Statistics (Chapter 3)
Paragraph 1 -3
- 820 million people (12%) are undernourished -5 million children die from poor nutrition -2600 million people lack access to basic sanitation -2000 million people lack essential drugs -1000 million lack adequate shelter -2000 million lack electricity -774 million adults are illiterate -218 million children between five and seventeen do wage work outside of the household -800 million people do not have access to safe, clean, drinking water -3,000 children die each day from unsafe water and lack of basic sanitation facilities -Minimum calorie requirement per day is about 2100 kcal -Haiti 1850 kcal -Democratic Republic of Congo 1590 kcal -United States 3750 kcal -Consistent daily intake of less than 2100 kcal would mean that a person would be permanently underweight -896 million people live on less than $1.90 a day -over 2.1 billion people in developing countries live on less than $3.10 a day (2.9 billion in 1990) -66% living under threshold in 1990 -35% living under threshold in 2012
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-"From the onset of the debt crises in 1972 ...each and every month for 108 months, debtor countries in the South remitted to their creditors in the North an average US$6.5 billion in interest payments alone...if payments of principal are included, on average $12.45 billion [each month]...thanks to the toil and tears of hundreds of millions ....these payments could have provided every man, women and child in North America and Europe with ...$1,000..."39 -Developing countries made the sixth consecutive and largest ever transfer of funds to "other countries" in 2002, a sum totaling "almost $200 billion.
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-500 million Africans, Asians, and South Americans are infected with Malaria, Dengue fever, or bilharzias -Japan is one of the wealthiest counties in the world, yet is geographically challenged -South Africa is the most advantaged country when it comes to natural resources
Paragraph 116-The End!
-According to a 2011 UNCTAD report, in 1990, 61 percent of the people living in extreme poverty (less than $1.25) were in China and India. Since then, the number of extremely poor Chinese has decreased by almost 50 percent. As a result in 2007, the number of extreme poor in China and India has gone down from 61 to 42 percent of the total. However, during that same period the number of people living in extreme poverty in LDCs doubled from 18 percent in 1990 to 36 percent in 2007. -The debt crisis hit in the late 1970s, early 1980s. For example: At that time, Mexico's debt repayments amounted to 50% of the value of its exports. -In 1981, there was a net positive flow of funds from the rich countries to the developing world of $42.6 billion; by 1988, there was a net reverse flow, from the poor countries to the rich, of $32.5 billion. -This was accomplished by reducing the income of the citizens so that they were unable to buy so many goods from abroad. Whole sections of the middle class were wiped out in Mexico. Nigeria's per capita fell by more than 50% in two years. -
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-Africa lost millions of the strongest and most productive men and women to slavery -The US supported Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi of Iran until his overthrow in 1979 and Suddam Hussein of Iraq until the Persian Gulf War in 1991 -Only African colonies had to struggle in the 1960s and 70s to gain political independence
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-Discrimination against women is widespread. Women are denied education and equal rights. They often contribute as much or more than men, but are paid less. In some areas, they are not allowed to work outside the house. In Africa, women plant and harvest 80% of the food, but they own only 10% of the land -Out of the total land area in Africa, only a fraction is used for arable land. A study by the FAO estimated an enormous amount of land in Africa had the potential to grow crops that require rain. If that potential were realized - with the help of irrigation - according to the study, it could mean an increase in arable land ranging from 150 - 700% percent per region. -In 2000, the members of the United Nations promised to cut extreme poverty in half by 2015. -Some of the goals have indeed been reached ahead of time, such as halving the proportion of people without access to improved sources of water which was achieved in 2010 - five years ahead of schedule. Some have been narrowly missed. For example, child mortality rates of children under 5 years old have been reduced by almost 2/3 in most of the world and MDG number 1, halving absolute poverty was almost achieved and so was MDB number 2, providing universal primary education. -In a global context, there is little doubt that political conditions influence health. Although the death rate still remains at 100% (in the sense that everybody dies eventually), individual's life expectancy and causes of death vary clearly between countries, and this variation is connected to the distribution of wealth -Health differentials in wealthy countries arise from several mechanisms. First, higher education is associated with healthier behavior, e.g., lower smoking rates and tendency to eat more fruits and vegetables. Second, higher income typically guarantees sufficient nutrition, improves one's living conditions, and increases opportunities for rest and recreation. Finally, occupations vary considerably in their health risks: risk of injury, exposure to hazardous chemicals, or stress. Those working in dirty or otherwise risky occupations are often paid less, even though logic might suggest just the opposite.
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-Europe provides a daily subsidy of $2.7 per cow, and Japan provides three times more at $8.0, whereas half of India's 600 million farming families survive on less than US$ 1.50 a day -According to the OECD (The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development), in 2010 the annual average portion of farmers' income provided by government subsidies was 22 percent, or 253.2 billion dollars. -In 2010, the OECD member countries spent a total of $227 billion subsidizing their farmers. This averages out to 22 percent per country. - In the US, subsidies accounted for about 9 percent of farmers' income. For the EU that number is 23 percent. Of all the OECD countries, Norway's farm subsidies were the highest; they made up 61 percent of the farmers' income. In comparison, in China, 17 percent of its farmers' income came from subsidies.
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-European modernization took place in a world with only one to two billion people, natural resources that looked infinite -The European discovery of America in 1492 changed the structure of the world more profoundly than any other event during the next five hundred years -Colonialism reached its high point during the 19th and 20th century -The 1994 mass murder between the Hutus and the Tutsis in Rwanda can be seen as a late effect of these colonial policies
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-From the 17th century on, the European enlightenment fought for science and rationality over religion and tradition -Five stages of economic development
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-In 2010, the number of Americans living below the poverty line grew by 2.6 million to a total of more than 46 million
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-In 2011, the Democratic Republic of Congo, a least developed country, and Italy, a high income country, both had a population of 60 and 70 million. -One hundred years ago poverty was so widespread that it was a normal condition -Number of poor people started to decline in the 19th and 20th century
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-In Brazil, the richest 20% of the population earned 67.5 percent of all income, while the poorest only earned 2.1% -Ration of 33-1 -In the US, that ration is about 15 to one -Sweden, less than 1 to 4 -130 developing countries -High income countries-less than 5% work in farm sector, most in service -Newly Industrialized Countries-Agriculture is more than 20% -Emerging and Developing Countries-The largest-66% of world population-Half work in farming -Less Developed Countries- people typically live on less than $1.25 a day -Majority are subsistence farmers
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-Nearly 1 billion people go hungry each day -Morality rate of children under the age of five dropped 35% worldwide from the span of 1990-2010 -2.2 million children die every year from hunger (one every 15 seconds) -21,000 children under five die daily from preventable deaths -7.6 million children younger than five died in 2010 -3/4 of deaths are preventable 99% of deaths of all under five deaths occur in developing countries -percentage of poor people living on less than $1.25 a day has decreased from 52% in 1981, 43% in 1990, and 22% in 2008 -In China 660 million fewer people people live in poverty than in 1981 -In Africa, in 2008 (for the first time) less than half live below the poverty line -$2 a day, moderately poor
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-Richest 2% of adult individuals own more than half of all global wealth -Richest 1% alone account for 40% of global assets -Someone who counts as poor today, might look wealthy compared to the standards a hundred years ago
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-Single mothers are the larges group among the poor -After the United States enacted new welfare reform laws in 1996, the number of welfare recipients initially declined until the current economic downturn
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-The following example may give you an idea of the scope of 11 million deaths. It is the approximate equivalent of 27,500 fully loaded Jumbo Jets crashing each year, or 3 crashes every hour, year after year. -A society in which more than half of the population is made up of children is probably less productive than one with a large proportion of individuals between age 18 and 65. -When 200,000 people died during the drought-induced famine of 1973 in Ethiopia, studies found that the overall food production and national consumption in the country had been close to normal. -In 2008, the European Union spent an estimated $150 billion supporting agriculture.49 While that number is going down, it is still significant compared to the $68 billion (€53.8 billion) the EU spent in 2010 on aid to developing countries. - in 1930, the average family in the U.S. spent 24 percent of its income on food, but only 9.4 percent in 2010. Chart 3.5 shows how over the past 80 years the food expenditures by U.S. families lessened. -only two to five percent of people in the population of HICs works directly in farming -Research by the FAO and IMF shows that in rich countries and poor alike, an astounding 30-50 percent of all food produced rots away uneaten. -One study found that the 2.1 percent of farmers in the U.S. that sell more than $500,000 worth of goods received an average of $105,000 in government subsidies. Those who sold less than $100,000 received less than $15,000 a year. -In 2003-2004, Britain's Queen Elizabeth II received nearly US $ 1.31 million in farm payments. -Prince Albert of Monaco, received US $ 300,000 as agriculture subsidies in 2004 -The richest man in the United Kingdom, the Duke of Westminster, owns about 55,000 hectares of farm estates, received a subsidy of US$ 480,000 as direct payments in 2003-2004, and in addition gets US$ 550,000 a year for the 1,200 dairy cows he keeps. -In the United States, the recipients of the 2001 federal agricultural support included Ted Turner and David Rockefeller. -In Spain, 300 families receive most of that country's farm support, each getting more than US$ 354,000. Of these, seven received subsidies of more than US $2,500,000
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-The lowest estimates are fewer than 100 million, while the highest are 3 billion, or half of the world's population suffer from hunger in the world -UNICEF reported in 2006 that the number of underweight children had fallen by 5 percent over the last 15 years from 32 to 27 percent, or from 153 million to 146 million. In parts of Asia and Latin America, the percentage declined after 1990, but in Africa it increased.46 An estimated 11 million children die each year before the age of five. For half of these children, or 5.5 million, malnutrition as well as the lack of safe water and sanitation is the underlying, or associated cause of death.47