Steinberg Chapter 5 Questions

Which of the following aggressive adolescents will likely be more popular among peers?

Casey, who uses aggression strategically

____ are small groups of between 2 and 12 individuals that are generally of the same sex and the same age

Cliques

Which of the following characteristics of parent-child relationships put young people at-risk for antisocial behavior?

Coercive and hostile behavior

In what ways do gangs look much like other types of cliques and crowds? (Select all that apply.)

Share interests; Similar in background; Have a similar identity

Which of the following statements about popularity and aggression is true?

Some aggressive adolescents are quite popular

Identify the three broad purposes of crowds

To locate adolescents within the social structure of the school; to provide contexts that reward certain lifestyles and disparage others; to channel adolescents toward some peers and away from others

True or false: Although age segregation has increased over the past 60 years, social factors have likely contributed to increases in adolescent problem behavior.

True

True or false: Ethnicity is not a strong determinant of clique composition during childhood.

True

True or false: Maria is highly physically aggressive. Compared to Belle, who engaged in high rates of relational aggression, Maria will show more maladjustment.

True

True or false: Witnessing the harassment of others appears to buffer some of the harmful effects of being victimized.

True

_____ is such a strong influence that it often serves as the basis for forming cross-ethnic friendships.

Patterns of substance use

Identify two types of popularity.

Perceived popularity; Sociometric popularity

Identify the following adolescent groups that are very involved in the peer culture, as well as involved in the institutions valued by adults. (Select all that apply.)

Populars; Jocks

Which of the following is an example of a biological contribution to changes in the adolescent peer group?

Puberty stimulates an interest in romantic relationships

(Public/Private) ___ victimization has especially negative consequences.

Public

Laura is planning her school schedule for next fall. She is debating on whether or not to take an advanced math course. Which of the following will have the most significant impact on Laura's decision?

Whether or not her friends are taking an advanced math class

According to research, which of the following adolescent cohorts has been the most influential?

baby boomers

Some social competence programs focus on a combination of ____ and ____ abilities, including social problem solving

behavior; cognitive

Knowing where an adolescent fits into the social system of the school can tell us a lot about the person's ____.

behaviors and values

Knowing where an adolescent fits into the social system of the school can tell us a lot about the person's ______

behaviors and values

The baby boom generation and Generation Z illustrate the concept of a _____.

cohort

Aggressive individuals who are rejected are at risk for ____.

conduct problems and involvement in antisocial activity

Parents who act as "_____" helping their teenagers work out problems with friends, have adolescents who are less likely to be involved in drug use and delinquent activity

consultants

As adolescents become more secure in their identities, the need for affiliation with a crowd (increases/diminishes) _____.

diminishes

According to some observers, the rise of peer groups and the isolation of adolescents from adults has led to (Select all that apply.)

drug and alcohol use; juvenile delinquency; youth unemployment; teenage suicide; teen pregnancy

One potential reason why ethnic segregation exists in friendship patterns is ___.

due to differential levels of academic achievement of adolescents from different ethnic groups

Not until (early/middle/late) ____ adolescence can individuals accurately list the various crowds in their schools.

early

Among unpopular withdrawn children, their hesitancy, low self-esteem, and lack of confidence makes them _____.

easy targets for bullies

In one study of adolescent girls, researchers found that ____ was one of the ways that the clique ensured that no one member became stuck-up as a result of her popularity in the eyes of classmates.

meanness

During ___ adolescence, cliques tend to be composed of adolescents of the same sex. (Select all that apply.)

middle; early

By ____ and ___ adolescence, adolescents' peer groups typically are ethnically segregated.

middle; late

As adolescence progresses, the peer group becomes composed entirely of (same-sex/mixed-sex) _____- ____ cliques

mixed-sex

Adolescents' cliques show (low/moderate/high) ___ stability over the course of the school year.

moderate

Compared to membership in crews, gang members tend to be (more/less) ____ isolated from their family.

more

Nathan is an aggressive, antisocial teenager. His two best friends, Jaron and Denny, are also aggressive and antisocial. Over time, Nathan will become (more/less) ___ aggressive and antisocial.

more

Over the course of adolescence, the crowd structures becomes ____. (Select all that apply.)

more differentiated; more permeable; less hierarchical

Crowds establish social ____, or the values and expectations that members strive to follow.

norms

Chaz goes to school and hangs out with individuals of approximately the same age. These individuals represent Chaz's ____.

peer group

Predicting perceived popularity is complicated by the fact that _____.

peer norms change

The determinants of (sociometric/perceived) ____ popularity are highly variable.

perceived

Follow-up research conducted about 10 years ago on The Adolescent Society study revealed that ___ was/were still associated with popularity.

physical attractiveness

Adolescents' positions in their school's social network are relatively (stable/unstable) ___ over time.

stable

One study of bystanders found that onlookers were more likely to intervene and defend the victim in schools where (students/teachers) ____ expected them to do so.

students

Select three types of disliked, or rejected, adolescents

Aggressive and withdrawn; aggressive adolescents; withdrawn adolescents

Identify the four categories of victims

Aggressive; A little of everything; Passive; Support-seeking

Which of the following helps explain the rapid growth of the teenage population between 1955 and 1975?

Baby boom

Identify the two types of popular boys.

Boys who are extremely aggressive, physically competent, and average of below average in friendliness, academic competence, and shyness; Boys who are physically and academically competent, friendly, and neither shy nor aggressive

Which of the following statements about bullies is true?

Bullies often have conduct problems and tend to be callous and indifferent to the problems of others

Which of the following behaviors is most likely to be influenced by selection?

Drug use

True or false: The meaning associated with belonging to different crowds is similar across ethnic and socioeconomic groups.

False

Organized peer groups of antisocial individuals are called ___.

Gangs

Identify two distinctly different groups of popular girls.

Girls who are prosocial and good students; Girls who are antisocial and poor students

Which of the following characteristics of popularity is also critical for establishing friendships?

Good social skills

Kadeem is a rejected adolescent. Which of the following statements about Kadeem's developmental history is probably true?

He likely had behavioral and emotional difficulties in early elementary school.

Contrary to popular belief, most ___ bullying is not anonymous

Internet

Which of the following examples is an adolescent most likely to condone?

Maria refuses to let Kaitlyn sit at her table at lunch, even though there are plenty of seats.

According to research, which of the following students is likely to report the highest degree of discrimination by peers?

Nio, who is Asian

Antisocial, aggressive adolescents ____.

Often gravitate toward each other

Regarding friendships, similarity in attitudes toward school, school achievement, and educational plans tends to be especially true among ___ adolescents. (Select all that apply.)

White; Asian

According to a recent comprehensive review, physical bullying is ____ electronic bullying

about twice as common as

According to The Adolescent Society Study, adolescents lived in a world where ___ was frowned upon.

academic success

Educators first developed the idea of free public education, with students grouped by age, a practice known as ___.

age grading

One way to break out of the cycle of misunderstanding between students from different ethnic backgrounds is to bring them together in (childhood/adolescence) ____.

childhood

The (clique/crowd) ____ is the peer setting in which adolescents learn social skills

clique

Membership in a (crowd/club/gang/posse) ____ is often the basis for an adolescent's own identity

crowd

"Jocks," "brains," "nerds," "populars," and "druggies" are examples of ____.

crowds

Bullying that occurs over the Internet or via cell phones is called ___.

cyberbullying

Which of the following is an explanation for why boys' and girls' cliques begin to mix?

dating provides a basis for common activity

Between 9th and 12th grades, the significance of the crowd structure begins to (decline/rise) _____

decline

Between 1975 and 1995, the relative size of the adolescent population (increased/decreased) ____

decreased

Changes in social (definition/acceptance) ____ may stimulate changes in peer relations as a sort of adaptive response

definition

Jacob and Ian, both 16-years-old, have been in trouble with the law for underage drinking, selling marijuana, and breaking into cars. Recently, a new student, Gabe, started at their school. White in detention with Jacob and Ian, Gabe talked about his parents taking him out of his other school because he was caught drinking and smoking marijuana with his friends. Jacob and Ian then chimed in, excitedly telling Gabe about their delinquent behavior. This example illustrates ____.

deviance training

According to a large, nationally representative sample of adolescents, researchers identified the following four profiles of adolescents' friendship groups:

engaged; high functioning; maladjusted; disengaged

In multiethnic high schools, adolescents first divide across ___ lines and then form into more familiar adolescent crowds within ethnic groups.

ethnic

Research indicates that (ethnicity/SES) ____ is a far more powerful determinant of friendship patterns

ethnicity

Sixteen-year-old Chance, who is aggressive, engages in promiscuous sex, and drinks alcohol regularly, is popular among many of his peers. According to research, as Chance transitions to adulthood, he will ____.

have more interpersonal and behavioral problems than his peers

Over the course of childhood, boys and girls become (increasingly/less) ____ concerned about behaving in ways judged to be sex-appropriate

increasingly

The prevalence of bullying is (higher/lower) ____ in schools and in countries characterized by greater income inequality.

higher

The so-called ___ ___ ___ plays a central role in the aggressive behavior of adolescents.

hostile attributional bias

While playing soccer during PE, Byron ran into Drake as he was chasing the ball. Drake fell, jumped back up angrily, and raced after Byron to tackle him. When the teacher intervened, Byron explained that he was simply playing the game and accidentally ran into Drake. Drake argued that Byron's behavior was intentional and "I should have punched him in the face for it!" Drake is demonstrating ___.

hostile attributional bias

Interventionists that are designed tot each social skills focus on ____. (Select all that apply.)

how to converse; self-expression; leadership

The undesirable consequences of well-intentioned treatments are called ____ effects.

iatrogenic

Research examining young-adult outcomes of high school crowd membership found that both "____" and "_____" showed the most favorable patterns of psychological adjustment over time.

jocks; brains

During (early/middle/late) ____ adolescence, peer crowds begin to disintegrate

late

Adolescents' online friends are (less/more) ____ similar in age than the friends they make in school.

less

Aggressive adolescents who have few friends, and few aggressive friends in particular, are likely to become (more/less) ____ antisocial over time.

less

As crowds become (more/less) ____ important, their influence over the individual's behavior weakens

less

Ethnic segregation in adolescent peer relationships is far (less/more) ____ common in Canada than in the United States

less

Immigrants are (more/less) ____ likely to have cross-ethnic friendships

less

Sandra is a young adolescent. If she is like most adolescents, Sandra's clique will be composed of people who are _____. (Select all that apply.)

of the same ethnicity; same-sex; of the same age

About ____of high school students are associated with one crowd.

one-half

About ___ of students who name a best friend in the fall of a school year rename the same person as their best friend in the spring.

one-third

More high school students report being victimized (inside/outside) _____ school.

outside

Ethnographic research is (quantitative/qualitative) ____.

qualitative

Adolescents' crowds serve as ____

reference groups

More popular teenagers tend to ____.

reject less popular teenagers

Once aggressive boys form cliques, they (reward/shame) ____ each other for participating in antisocial behavior.

reward

Adolescents' characteristics influence their choice of friends. Adolescents' friends, in turn, influence each other's characteristics. This shows that both ____ and ___ contribute to similarity between friends

selection; socialization

Like boys, girls also act aggressively toward peers, but their aggression is often ___, not physical

social

(Similarity/Socialization) _____ is far stronger over day-to-day preferences in things like clothing and music

socialization

In most high schools, ____

there are very few ethnically mixed cliques

As boys and girls become more interested in one another romantically, but before romantic relationships actually begin, boys' and girls' cliques come together. This is considered a(n) ____ stage.

transitional

During adolescence, peer groups function much more often (with/without) ____ adult supervision.

without