Stress, Lifestyle, and Health OpenStax Chapter 14

Which of the following is a reason that depression is associated with heart disease? A. Both depression and heart disease are caused by stress. B. Depression may increase the likelihood of living an unhealthy lifestyle, which increases the risk of heart disease. C. Heart disease is a side effect of prescription drugs that are used to treat depression. D. Heart disease is associated with higher divorce rates, which increases the risk of depression.

B. Depression may increase the likelihood of living an unhealthy lifestyle, which increases the risk of heart disease.

Who defined stress as, "the response of the body to any demand, whether it is caused by, or results in, pleasant or unpleasant conditions"? A. Brenda Lyon B. Hans Selye C. Richard Lazarus and Susan Folkman D. Walter Cannon

B. Hans Selye

Which of the following is a negative effect of extended cortisol release caused by chronic or prolonged stress? A. The heart is subjected to abnormal pressure. B. The immune system is weakened. C. The lungs are placed are under stress. D. The thyroid is damaged.

B. The immune system is weakened.

Dr. Frobish possesses a ________ behavior pattern because she is an intensively driven workaholic, preoccupied with deadlines, and always seems to be in a rush. A. Tiger B. Type A C. Type B D. Type One

B. Type A

________ is a neurotransmitter with roles in pleasure and pain modulation. A. acetylcholine B. beta-endorphin C. GABA D. norepinephrine

B. beta-endorphin

Which one of the following processes does not occur to excess neurotransmitters in the synapse? A. break down into inactive fragments B. collection by scavenger vesicles left over from the neurotransmitter release C. drifting away from the synapse D. reuptake

B. collection by scavenger vesicles left over from the neurotransmitter release

What triggers the secondary appraisal of a stressor? A. a feeling of anxiety B. how a threat is perceived C. inability to react to the primary appraisal D. increased heart rate

B. how a threat is perceived

________ is the differences between hemispheres in the areas underlying language function. A. brain organization B. lateralization C. synaptogenesis D. Wernicke's area

B. lateralization

The ________ nervous system is responsible for stimulating digestion and causing the bladder to contract. A. autonomic B. parasympathetic C. somatic D. sympathetic

B. parasympathetic

Which kind of psychology seeks to identify and promote those qualities that lead to happy, fulfilled, and contented lives? A. eustress psychology B. positive psychology C. psychology of joy D. self-psychology

B. positive psychology

The space between two neurons is called the ________. A. soma B. synapse C. terminal button D. vesicle

B. synapse

The two major structural divisions of the nervous system are the ________ and ________. A. autonomic; somatic nervous systems B. autonomic; sympathetic nervous systems C. central; peripheral nervous systems D. parasympathetic; sympathetic nervous systems

C. central; peripheral nervous systems

Which term refers to mental or behavioral efforts used to manage problems relating to stress, including the cause and the unpleasant feelings and emotions it produces? A. autopilot B. biofeedback C. coping D. distress

C. coping

________ is the kind of stress associated with positive feelings, as well as optimal health and performance. A. anti-stress B. distress C. eustress D. pro-stress

C. eustress

Changes in behavior and cognitive processes over time are studied by ________. A. behavioral geneticists B. behavioral psychologists C. evolutionary psychologists D. historical psychologists

C. evolutionary psychologists

A difference in ________ can explain why one person dies from a disease and another person survives. A. behavior B. evolution C. genetics D. nurture

C. genetics

The relaxation response technique is a stress reduction technique that combines elements of relaxation and ________. A. eustress B. intervention C. meditation D. reaction

C. meditation

Psychotropic medications are drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring ________ balance. A. emotional B. GABA C. neurotransmitter D. serotonin

C. neurotransmitter

Which type of appraisal involves judgment about the degree of potential harm or threat to well-being that a stressor might entail? A. alpha B. beta C. primary D. secondary

C. primary

The ________ of a neuron contain ________ that house neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the nervous system. A. axons; terminal buttons B. dendrites; synaptic vesicles C. terminal buttons; synaptic vesicles D. terminal buttons; transport proteins

C. terminal buttons; synaptic vesicles

Studying close relatives allows behavioral geneticists to determine ________. A. how behaviors have changed over time B. the contribution of genes or environment to the behavior in the individuals studied C. the relative contributions of genes and environment in a population D. whether genes or environment cause a behavior or trait

C. the relative contributions of genes and environment in a population

Of adoptees whose biological mothers had schizophrenia and who were raised in disturbed family environments, 36.8% were likely to develop schizophrenia; of adoptees whose mothers did not have schizophrenia and who were raised in disturbed family environments, 5.3% were likely to develop schizophrenia. What is the most appropriate conclusion of these results? A. Not enough information is provided in order to make a conclusion about environmental versus genetic contributions to schizophrenia. B. Environmental factors are most important to determining whether a person is likely to develop schizophrenia. C. Genetic factors are most important to determining whether a person is likely to develop schizophrenia. D. Environmental factors and genetic factors interact to determine whether a person is likely to develop schizophrenia.

D. Environmental factors and genetic factors interact to determine whether a person is likely to develop schizophrenia.

Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the case study of Phineas Gage's accident, which led to brain injury? A. Frontal lobe injury causes people to be incapable of controlling their emotional impulses. B. Injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, but specific brain areas are not linked to specific behaviors. C. Injury to the frontal lobe does not affect behavior. D. Injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, and specific brain areas are linked to particular behaviors.

D. Injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, and specific brain areas are linked to particular behaviors.

Noomi seems to live by the "don't sweat the small stuff" concept. She is relaxed, laid-back, and never seems too concerned about meeting deadlines or finishing a to-do list. Noomi has a ________ personality. A. stress-free B. tranquil C. Type A D. Type B

D. Type B

Polygenic means that most traits are controlled by ________. A. a single gene B. different genes under different circumstances C. different parts of only a few different genes D. more than one gene

D. more than one gene

________ asserts that our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate, and our environment interacts with our genes to determine where within those boundaries we will fall. A. behavioral genetics B. environmental psychology C. evolutionary psychology D. range of reaction

D. range of reaction

Advice, guidance, encouragement, acceptance, emotional comfort, and financial help are all examples of ________. A. acute support B. antistressors C. chronic stressors D. social support

D. social support

A demanding or threatening event is often called a(n) ________. A. animator B. distressor C. eustressor D. stressor

D. stressor

The ________ nervous system is responsible for physiological responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration. A. autonomic B. parasympathetic C. somatic D. sympathetic

D. sympathetic

Which of the following is an example of eustress? A. getting a divorce B. losing a job C. recovering from a car accident D. training for a marathon

D. training for a marathon

When did the term stress enter scientific literature? A. 1930s B. 1940s C. 1950s D. 1960s

A. 1930s

Which of the following is an example of a secondary appraisal of a stressor? A. Berkley believes she can end an argument with her wife by apologizing or buying her wife a gift. She decides apologizing is more effective. B. Jensen decides the risk of being caught shoplifting is very low, and the risk of being caught during an armed robbery is very high. C. Mahmoud experiences an intense and irrational fear of dogs. D. Victoria believes paragliding is a frightening activity.

A. Berkley believes she can end an argument with her wife by apologizing or buying her wife a gift. She decides apologizing is more effective.

________ is the electrical signal that typically moves from the cell body down the axon to the axon terminals. A. action potential B. depolarization C. hyperpolarization D. threshold of excitation

A. action potential

A stressor is likely to be appraised as a threat when someone ________. A. anticipates that it could lead to some kind of harm, loss, or other negative consequence B. believes it is a threat C. believes that it carries the potential for gain or personal growth D. experiences the physical responses subjectively defined as the fear response

A. anticipates that it could lead to some kind of harm, loss, or other negative consequence

Psychological researchers study genetics in order to better understand the ________ that contributes to certain behaviors. A. biology B. neurology C. psychology D. physiology

A. biology

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs commonly prescribed for ________. A. depression B. obsessive-compulsive disorder C. Parkinson's disease D. schizophrenia

A. depression

________ is the kind of stress that exceeds the optimal level, is no longer a positive force, and becomes excessive and debilitating. A. distress B. eustress C. mega-stress D. over-stress

A. distress

Hypertension is a major risk factor for heart disease because it ________. A. forces the heart to pump harder, which puts more physical strain on the heart B. places stress on the thyroid system, which inflames the arteries C. restricts a person's salt intake, which suppresses the immune system D. slows the heart rate, which leads to less efficient distribution of oxygen through the body

A. forces the heart to pump harder, which puts more physical strain on the heart

The Center for Investigating Healthy Minds conducts rigorous academic research on ________. A. healthy aspects of the mind, such as kindness, forgiveness, compassion, and mindfulness B. how the mind affects health and how health affects the mind C. unhealthy aspects of the mind, such as jealousy, anger, frustration, and melancholy D. which world culture is most conducive to a healthy mindset

A. healthy aspects of the mind, such as kindness, forgiveness, compassion, and mindfulness

________ is a state of equilibrium, in which biological conditions (such as body temperature) are maintained at optimal levels. A. homeostasis B. resting potential C. reuptake D. synergy

A. homeostasis