Study Guide chapters 14 & 15
Approximately how many migrants from large and small Caribbean islands entered the U.S. between 1899 and 1937, a flow that peaked in 1924?
140,000
When did the NAACP take its first step toward securing passage of a federal antilynching law?
1919
By 1930, what percentage of the black population of Harlem was of Caribbean origin?
25
At least 38 black Americans were lynched in 1917. How many met the same fate in 1918?
58
What black leader criticized the NAACP as elitist and moderate, supported the International Workers of the World, criticized Du Bois for being an "Old-Style Negro" in 1919, and became head of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and Maids?
A. Philip Randolph
What Afro-Caribbean immigrant from Puerto Rico spoke multiple languages, worked on Wall Street for more than two decades, and amassed one of the largest collection of books, documents, and artifacts related to people of African descent?
Arthur Alfonso Schomburg
What film, that glorified the Ku Klux Klan and told a completely distorted story of Reconstruction, did President Wilson (who was a historian) admire so much he referred to it as "history writ in lightning"?
Birth of a Nation
What role did African Americans play in the federal Office of Food Administration?
Black directors were appointed in eighteen states.
Where was the most serious racial outbreak in the Red Summer of 1919?
Chicago, Illinois
What city saw white mob violence in 1925 that practically destroyed the family of black physician Ossian H. Sweet and caused irreparable harm to race relations there?
Detroit
In 1910, W. E. B. Du Bois was the only black officer in the NAACP. How many black officers were there in 1916?
Du Bois remained the only black officer until James Weldon Johnson joined the official leadership in 1917.
What predominantly black Florida town was basically wiped off the map by a white mob in 1923 to such a degree that no black survivor even spoke of it until the early 1980s?
Elaine
What was the location of the 1919 race riot that resulted in the case of Moore v. Dempsey, which came before the U.S. Supreme Court in 1923 because the NAACP argued that blacks sentenced to death for their actions had not received a fair trial?
Elaine, Arkansas
What African nation became a powerful symbol of contemporary black resistance because it was the only African nation to thwart European advances by defeating the Italian army in 1896?
Ethiopia
Who was the only black member of America's World War I military forces to be recommended for the Congressional Medal of Honor, only to have his recommendation "lost" and his honor not awarded until 1991?
Freddie Stowers
Who was the first head of the Urban League as well as the first black Ph.D. from Columbia University?
George Edmund Haynes
What event prompted President Wilson to finally ask for a declaration of war on April 2, 1917?
Germany's return to using submarines to sink American ships in the Atlantic
What Supreme Court decision declared, in 1915, that the grandfather clauses in the Maryland and Oklahoma constitutions were in violation of the Fifteenth Amendment?
Guinn v. United States
What woman was enlisted by the Republican National Committee in 1924 to lead a voter drive among black women?
Hallie Q. Brown
How did Marcus Garvey view the role of women, in the UNIA and in life generally?
He spoke nostalgically of a time when women were in their traditional roles, being protected by black men, and expected them to play a similar role in the UNIA.
In August 1917, a riot that resulted in the deaths of 17 whites, the hanging of 13 black soldiers for murder and mutiny, and the imprisonment of 41 black soldiers for life erupted in what city?
Houston, Texas
What black woman mobilized black women voters in Chicago soon after the state of Illinois granted women the right to vote in 1913?
Ida B. Wells
How did the Department of Labor adjust to the racial changes in the American workforce?
It created a Division of Negro Economics devoted to improving black workers' conditions and securing white employers' full cooperation in achieving maximum production.
Which of the following best describes the news coverage of black draftees?
It differed from place to place.
Which of the following BEST describes the U.S. military at the beginning of 1917?
It was relatively small, and black soldiers made up a small proportion.
What black soldier was an officer in the Harlem Hellfighters as well as regimental bandmaster and is credited with being primarily responsible for bringing jazz to France?
James Reese Europe
From what branch of the service were blacks barred during World War I?
Marines
Ida B. Wells-Barnett, Mary Church Terrell, Mary B. Talber, and Maria Baldwin were all
New Negro leaders and among the "Founding Forty" members of the NAACP.
How did black soldiers of the Ninety-Second Division, who served on the front lines, react to German propaganda that promised, if they surrendered to Germans, better treatment than they could ever expect to receive in the U.S.?
None deserted.
Which of the following best describes black women's fight for women's suffrage and African American rights?
The National American Woman Suffrage Association requested that two respected black suffragists suspend their membership applications until after the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment, which was indicative of white women's suffrage organizations' capitulation to racism.
What restriction did the War Department place on all-black military units?
Their members were not allowed to train together in a single location.
What, initially, did many black leaders think of Woodrow Wilson when he was running for president?
They hoped he would bring change and they supported him.
In general, how did most established labor unions react to the black workers who entered the non-agricultural workforce during World War I?
They opposed black membership.
Southern blacks protested their situation in America in the early twentieth century in many ways. What does the text identify as the most "consequential and long-lasting"?
They simply left the South.
Which of the following best describes the Ku Klux Klan by the 1920s?
Though it limited its membership to "white, Anglo-Saxon Protestants," it focused its terrorist efforts exclusively on African Americans.
What NAACP member took advantage of his light skin to "pass" for white in order to investigate lynching, reporting his findings in The Crisis and his book, Rope and F@ggot, A Biography of Judge Lynch (1929)?
Walter White
What does Colonel Charles Young's story illustrate about the U.S. military's racial policy during World War I?
White soldiers and members of Congress firmly rejected the idea of having black officers, since there was the possibility they would outrank white soldiers.
What reaction did minister and civil rights leader John Milton Waldon receive when he wrote to President Wilson seeking the president's commitment to a non-discriminatory military policy?
Wilson questioned not only Waldon's patriotism but the patriotism of black Americans in general.
Approximately how many African Americans participated in the Great Migration during the war years?
about 500,000
What role did Emmett J. Scott serve during World War I?
as special assistant for African American affairs to the secretary of war
What best describes the southern Progressive movement?
avowedly racist
Why was the summer of 1919 termed the "Red Summer" by James Weldon Johnson?
because of the bloodshed in the streets resulting from rioting
Which group of African Americans was the special target of the Ku Klux Klan in the years immediately following the war?
black soldiers
An American war correspondent in France noted "with what rapidity and cheerfulness they work and what a very important cog they are in the war machinery." What group was the correspondent describing?
black soldiers who were working as stevedores
What finally brought about Marcus Garvey's demise as a black leader?
his conviction in relation to a shipping line, which resulted in his imprisonment and eventual deportation
In general, what kind of first reception did black soldiers returning from World War I receive in the U.S.?
joyous welcome
By 1921, how many branches did the NAACP have?
more than 400
The Selective Service Act was passed in May 1917 with no racial restrictions. How many black men signed up on the first day of registration?
more than 700,000
In 1919, in the first summer after the war's end, how many cities experienced racial violence?
more than fifty
What does the text identify as the fundamental cause of the wartime exodus of hundreds of thousands of African Americans from the South into northern cities?
racism
As president, Woodrow Wilson used an executive order to
segregate eating and restroom facilities for black federal employees.
What charge was leveled against African American troops in France in the American-produced document "Secret Information Concerning Black Troops"?
that segregation of blacks and whites was necessary to keep black men from assaulting and raping white women
What was the first and longest serving of all American regiments assigned to support a foreign army, serving a total of 191 days in the trenches and earning the nickname the "Harlem Hellfighters"?
the 369th
What was the first contingent of African American combat troops to reach the Western Front (after they had been convinced not to seek vengeance against whites in South Carolina for an attack on one of their members)?
the 369th Infantry
Which of the following was NOT one of the organizations that merged to form the National League on Urban Conditions among Negroes, soon called simply the National Urban League?
the Commission for Interracial Cooperation
What was the name of Marcus Garvey's widely popular organization that exalted everything black and appealed more to working-class blacks than the NAACP had done?
the Universal Negro Improvement Association
Which of the following was NOT among the suspected causes of "outside agitation" that many white Americans believed had influenced black Americans who fought against the racism of the era?
the attempted unionization of black workers
What was Joel Spingarn's NAACP committee's goal?
the creation of a black officer training camp
What post-war decision made African American leaders skeptical of Wilson's commitment to an "absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims," something the president had openly called for?
the fact that no African colony received independence after the war
Which of the following was NOT among the goals established at the Amenia Conference, called by Joel Spingarn in 1916?
to work for women's rights