motion of other particles unless the particles colloid. 3.) Forces of attraction among particles in a gas can be ignored under ordinary conditions."

How can you slow atoms down?

1.)This happens in a device called a magneto-optical trap. 2.) Atoms are then injected into a vacuum chamber and a magnetic field draws them toward the center. "A laser beam aimed at the middle of the chamber that an atom moving towards it will absorb a photon of the laser beam and slow down." 3.) It slows down because of transfer of the momentum between the atom and the photon. 4.) "A total of six beams in a perpendicular arrangement ensure that atoms traveling in all directions will be intercepted. 5.) At the center, where the beams intersect the atoms move sluggish, as if trapped in a thick liquid - an effect the researchers who invented it described as 'optical molasses'".