Study Chapter 1-29

Chapter 2 Part 2: A scaffold that weighs 400 N supports two painters, one 500 N and the other 400 N (Figure 1). The reading in the left scale is 800 N. What is the reading in the right-hand scale? Express your answer with the appropriate units.

500 N

The study of living matter is: A. Biology B. Chemistry C. Astronomy D. Physics E. Earth science

A. Biology

The more candy bars you add to your diet per day, the more weight you gain (all other factors, such as the amount of exercise you get, being equal). Is this an example of a direct proportion or an inverse proportion? A. Direct Proportion B. Inverse Proportion

A. Direct Proportion

Part F: Which is NOT an element in developing expertise in a field? A. Giving up B. Putting forth effort C. Trying new strategies D. Asking for help

A. Giving up

Part A: After he gets the block to move, what does Dr. Hewitt do to drag the block across the table at a steady rate? A. He continues to apply a steady force. B. He applies a steadily decreasing force. C. He applies a steadily increasing force.

A. He continues to apply a steady force.

What two main ideas of Aristotle did Galileo discredit? Check the two options that apply. A. Heavy objects fall faster than light objects. B. Mass is a measure of the inertia in a material object. C. A force is necessary to maintain motion. D. Violent motion is produced by pushes and pulls.

A. Heavy objects fall faster than light objects. C. A force is necessary to maintain motion.

What is the name of the property of objects to maintain their states of motion? A. Inertia B. Weight C. Acceleration D. Velocity

A. Inertia

Part B: Now, consider the collision between two happy balls described in Part A. How much of the balls' kinetic energy is dissipated? A. None of it B. Half of it C. All of it

A. None of it

Part B: What is neuroplasticity? A. The ability to make new and stronger connections between the neurons in our brain as we learn B. The inability to change intelligence, which is fixed in the neurons in our brain from birth C. Having a fixed mindset in some ways, and a growth mindset in others

A. The ability to make new and stronger connections between the neurons in our brain as we learn

Part A: What happens the first time Dr. Hewitt lifts the bowling ball near his teeth and lets go? A. The ball returns to Dr. Hewitt, stopping almost exactly at the point where it was released. B. The ball leaves Dr. Hewitt and returns to him, stopping short of the point where it was released. C. The ball leaves Dr. Hewitt and returns to him, going past the point where it was released.

A. The ball returns to Dr. Hewitt, stopping almost exactly at the point where it was released.

Part D: Why does the bowling ball behave as it does when Dr. Hewitt lifts it and gives it a push? A. The extra energy from the push is converted into kinetic energy, which is then converted into more potential energy at the end of the motion than the ball had when it was released. B. The ball's initial energy is lost. C. The ball gains potential energy after it is released.

A. The extra energy from the push is converted into kinetic energy, which is then converted into more potential energy at the end of the motion than the ball had when it was released.

Part D: A synthesis of facts and well-tested hypotheses is: A. Theory B. Scientific Fact C. Law D. Hypothesis

A. Theory

Which of the following are scientific hypotheses? Check all that apply. A. Tides are caused by the Moon. B. Earth rotates about its axis because living things need an alternation of light and darkness. C. Chlorophyll makes grass green.

A. Tides are caused by the Moon. C. Chlorophyll makes grass green.

What were Aristotle's two main classifications of motion? Check the two options that apply. A. Violent motion. B. Relative motion. C. Rotational motion. D. Natural motion.

A. Violent motion. D. Natural motion.

Specifically, what do we mean when we say that a scientific hypothesis must be testable? A. We mean that it must be capable of being proved wrong. B. We mean that it must not be capable of being proved wrong.

A. We mean that it must be capable of being proved wrong.

Part A: Where would your weight be greater −− on Earth or on the Moon? A. Your weight would be greater on Earth because of its stronger force of gravity. B. Weight is the same everywhere. C. Your weight would be greater on the Moon because of its weaker force of gravity.

A. Your weight would be greater on Earth because of its stronger force of gravity.

Part A: How can you use the graph of velocity versus time to estimate the acceleration of the ball? A. by estimating the value of the slope of the graph B. by estimating the value of the area under the graph C. by estimating the value from the horizontal axis of the graph D. by estimating the value from the vertical axis of the graph

A. by estimating the value of the slope of the graph

Part B: The study of how matter is put together, how atoms combine to form molecules, and how the molecules combine to make the materials around us is: A. Biology B. Chemistry C. Astronomy D. Physics E. Earth science

B. Chemistry

Chapter 1: How did Galileo disprove Aristotle's idea that heavy objects fall faster than light objects? A. Galileo demonstrated logical inconsistencies in Aristotle's idea. B. Galileo showed the falseness of Aristotle's claim using experimentation.

B. Galileo showed the falseness of Aristotle's claim using experimentation.

Part C: Why does the distance traveled by the ball in each half second after it is released change in the way in which it does? A. Gravity is pulling down on the ball, so it moves down at a steady speed. B. Gravity is pulling down on the ball, so it accelerates down at a steady rate. C. The incline plane pushes up on the ball, so it accelerates down at a steady rate.

B. Gravity is pulling down on the ball, so it accelerates down at a steady rate.

Chapter 4 Part 2: Part A: Imagine that you replace the block in the video with a happy or sad ball identical to the one used as a pendulum, so that the sad ball strikes a sad ball and the happy ball strikes a happy ball. The target balls are free to move, and all the balls have the same mass. In the collision between the sad balls, how much of the balls' kinetic energy is dissipated? A. None of it B. Half of it C. All of it

B. Half of it

How is the definition of the word theory different in science versus in everyday life? A. In everyday speech, a theory is the same as a hypothesis −− a statement that has been tested. In science a theory is a synthesis of a large body of verified information. B. In everyday speech, a theory is the same as a hypothesis −− a statement that has not been tested. In science a theory is a synthesis of a large body of verified information.

B. In everyday speech, a theory is the same as a hypothesis −− a statement that has not been tested. In science a theory is a synthesis of a large body of verified information.

Part E: Why is the word "yet" powerful in developing a growth mindset? A. It encourages you to skip steps necessary to learn difficult concepts, and thus see results more quickly. B. It encourages you to continue along your learning journey, as you have not yet reached the final destination. C. It encourages you to stop trying when you fail because you are not smart enough and should choose a new subject to study.

B. It encourages you to continue along your learning journey, as you have not yet reached the final destination.

Part A: What is the value of the velocity of the ball when it reaches its maximum height? A. It is always negative. B. It is always zero. C. It is either positive or negative, depending on the initial velocity. D. It is always positive.

B. It is always zero.

Part B: Where would your mass be greater −− on Earth or on the Moon? A. Your mass would be greater on the Moon because of its weaker force of gravity. B. Mass is the same everywhere. C. Your mass would be greater on Earth because of its stronger force of gravity.

B. Mass is the same everywhere.

Which has a greater momentum −− a heavy truck at rest or a moving skateboard? A. Heavy truck at rest. B. Moving skateboard.

B. Moving skateboard.

Part D: How can you use Mastering to develop a growth mindset and embrace your mistakes? A. Repeat the question without changing your approach and input a different answer B. Question what went wrong and use hints or provide problem feedback to develop a new strategy

B. Question what went wrong and use hints or provide problem feedback to develop a new strategy

Part A: Something that competent observers can observe and agree to be true is: A. Theory B. Scientific Fact C. Law D. Hypothesis

B. Scientific Fact

What equation shows the relationship among speed, distance, and time. A. Speed = distance covered ⋅ travel time B. Speed = distance covered / travel time C. Speed = travel time / distance covered

B. Speed = distance covered / travel time

Part C: What happens the second time Dr. Hewitt lifts the bowling ball near his teeth and gives it a push? A. The ball returns to Dr. Hewitt, stopping almost exactly at the point where it was released. B. The ball leaves Dr. Hewitt and returns to him, going past the point where it was released. C. The ball leaves Dr. Hewitt and returns to him, stopping short of the point where it was released.

B. The ball leaves Dr. Hewitt and returns to him, going past the point where it was released.

For the same force, which cannon imparts the greater speed to a cannonball −− a long cannon or a short one? A. Both cannons impart the same speed to a cannonball. B. The long cannon. C. The short cannon.

B. The long cannon.

If the Sun's rays were at 45 ∘∘ to a vertical pillar, how would the length of its shadow compare with its height? A. The shadow would be 2-√2 times shorter than the height of the pillar. B. The shadow would be as long as the height of the pillar. C. The shadow would be 22 times shorter than the height of the pillar. D. The shadow would be 22 times longer than the height of the pillar. E. The shadow would be 2-√2 times longer than the height of the pillar.

B. The shadow would be as long as the height of the pillar.

Part G: How do people with a growth mindset view and respond to challenges? A. They see challenges as signs their brains are getting weaker. B. They see challenges as opportunities to learn and push their abilities. C. They see challenges as a waste of effort and are embarrassed.

B. They see challenges as opportunities to learn and push their abilities.

Chapter 4 Part 1: One watt is the unit of power equivalent to 1 joule per second. A. False B. True

B. True

Specifically, what do we mean when we say that a scientific hypothesis must be testable? A. We mean that it must not be capable of being proved wrong. B. We mean that it must be capable of being proved wrong.

B. We mean that it must be capable of being proved wrong.

Part A: What do we call the quantity force × distance? A. Impulse B. Work C. Momentum D. Power

B. Work

In what units are work and energy measured? A. Work is measured in joules and energy is measured in watts. B. Work and energy are measured in joules. C. Work and energy are measured in watts. D. Work is measured in watts and energy is measured in joules.

B. Work and energy are measured in joules.

Aristotle treated motion by: A. considering only motion without acceleration. B. dividing it into two classes. C. comparing the distance traveled with the time of travel. D. measurements of distance travelled.

B. dividing it into two classes.

End of Chapter 1: The more candy bars you add to your diet per day, the more weight you gain (all other factors, such as the amount of exercise you get, being equal). Is this an example of a direct proportion or an inverse proportion? State the relation in mathematical form. (W = weight gain per week, C = candy bars eaten per week, and k is the proportionality constant). W= A. C+k B. kC C. C^k D. k/C

B. kC

Knowing that Earth's radius is about 6400 km, find the circumference of Earth. (Hint: What is the formula for the circumference of a circle?)

C = 4.0×10^4 km or 40192

Part B: Why does the bowling ball behave the way it does the first time Dr. Hewitt lifts the bowling ball near his teeth and lets go? A. All of the initial energy of the ball was lost when the ball was released. B. Some of the initial energy of the ball was lost, and it had less energy than it had at the beginning. C. All of the initial energy of the ball was converted completely back to potential energy when the ball returned.

C. All of the initial energy of the ball was converted completely back to potential energy when the ball returned.

Part C: How do students with a growth mindset see their mistakes? A. As something that shouldn't happen in proper learning B. As reasons to give up and avoid further challenges C. As opportunities to learn and improve their brain

C. As opportunities to learn and improve their brain

Part B: If Dr. Hewitt applies 3 N of force to keep the block moving at a steady rate, what must be the force of friction, and why? A. Less than 3 N, because otherwise the block would not move forward. Dr. Hewitt applies a force of 3 N, so his force must overcome the force of friction. B. More than 3 N, because the force of friction is what prevents the block from accelerating due the force applied by Dr. Hewitt. So, it should overcome the force applied by Dr. Hewitt. C. Equal to 3 N, because the force of friction should exactly balance out the force Dr. Hewitt applies, so that there is no net force acting on the block.

C. Equal to 3 N, because the force of friction should exactly balance out the force Dr. Hewitt applies, so that there is no net force acting on the block.

Part C: You are dragging a block on a surface with friction at a steady speed of 2 m/s and exert a force of 5 N to do so. What is the force of friction? Why? A. Less than 5 N, because otherwise the block would not move forward. You apply a force of 5 N, so this force must overcome the force of friction. B. 10 N, because you are exerting a force of 5 N at a speed of 2 m/s. Multiplying the two numbers gives you 10 N. C. Equal to 5 N, because the force of friction should exactly balance out the force Dr. Hewitt applies, so that there is no net force acting on the block.

C. Equal to 5 N, because the force of friction should exactly balance out the force Dr. Hewitt applies, so that there is no net force acting on the block.

Part B: How does the distance traveled by the ball in the second half second compare with the distance traveled by the ball in the first half second? A. It decreases. B. It stays the same. C. It increases.

C. It increases.

Part C: A hypothesis that has been tested over and over and not contradicted is: A. Theory B. Scientific Fact C. Law D. Hypothesis

C. Law

Consider a baseball that is caught and thrown at the same speed. Which case requires the greatest impulse? A. The baseball being caught. B. The baseball being thrown. C. The baseball being caught and then thrown back.

C. The baseball being caught and then thrown back.

What launched the era of modern science in the 17th century? A. The era of modern science in the 17th century was launched when Nicolaus Copernicus published a book proposing that the Sun is stationary and Earth revolves around it. B. The era of modern science in the 17th century was launched when Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press. C. The era of modern science in the 17th century was launched when Galileo Galilei revived the Copernican view of the heliocentric universe, using experiments to study nature's behavior. D. The era of modern science in the 17th century was launched when the Islamic people entered Spain and brought the spirit of scientific inquiry into Europe.

C. The era of modern science in the 17th century was launched when Galileo Galilei revived the Copernican view of the heliocentric universe, using experiments to study nature's behavior.

Part D: What general rule can you conclude about the force needed to keep an object in motion at a steady rate? A. The force that you need to apply to keep an object moving at a steady rate is less than the force resisting the motion of the object. B. The force that you need to apply to keep an object moving at a steady rate is greater than the force resisting the motion of the object. C. The force that you need to apply to keep an object moving at a steady rate is equal to the force resisting the motion of the object.

C. The force that you need to apply to keep an object moving at a steady rate is equal to the force resisting the motion of the object.

End of Chapter 4 Part 2: Suppose we repeat the experiment from the video, but this time we use a rocket three times as massive as the one in the video, and in place of water we use a fluid that is twice as massive (dense) as water. If the new fluid leaves the rocket at the same speed as the water in the video, what will be the ratio of the horizontal speed of our rocket to the horizontal speed of the rocket in the video after all the fluid has left the rocket? (Ignore air resistance). A. 1/3 B. 3/2 C. 1 D. 2/3 E. 1/2

D. 2/3

Part B: If you submit an incorrect answer to a multiple-choice question with n options, you will lose 1/(n−1) of the credit for that question. Just like the similar multiple-choice penalty on most standardized tests, this rule is necessary to prevent random guessing. If a multiple-choice question has five answer choices and you submit one wrong answer before getting the question correct, how much credit will you lose for that part of the question? A. 100% B. 50% C. 33% D. 25% E. 20%

D. 25%

Part A: Which of the following describes a growth mindset, as opposed to a fixed mindset? A. Challenging yourself by persisting longer with problems helps to grow your mental muscle B. Believing your talents, abilities, and intelligence can be developed in different ways C. Learning and growing your brain through opportunities helps performance in school D. All of the above phrases describe the growth mindset

D. All of the above phrases describe the growth mindset

Part B: What quantity does it change? A. Acceleration B. Impulse C. Momentum D. Energy

D. Energy

Part B: An explanation or answer that is capable of being proved wrong is: A. Theory B. Scientific Fact C. Law D. Hypothesis

D. Hypothesis

What is the law of energy conservation? A. The energy of a system remains unchanged only if there are no external forces acting on the system. B. In the absence of momentum, the energy of a system remains unchanged. Energy cannot be created or destroyed. C. The change in energy of the object equals the impulse acting on the object. D. In the absence of external work input or output, the energy of a system remains unchanged. Energy cannot be created or destroyed.

D. In the absence of external work input or output, the energy of a system remains unchanged. Energy cannot be created or destroyed.

Part B: What is the acceleration of the ball when it is moving up, when it is at the maximum height, and when it is moving down? (Note: The acceleration graph is shown in red.) A. It is always zero. B. The acceleration is negative when the ball is moving up, zero at the top, and positive when the ball is moving down. C. The acceleration is positive when the ball is moving up, zero at the top, and negative when the ball is moving down. D. It is always negative. E. It is always positive.

D. It is always negative.

Part A: The study of such concepts as motion, force, energy, matter, heat, sound, light, and the components of atoms is: A. Biology B. Chemistry C. Astronomy D. Physics E. Earth science

D. Physics

What is the source of energy that powers a hydroelectric power plant? A. The kinetic energy of wind that carried evaporated water, which fell as rain and filled reservoirs. B. The energy of the chemical bonds of water molecules. C. The thermal energy of the water behind dams. D. The sunlight that evaporated water that eventually falls as rain and fills the reservoir.

D. The sunlight that evaporated water that eventually falls as rain and fills the reservoir.

If you push on a heavy crate to the right and it slides, what is the direction of friction on the crate? A. Upward B. Downward C. To the right D. To the left

D. To the left

Why do we say that velocity is a vector and speed is not a vector? A. Velocity involves only magnitude. Speed involves only direction. B. Velocity involves only magnitude. Speed involves both magnitude and direction. C. Velocity involves only direction. Speed involves only magnitude. D. Velocity involves both magnitude and direction. Speed involves only magnitude.

D. Velocity involves both magnitude and direction. Speed involves only magnitude.

A crate is pushed with a 45-N force and a 20-N force. Part B: Find the strength of the net force on the crate when the two forces act in opposite directions.

F = 25 N

A crate is pushed with a 45-N force and a 20-N force. Part A: Find the strength of the net force on the crate when both forces act in the same direction.

F = 65 N

Lucy Lightfoot stands with one foot on one bathroom scale and her other foot on a second bathroom scale. Each scale reads 330 N. What is Lucy's weight? Express your answer with the appropriate units.

F = 660 N

Part C: Rank PEs from greatest to least at each point. Rank from greatest to least. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them. A. High B. Middle C. Low D. Middle

Greatest A. High B. Middle D. Middle C. Low Least

Different materials, A, B, C, and D, rest on a table. Part B: From greatest to least, rank them by the support (normal) force the table exerts on them. Rank from greatest to least. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them. A. 12 kg sand B. 15 kg iron C. 10 kg water D. 2 kg pillow

Greatest B. 15 kg iron A. 12 kg sand C. 10 kg water D. 2 kg pillow Least

Chapter 5 Part 1: Part A: A ball is thrown upward at the velocities and angles shown in A to D. Rank the balls from greatest to least by their vertical components of velocity. Rank from greatest to least. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them. A. 10 m/s, 37° B. 20 m/s, 53° C. 10 m/s, 45° D. 10 m/s, 30°

Greatest B. 20 m/s, 53° C. 10 m/s, 45° A. 10 m/s, 37° D. 10 m/s, 30° Least

A ball is released from rest at the left of the metal track shown. Assume it has only enough friction to roll, but not to lessen its speed. (Figure 1). Part A: Rank momenta (magnitudes) from greatest to least at each point. Rank from greatest to least. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them. A. High B. Middle C. Low D. Middle

Greatest C. Low B. Middle D. Middle A. High Least

Part B: Rank KEs from greatest to least at each point. Rank from greatest to least. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them. A. High B. Middle C. Low D. Middle

Greatest C. Low B. Middle D. Middle A. High Least

Impulse = Ft Calculate the impulse that occurs when the 17-N force acts on a cart for 18 s. Express your answer to three significant figures and include the appropriate units.

Impulse = 306 N*s

When a car travels at 60 km/h, it has kinetic energy KE^0. How much more kinetic energy KE^1 does it have at 120 km/h?

KE^1/KE^0 = 4.0

Part A: What is the magic number in (Figure 1)?

Magic Number= 60

Momentum = mv Calculate the momentum of a 10-kg bowling ball rolling at 3.0 m/s. Express your answer with the appropriate units.

Momentum = 30 kg*m/s

Different materials, A, B, C, and D, rest on a table. Part A: From greatest to least, rank them by how much they resist being set in motion. Rank from greatest to least. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them. A. 12 kg sand B. 15 kg iron C. 10 kg water D. 2 kg pillow

Most B. 15 kg iron A. 12 kg sand C. 10 kg water D. 2 kg pillow Least

Power = work done//time interval P = W/t Calculate the watts of power expended when a force of 8 N moves a book 2 m in a time interval of 2 s. Express your answer to three significant figures and include the appropriate units.

P = 8.00 W

Part A: Gravitational Potential Energy = weight × height PE = mgh How many joules of potential energy does a 1.3-kg book gain when it is elevated 2 m? (Let g = 10 N/kg.) Express your answer to three significant figures and include the appropriate units.

PE = 26.0 J

Part B: Gravitational Potential Energy = weight × height PE = mgh When it is elevated 4 m? (Let g = 10 N/kg). Express your answer to three significant figures and include the appropriate units.

PE = 52.0 J

A car is lifted a certain distance in a service station and therefore has potential energy PE^0 with respect to the floor. If the car were lifted twice as high, how much potential energy PE^1 would it have? Express your answer using two significant figures.

PE^1/PE^0 = 2.0

How much tension is there in a rope that holds a 14 N bag of apples at rest? Express your answer to three significant figures and include the appropriate units.

T = 14.0 N

How much rope tension holds a 28-N bag of apples at rest?

T = 28 N

Work W = Fd (where F and d are in same direction) Calculate the work done when a 13-N force pushes a cart 8.0 m. Express your answer with the appropriate units.

W = 100 J

End Chapter 4 Part 1: The brakes do a certain amount of work W^0 to stop a car that is moving at a particular speed. How much work W^1 must the brakes do to stop a car that is moving 7 times as fast?

W^1/W^0 = 49

Chapter 2 Part 1: Acceleration=Change of velocity/Time interval=ΔvΔt. Find the acceleration of a car that can go from rest to 60 km/h in 15 s. Express your answer in meters per second squared.

a = 1.1 m/s^2

Acceleration=change of velocity/time interval=ΔvΔt. Find the acceleration of a hamster when it increases its velocity from rest to 7.0 m/s in 1.2 s. Express your answer with the appropriate units.

a = 5.8 m/s^2

Part I: Find speed of fall at t = 10 s. Express your answer with the appropriate units.

d^10 = 100 m/s

Part J: Find distance of fall at t = 10 s. Express your answer with the appropriate units.

d^10 = 500 m

Part B: Find distance of fall at t = 6 s. Express your answer with the appropriate units.

d^6 = 180 m

Part D: Find distance of fall at t = 7 s. Express your answer with the appropriate units.

d^7 = 245 m

Part F: Find distance of fall at t = 8 s. Express your answer with the appropriate units.

d^8 = 320 m

Part H: Find distance of fall at t = 9 s. Express your answer with the appropriate units.

d^9 = 405 m

End of Chapter 2 Part 2: What is the acceleration of an object in free fall at Earth's surface? Express your answer to two significant figures and include the appropriate units.

g = 10 m/s^2

A ball is thrown straight up with an initial speed of 44 m/s. Part B: Find the ball's maximum height, neglecting air resistance. Express your answer with the appropriate units.

h = 97 m

A ball is thrown straight up with an initial speed of 44 m/s. Part A: Find its time in the air. Express your answer with the appropriate units.

t = 8.8 s

Part A: Find speed of fall at t = 6 s. Express your answer with the appropriate units.

v^6 = 60 m/s

Part C: Find speed of fall at t = 7 s. Express your answer with the appropriate units.

v^7 = 70 m/s

Part E: Find speed of fall at t = 8 s. Express your answer with the appropriate units.

v^8 = 80 m/s

Part G: Find speed of fall at t = 9 s. Express your answer with the appropriate units.

v^9 = 90 m/s

Railroad car A rolls at a certain speed and collides inelastically with car B of the same mass. After the collision the cars stick together. How does their speed after the collision v^AB compare with the initial speed of car A v^A0? Express your answer using two significant figures.

v^AB/v^A0 = 0.50

End of Chapter 2 Part 1: Average speed=total distance covered/travel time. Find the average speed of a rabbit that runs a distance of 26 m in a time of 1.8 s. Express your answer to two significant figures and include the appropriate units.

v^avg = 14 m/s

Average speed=total distance covered/travel time. Calculate your average walking speed when you step 1.1 m in 0.52 s. Express your answer to two significant figures and include the appropriate units.

v^avg = 2.1 m/s

Work-Energy Theorem: Work = ΔKE Fd = Δ1/2mv2 A model airplane on takeoff is moved a distance of 2.0 m by a sustained net force of 18 N. Find change in kinetic energy. Express your answer with the appropriate units.

ΔKE = 36 J