Study Guide E1, Week 5 part 2, Lecture 5- Enlightenment, Cultural Studies Quiz 1, Week 4 Cultural, Week 3 Hispanics in North America, Cultural week 1B:, Cultural Studies (Week 1):
Physical anthropology, several areas of specialization:
-bioarchaeology -forensic -biocultural
In physical anthropology, skeletal remains give insight into:
-demography -causes of death -dietary stresses -mortality rates -life expectancy
· Emic
-insiders perceptions of categories and their explanations for why they do what they do -the participants perspectives
Anthropology is Adaptive
. Ever-changing, but traditions stay if they still serve a function in the present. Traditions may wax and wane based on what is happening in (for example) the popular or economic, religions culture.
1. From the colonizer's perspective, the Spanish conquest of the indigenous people was justified by the goals of which institution. ____ _________(hint they wanted to change their belief system) 2. One goal of the Spanish conquest of the Americas was to convert the indigenous people to Catholicism (the result was the combination of the two religious iconographies creating_________________________
______Catholic church__________
Dr. Gordon's research on the drinking experiences among new Hispanic immigrants in the U.S. helps us understand the ways in which social and economic conditions affect drinking habits--both negatively and positively. What are 3 social/economic conditions experienced by the Puerto Ricans that lead to excessive drug and alcohol abuse?
1) Economic opportunity (differences in economic opportunity was a cause of economic conditions affecting drinking habits) 2) Social club (the social pressures) 3) New spirit (economically better for men to not live in households)
What are the four traditional disciplines in the field of classical studies?
a. Archaeology b. Philology c. History d. Reception studies
Enlightenment
A stance in European philosophy valuing the power of reason-especially science- to demystify the world over and against superstition, myth and religion. Human creativity, rationality and scientific exploration mark the break with tradition and herald the coming of modernity. Philosophers of the enlightenment sought after "truths" that could lead toward progress and the improvement of the human condition.
Enlightenment:
A stance in European philosophy valuing the power of reason-especially science- to demystify the world over and against superstition, myth and religion. Human creativity, rationality and scientific exploration mark the break with tradition and herald the coming of modernity. Philosophers of the enlightenment sought after "truths" that could lead toward progress and the improvement of the human condition.
What are the philosophies of Bauhaus?
Absence of ornamentation, harmony of function and form, harmony of craftsmanship and mass production, minimal isn't an "aesthetic" it's the whole point.
Which discipline is used to investigate material culture in order to piece together history and what life was in the past?
Archaeology
Anthropology is Holistic-
Bringing together every facet of human life social, religious, economic, political, linguistic in order to describe a nuanced context for understanding why they do what they do)
The Spanish conquest of the indigenous people in the "New World" was justified by the goals of which institution?
Catholic institution- the goal of conversion.
The Middle Age is often referred to as the
Dark Ages-t being the deterioration of civilization after the fall of the Roman Empire.
Enlightenment began in
Europe and migrated into colonial America, promoting the concepts of "rational thought" and intellectual exchange.
Who wrote, "For this enlightenment...nothing is required but freedom?"
Immanuel Kant
Freedom, equality and human rights were themes during the period of Enlightenment, why do you think this did not apply to all groups of people?
It did not agree with what governments believed at that time
2. One goal of the Spanish conquest of the Americas was to convert the indigenous people to Catholicism (the result was the combination of the two religious iconographies creating_________________________
Latin American Baroque )
Which discipline is considered the "archeology of text?"
Philology
Bauhaus is credited for creating modern day:
"design" (functionality and form...design is function in harmony with aesthetics).
Discourse in the broadest, least technical sense means
"talk" or "conversation". Discourse implies thoughtful consideration, awareness, examination and discussion—written or vocalized within the parameters of a particular topic.
According to the idealism philosophy, coined by Plato
, reality is nothing but what our mind tells us it is. In order to understand the society or the world around us, our consciousness or the spiritual forces are the most essential factors. Whatever we think is the reality, is actually what our mind has made us believe it is.
Beaux Art:
Preceded Bauhaus, sculpted décor, French and Italian baroque, Rococo, Greek and Roman influenced architecture found in the U.S., very ornate, gargoyles, etc
Which discipline applies a critical perspective when studying the modern relationship with the Greek world of antiquity?
Reception studies
Why did people in roman cities fair a little better than people in other preindustrial cities?
Rome had ways of bringing in water to their cities, roman aqueducts... Roman bath... Roman literean...
Vernacular Style
Simple, made from local materials, unpretentious, distinct to the location—initially considered anthropologically situated when discussing buildings of small scale cultures. We now recognize that large scale cultures follow the same principles of building from materials accessible. (Example, in some regions of Great Britain there is not as much lumbar as we have in the U.S. they build many more homes out of stone than we do). Buildings are designed to accommodate the weather or the particular environmental, especially older homes.
Emic
The insiders' perceptions and categories, and their explanation for why they do what they do. Example: (The other side of the previous example) If the anthropologist asked the group she observed why they do that behavior or what is its significance, the answer they give her is the emic perspective.
Colonization:
The movement of a group of people to another location with the intent of long term if not permanent settlement. In this course will most frequently discuss colonization in the context of colonialism (see below)
When we use scientific measurements, what approach is being done?
The positivistic approach
Cultural Adaptation:
The process by which shared thoughts and behavior are mechanisms by which people will collectively cope with changes in their natural and social environment. As a result the shared culture will be modified. may occur among a number of aspects of human culture including, but not limited to, strategic responses that will alter strategies of food acquisition (ex: only buying local, seasonal, organic food); will alter your social interactions (ex: perhaps something has changed and when your date says "no" you take it seriously instead of assuming they are playing "hard to get"); will alter the way you view the world (ex: maybe you began recycling or buying cruelty free products). Or will modify your pre-existing ideals (ex: losing some of your religious belief after witnessing so much tragedy) or (ex: beginning to believe that there is good in most people after you see people help out others in tough times-expecting nothing in returning). The examples I have given are significant social changes that have occurred especially over the last 20 years. The style of drinking witnessed in Dr. Gordon's research differed depending on the group. Each group's shared experiences effected how they socially drank. The harder their economic, social or environmental situation was, the worse their drinking habits became.
Reception Theory:
Used primarily by cultural theorists, states that "text" (i.e., book, movie, or other creative work) is not simply passively accepted by an audience, but that the reader/viewer interprets the meanings of the text based on their individual cultural background and life experiences. The meaning of text is not inherent within the text itself, but is created within the relationship between the text and reader.
Transculturation:
When two or more cultures come in contact, each culture adopts aspects and forms of the other(s) significantly changing each culture in complex and enduring ways. Transculturation has historically occurred through mixing cultures during colonization and imperialism. Introducing corn into the Spaniards diet is transculturation
Bauhaus principle include:
absence of ornamentation, harmony through the use of color and shapes, clean lines and angles, smooth curves and geometric forms.
Bauhaus is:
accessible to everyone.
Etic
an analytic framework used by outside observers in studying a culture. Example: an anthropologist is studying a group of people. She observes a behavior and then using an anthropological framework (not just what she thinks but based also on established research) speculates what the meaning behind that behavior is.
· Etic-
an analytical framework used by outside analysts in studying a culture. (the observer's perspective) the anthropologist relying completing on the etic perspective risk overgeneralizations and applying ethnocentrism masked as science
Metanarrative:
an overarching account or interpretation of events and circumstances that provides a pattern or structure for people's beliefs and gives meaning to their experiences.
People who are marginalized by others may begin to feel like they
are less than. They may even start to treat members of their own culture poorly. Ex: "I am continually treated this way... something about me is less than, so I must be less than" or "My sister's skin is a lighter color than mine (she looks more like "them") so she is better than me". This is an over simplified way of talking about it but I want you to get the picture.
Music is a means of transmitting a culture's:
attitudes, values, & ideals
· What is ethnocentrism:
basically a bias
Subalterns
may be defined as a group of people who are dominated, exploited, or considered secondary within a society where they are minorities. Used primarily when discussing postcolonial power and social order. Subalterns and minorities are not quite interchangeable terms. Latinos in the U.S. can be considered (for now) minorities. Subaltern would be more like exploited young Chinese women working in a factory far from their villages. Instead they have to live in a room with 3 other workers, paying the factory rent, buying food from the factory's store, and cannot save up enough to get away. Or young girls in Singapore sold to brothels by their parents. They have to pay for their freedom but the madam charges them for room and board and they can't get out of the situation.
in physical anthropology we rely more on scientific:
measurements, size, distance, weight, and more.
The Internationalist movement was the term used to discuss the:
modern style of architecture that spread across the world after the school was closed and the students and professors part around the globe
Narcorridos
music. glorifying smuggling drugs lyrics have guns, violence, money, "narcos"... similar to modern day rap.
Physical anthropology focuses on the study of humans and:
non-human primates in their biological, evolutionary, and demographic dimensions. It examines the interaction biological and cultural factors that have affected the evolution, adaptation, demography of humans and other primates.
· Early actors within the Bauhaus movement held a social philosophy including:
o 1) eliminating the boundaries between countries and classes within society o 2) removing the hierarchy between the artist and the craftsman o 3) Preparing a habitat for all mankind.
Beer:
one of the earliest developed beverages
Human geographical and group variation in health and disease are real and require to
partition, as much as possible, environmental and genetic variance.
Bioarchaeology studies involve the
past
When we ask the people questions ans listen to what they say, that is the:
phenomenological approach (in contrast to the positivistic approach)
physical anthropologists learn about culture through
physical remains.
physical anthropology and archaeology rely on a __________ approach.
positivistic. Meaning that its descriptions are based on universal measures, as opposed to inherent meaning from people being studies (aka the phenomenological approach).
Forensic anthropology studies
present- day humans
The abscence of 'races' does not mean the abscence of
racism
Enlightenment is man's:
release from his self- incurred tutelage. The motto of enlightenment: have courage to use your own reason.
Garbology:
researching culture by examining what is left behind or thrown away. Looks at waste, refuse, trash...
when studying the body you use _____________ different than you use in cultural anthropology.
scientific methods
Attitudes toward alcohol & drinking are culturally
specific & malleable
Modern human biological variation is not
structured into phylogenetic subspecies ('races'), nor are the taxa of the standard anthropological 'racial' classifications breeding populations. The 'racial taxa' do not meet the phylogenetic criteria.
forensic:
study of present day remains
Physical anthropology:
the branch of anthropology concerned with the study of human biological and physiological characteristics and their development. The field covers a range of topics from primates, prehistoric humans, to genetics and forensics.
material culture:
the physical objects, resources, and spaces that people use to define their culture. The study of material culture centers upon objects, their properties, and the materials they are made of, and the ways in which these material facets are central to an understanding of culture and social relations. (it basically means "stuff" it could be a work of art or it could be a plastic fork, it could be a house, it could be rock shaped to smash things...)
biocultural:
the relationship between cultural environment and human biology.
Bioarchaeology:
the scientific study of human biological remains (such as bones) from archaeological sites. Extrapolating from hard evidence drawn from human remains to conclusions about how people lived is at the heart of this study.
Archaeology:
the study of human activity and culture, primarily through the recovery and analysis of the material culture and environmental data.
bioarchaeology:
the study of human remains within an archaeological site.
Many terms requiring definition for use describe demographic population groups better than
the term 'race' because they invite examination of the criteria for classification
The term Mayan is frequently misused. Maya is a noun AND an adjective:
used to name things that belong to the Maya culture (Ex: Maya heritage, Maya architecture).
According to the materialism philosophy, the reality is
what we see or observe in the material things around us. In order to understand the world around us, materialism philosophy propounds that we need to study and look at the environmental, physical, economical and historical factors. According to materialists, human consciousness does not exist. Our brain is just flesh in which lots of electrical activity takes place and it is due to these electrical impulses that we are able to understand ourselves and everything else.
The Classical period is a broad term for a long period of cultural history beginning roughly
with the earliest-recorded Greek poetry of Homer (eighth-seventh century B.C.E.), and continues through the rise of Christianity and the fall of the Western Roman Empire (fifth century C.E.), ending in the dissolution of classical culture with the opening of the Early Middle Ages (500-1100 C.E.).
· Four fields of anthropology
· Cultural, linguistics, physical and archaeology
"Mayan" is generally used in reference to
language
What does Bauhaus translate to? What are the two schools Bauhaus was meant to combine?
"building school", 2 schools are meant to combine fine arts and crafts.
· Consider the way world events (ex: WWI and WWII) influenced the creation of an artistic philosophy:
1919 War over, left Germany and all of Europe in physical and financial ruin this did allow for a growing art scene.
Anthropology has how many field disciplines?
4.
Hybridity
: The expression of transculturation, hybridity. It is a merging of two or more cultures; with the aspects or forms result in a whole NEW expression it's a different thing than before. Like Latin Baroque that was a new architecture never seen before.
The conquered indigenous peoples built churches for the colonizers' institution. The combination of the Spanish's style along with the indigenous' styles of art, created a new hybrid form of architecture. According to Dr. Zamora, that new architectural expression is called ______________.
The Latin American Baroque
Houston architecture has an array of artistic styles. It is especially known for the International Style. Modernism and the International style of art and architecture can be found in many locations. You may see the on a daily basis.:
The Menil Museum, The Houston Museum of Fine Arts, St. Thomas University, The Bank of America center (Downtown), The William's Tower (Uptown) formally called the Transco Tower
Prior to the enlightenment what institution exercised tremendous disapproval of science?
The Roman Catholic Church
According to Dr. Storey, what can skeletal remains tell us about the social status, health and class of past people?
The height of an individuals tells us whether they were in a higher social class because if they were tall, Dr. Storey mentions how that must have meant the individual would have had better nutrition and allows us to assume that they were treated better/of a higher social status. Health, social status and class can be Shown by the looking at teeth, tooth enamel, and amount and type of bone decay that occured.
Classicism:
The imitation or use primarily of the philosophy, style, and aesthetic principles of ancient Greek and Roman classical art and literature. Was the prevailing movement in Western thought and creative art in Europe during the late 17th to 19th centuries. Western thought often heralds the Greeks to be the first Western culture that believed in finding rational answers to the great questions of earthly life. Ancient Greece and Rome has often been romanticized in Western thought— considered to be a more natural state of mankind and viewed as a time of appreciation of pleasure, nature, competition and aesthetic appeal.
Emic/Etic :
These are two ways of understanding culture
What is design?
Things like architecture, interior design, and typography. Art isn't valued just on aesthetics.
physical anthropology/archaeology (two sub- disciplines of anthropological research) often the 2 are:
combined in order to build the full picture of human history.
The ancient maya occupied:
eastern Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, and western portions of Honduras and El salvador
Bauhaus:
emerged from post WWI Germany, seen as a counter-movement to the ornate styles that defined and separated nations, functional, simple lines and patterns
Race denotes socially constructed units as a
function of the incorrect usage of the term.
The 5 elements of Bauhaus are:
function, light, simplicity, craftsmanship, and form.
What can skeletal remains tell us about class, wealth, or status?
height
Anthropology assumes that culture is changing all the time because it is
holistic, meaning everything effects everything else. There are no changes from past to present without shifts occurring either all or some of the following issues—economics, social life, religion, politics, work and other cultural contexts.
Physical anthropology has a focus on the
human body
The merging of two or more cultures, with the aspects or forms resulting in a TOTALLY NEW EXPRESSION, is called:
hybridity
Discourse
in the broadest, least technical sense means simply "talk" or "conversation". Discourse implies thoughtful consideration, awareness, examination and discussion—written or vocalized within the parameters of a particular topic.
Group studies should obtain the specific ancestral histories of
individuals
Physical anthropologists and archaeologists rely heavily on ethnographic analogy allowing for:
insights into past cultures by examining what cultural anthropologists have discovered like modes of food production, living conditions, aesthetics and class in the form of body modification, the forms of adaptation and the processes of evolution.
enlightenment as a philosophical movement encouraging
intellectual freedom without direction from another (in part a response to religious dogma). The
ethnographic analogy:
involves interpreting their findings by comparing it to societies that currently exist.
Colonialism
is a practice of domination, which involves the subjugation of one people to another. This occurs frequently after colonization or in the process of colonization.
