stats chapter 8

In a sample of 20 participants, a researcher estimates the 95% CI for a sample with a mean of M = 5.4 and an estimated standard error () of 1.6. What is the lower confidence limit for this interval?

2.1

A researcher selects a sample of 32 participants who are assigned to participate in a study with one group. What are the degrees of freedom for this test?

31

A researcher reports with 90% confidence that 31-37% of Americans believe in ghosts. What is the point estimate for this interval?

34%

In a sample of 20 participants, a researcher estimates the 95% CI for a sample with a mean of M = 5.4 and an estimated standard error () of 1.6. What is the upper confidence limit for this interval?

8.8

In a sample of 28 participants, a researcher estimates the 95% CI for a sample with a mean of M = 1.5 and an estimated standard error () of 0.3. What is the confidence interval at this level of confidence?

95% CI 0.9, 2.1

Which measure of effect size is most commonly reported with a t test?

Cohen's d

Is a one-sample t test reported differently for one-tailed and two-tailed tests?

No, the same values are reported.

Two researchers (A and B) compute a one-sample t test. For both tests, the mean difference between the sample and value stated in the null hypothesis is 5, but the standard error is smaller for Researcher A. Which test is more likely to result in a decision to reject the null hypothesis?

Researcher A

Two researchers (A and B) compute a one-sample t test. For both tests, the standard error is the same, but the mean difference between the sample and value stated in the null hypothesis is smaller for Researcher A. Which test is more likely to result in a decision to reject the null hypothesis?

Researcher B

A researcher conducts a study and concludes that a new behavioral health treatment program significantly reduces one's risk for disease compared with risk levels in the general population (d = -0.64). Interpret the size of this effect.

Risk levels in the population shifted 0.64 standard deviations below the mean.

A researcher conducts two t tests. Test 1 is a two-tailed test with a smaller sample size at a .05 level of significance. Test 2 is a two-tailed test with a larger sample size at a .05 level of significance. What do you know about the degrees of freedom for each test?

Test 2 is associated with larger degrees of freedom.

A researcher conducts two t tests. Test 1 is a one-tailed test with a smaller sample size at a .05 level of significance. Test 2 is a one-tailed test with a larger sample size at a .05 level of significance. What do you know about the critical values for each test?

Test 2 is associated with smaller critical values.

The mean crying time of infants during naptime at a local preschool is 12 min. The school implements a new naptime routine in a sample of 25 infants and records an average crying time of 8 ± 4.6 (M±SD) min. Test whether this new naptime routine reduced crying time at a .05 level of significance.

The new naptime routine significantly reduced crying time, t(24) = -4.35, p < .05.

To compute a one-sample t test, a researcher has to know many values. Which of the following is NOT a value that the researcher must know to compute this test?

The population variance must be known.

A local elementary school determined that the average number of volunteers for their "Step into Spring" annual fundraiser has been 14 persons on average (per event). After taking additional measures to recruit volunteers this year, they got 28 people to volunteer. Test whether these additional measures increased the number of volunteers at a .05 level of significance.

There is not enough information to answer this question.

A researcher reports that stress levels among nurses are higher compared to stress levels in the general population, t (20) = 2.086, p = .05 (d = .12). Was this a one-tailed or a two-tailed test?

Two-tailed test because the p value is equal to .05.

A researcher selects a sample of 16 women and asks them to rate how important a sense of humor is in someone they want a long-term relationship with. She records scores averaging 1.6 ± 0.8 (M ± SD) on a rating scale from -3 (not important at all) to +3 (very important). Assuming that an average score of 0 is the null hypothesis, test whether or not women find this trait important at a .05 level of significance.

Women found this trait to be important, and this result was significant, t(15) = 8.00, p < .05.

State the critical value(s) for a t test using a .05 level of significance in the lower tail only: t(24).

about 1.711

Which of the following is an assumption for computing any type of independent sample t test?

all of these. Data in the population being sampled are normally distribute,. Data were obtained from a sample that was selected using a random sampling procedure, The probabilities of each measured outcome in a study are independent.

The t distribution is similar to the z distribution except ______.

all of these. it is associated with greater variability, it is characterized by "thicker" tails compared with the z distribution,. it is associated with scores being more likely in the tails of the distribution

It is most appropriate to report effect size with a significant result. Why is it generally inappropriate to report effect size with nonsignificant results?

because it makes little sense to report the size of an effect that you just concluded does not exist

State the critical value(s) for the following two-tailed t test at a .05 level of significance: t(infinity)

both B and C

Which of the following explains why point estimation can be a useful procedure to estimate a population mean?

both B and C

A researcher reports that the mean time it takes to complete an experimental task is 1.4 ± 8.0 (M ± SD) s. If the null hypothesis was that the mean equals 1.0, then what is the effect size for this test using estimated Cohen's d?

d = 0.05; small effect size

A researcher reports that mean ratings of liking for some food are 0.8 ± 2.4 (M ± SD). If the null hypothesis was that the mean equals 0, then what is the effect size for this test using estimated Cohen's d?

d = 0.33; medium effect size

A key difference between a t statistic and a z statistic is that the standard error is ______ to compute a t statistic.

estimated

Which type of error is used to compute the confidence interval for one sample selected from a population with an unknown variance?

estimated standard error

A statistical procedure in which a sample statistic is used to estimate the value of an unknown population parameter is called ______.

estimation

A researcher reports a significant effect in some population. If he computes both an eta-squared and an omega-squared effect size estimate, then which estimate will be the largest?

eta-squared

A researcher reports a significant effect with t(14) = 3.24. Compute eta-squared for this result

n squared = 0.43 (large effect size)

A researcher conducts a study comparing the obesity rate in a small community to the known obesity rate in the United States. Assuming that the population variance in unknown, what type of t test is appropriate for this study?

one-sample t test

A researcher records the number of distracters (such as noises) that preschool-aged children ignore while watching a popular Sunday morning cartoon show. Assuming that the population variance is unknown, what type of t test is appropriate for this study?

one-sample t test

State the critical value(s) for a t test using a two-tailed test at a .05 level of significance: t(20).

plus or minus 2.086

The estimated standard error in the t statistic uses the ______ to estimate the ______ when the population variance is unknown.

sample variance; population variance

The ______ is an inferential statistic used to determine the number of standard deviations in a t distribution that a sample mean deviates from the mean value or mean difference stated in the null hypothesis.

t statistic

Which of the following summarizes a t test that was significant and associated with a large effect size?

t(12) = 2.95, p < .05, d = .82

A researcher reports that college students consume an average of 3.6 alcoholic drinks per week. What is the interval estimate in this example?

the interval estimate is not given

As a requirement for the t test, researchers compute any type of t test with samples selected from populations in which ______.

the population variance is unknown

Which of the following best describes the goal of estimation?

to narrow in on the true population mean by defining limits within which it is likely to be contained

A professor compares final exam scores in his psychology class to final exam grades in another comparable professor's class. Assuming that the population variance of exam scores is unknown, what type of t test is appropriate for analyzing differences between these classes?

two-independent sample t test (two-independent sample t test is not discussed in this chapter.)

In a sample of 12 participants, a researcher estimates the 80% CI for a sample with a mean of M = 22.3 and an estimated standard error () of 4.7. What is the confidence interval at this level of confidence?

80% CI 15.9, 28.7

The average response time to a bank robbery is about 9 min. A local community wants to improve on this time, so they implement advanced training seminars. They find that the new response time for a sample of 36 police officers is 8 ± 4.2 (M±SD) min. Test whether this advanced training seminar reduced response time at a .05 level of significance.

This advanced training seminar did not reduce response time, t(35) = -1.43, p > .05.

A point estimate is typically reported with an interval estimate. Why?

all of these: Using only a point estimate is associated with low certainty, The interval estimate gives researchers a higher level of confidence, The interval estimate adds certainty to the estimate of the population mean.

Computing a one-sample t test is appropriate when ______.

all of these: participants are assigned to only one group,. the population variance is unknown, participants are observed one time

You read about a study testing whether night shift workers sleep the recommended 8 hr per day. Assuming that the population variance of sleep (per day) is unknown, what type of t test is appropriate for this study?

one-sample t test