Study Guide History Exam 2

Hoovervilles

"Hoovervilles" were the ramshackle communities built of paper boxes, rusty sheet metal, and other refuse by people who were left homeless in the depression. These people tended to blame President Hoover for the depression and honored him in this way. Hoovervilles cropped up in many cities in 1930 and 1931.

secret ballot

...

referendum

A referendum is the submission of a law, proposed or already in effect, to a direct popular vote for approval or rejection.The most democratic form of voting. Voters may accept or reject legislative matters directly.

Panic of 1873

Begins with economic slow down in Europe and crash in the silver market. In USA railroad stocks are oversold and crash. This results in lost investments, unemployment, strikes and riots. The American people blame the incumbent Republicans for the situation and return Democrats to Congress in 1874. These Democrats work against reconstruction

Wade-Davis Bill

Congress passed the Wade-Davis bill in 1864 as a substitute for Lincoln's ten percent plan. It required a majority of voters (50 % pre-war voters) in a southern state to take a loyalty oath in order to begin the process of Reconstruction and guarantee black equality. It also required the repudiation of the Confederate debt. The president exercised a pocket veto, and it never became law.

Sand Creek Massacre (1864)

Gold found in Sand Creek, Colorado. Whites gave Indian a little portion of land and put them on reservation in Sand Creek. Then, they got greedy and wanted the Indians all the way off the land. Under a methodist's ministers' orders (John Convington), militia shot and sliced up all the Indians on the reservation.

Battle of Little Big Horn (1876)

In this 1876 battle, Colonel George A. Custer and the Seventh Cavalry were defeated by the Sioux and Cheyennes under Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse.

Wounded Knee Massacre (1890)

Last Indian Fight (1890); Battle or Massacre? To suppress the Ghost Dance Religion, army soldiers killed over 200 Sioux men, women, and children at the Wounded Knee, SD. People wanted Indians to turn from paganism to Christianity.

Selective service

This federal agency coordinated military conscription before and during the Vietnam War

Robber barons

...

Swing Around the Circle

...

Transcontinental railroad

...

flappers

...

organized crime

...

spheres of influence

...A sphere of influence is usually taken to be a geographical area over which a nation exercises control, particularly economic control. Around 1900, Japan and various European nations were carving China into spheres of influence. The United States, through the Open Door notes, called for free trade and recognition of the territorial integrity of China.

USA reasons for entering the WAR (WWI)

...At first, the USA was neutral (NOO trul). But the Germans were sinking ships in an area around Britain (to prevent food and supplies from reaching Britain). The Germans sank a passenger ship named the Lusitania without warning, killing many people onboard, including 128 Americans. Later they sank a French ship, also killing some Americans. The Germans promised to stop sinking ships without warnings and trying to save lives. They kept their promise until January 1917. In April, President Wilson asked Congress to declare war.

Weapons of the war

...War in trenches is horrendous re industrialization of war (machine guns, barbed wire, land mines, artillery, poison gas etc

Industries that transformed the west

1. Mining Industry; Gold strikes starting in 1848, and continuing up to 1875 Other precious metals like Silver 1859 (Virginia City) and copper created mining towns Overwhelmingly MALE society lack of laws lots of violence Women eventually show up and pushed temperance and prohibition. 2. Range-Cattle Industry;Eastern cities wanted meat Grazing lands were available Trails (Chisolm Trail) were created from Texas to RR junctions and Cow towns created 3. Agricultural growth (Farmland)Farmland was available and cheap for families to start but life was harsh Many immigrants from Europe went west as well as Americans and blacks from the South. Land along the RR

Bolshevik revolution

A Bolshevik was a member of the Communist movement in Russia that established the Soviet government after the 1917 Russian Revolution; more generally, a Bolshevik is any radical or disruptive person or movement seeking to transform economic and political relationships.Russian Revolution takes Russia out of the war and makes the Allies ALL democratic. (Bolsheviks come to power in 1918)

Chain migration

A chain migration is a process common to many immigrant groups, whereby one family member brings over other family members, who in turn bring other relatives and friends and occasionally entire villages.Immigrants tended to stay together in their own neighborhoods (chain migration) This helped to breed separatism resulted in Growth of cities and changes in culture

Ghettos

A ghetto is a neighborhood or district in which members of a particular ethnic or racial group are forced to live by law or as a result of economics or social discrimination.

Phillipine or Filipino insurrection

A. Following the Spanish-American War, the U.S. did not want to return the Philippines to Spanish rule, have complete U.S. colonial rule, or let the Filipinos govern themselves B. Treaty of Paris provided that the U.S. pay $20 million for the Philippines, though anti-imperialists argued that the U.S. should not conquer and subjugate alien peoples C. A war between U.S. soldiers and Filipino insurgents broke out (1899-1902), leading to the U.S. using concentration camps to control rebels

Reconstruction 3 phases

A. State could rejoin Union when 10% of its voters (1860) took an oath of allegiance 1. Pledge support to Constitution and Union 2. Swear support for laws and proclamations concerning emancipation 3. Military and political leaders of the Confederacy were barred from participating Abraham Lincoln's plan opposed by Radical Republicans in Congress who see it as too lenient. Congressional Republicans propose the Wade-Davis Bill (1864) . Lincoln pocket vetoes the Wade-Davis Bill 2. Andrew Johnson's Plan; Appointed a Unionist as provisional governor of each southern state. Conventions set to: 1. Invalidate all secession laws 2. Recognize all laws passed by the Congress of the United States since 1860 3. Recognize the 13th Amendment 4. Repudiate all wartime debts 5. Constitutions must be approved by Congress. Johnson is the only U.S. president to have been impeached. 3. Congressional Reconstruction (Reconstruction Act of 1867)A. Restructure South, making it so that the planters no longer had political and economic control B. Ex-Confederate states were divided into 5 military districts C. Martial law imposed D. Military Governors are to call Constitutional Conventions for the formation of new Constitutions. E. All adult males, regardless of color, were to vote for members to Conventions, if they had not supported the Confederacy. F. The new state Constitutions had to accept the 13th and 14th Amendments. G. Congress passes (March 1867) H. Johnson vetoed, yet overridden

Compromise of 1877

Allegedly, a deal was struck in 1877 to settle the disputed outcome of the 1876 presidential election. In this Compromise of 1877, Democrats accepted the election of the Republican, Rutherford Hayes. In return, Republicans agreed to withdraw federal troops from the South and end Reconstruction.

Scopes Monkey trails

Also called the "monkey trial," the 1924 Scopes trial was a contest between modern liberalism and religious fundamentalism. John T. Scopes was on trial for teaching Darwinian evolution in defiance of a Tennessee law. He was found guilty and fined $100. The Scopes "Monkey Trial" highlighted the emotional debate between evolution and the biblical story of creation.

Indian reservations

An area of public land set aside for Native Americans

open shops

An open shop is a factory or business that employs workers whether or not they are union members; in practice, such a business usually refuses to hire union members and follows antiunion policies. The Open Shop was the declaration by management that workers had a right to work and did not have to join a union.

Panama Canal

B. TR helped Panama break free from Colombia and authorized building of the canal, though Congress was split "(I took the canal zone and let Congress debate"). Canal completed in 1914

Black codes

Black Codes were special laws passed by southern state and municipal governments immediately after the Civil War. The laws denied many rights of citizenship to free blacks and were designed to control black labor, mobility, and employment, and to get around the Thirteenth Amendment that freed the slaves. The laws outraged northerners.

Corollary to Monroe Doctrine

C. Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine—unrestricted American right to determine Caribbean affairs

carpetbaggers

Carpetbaggers were northerners who went to the South after the Civil War. They were a mixed lot of idealists and self-interested seekers of political and economic opportunity, many of whom became involved in Republican politics. Carpetbaggers has become a disparaging term.

Word War I Causes

Causes of WWI 1) high population of manpower 2) industrialization 3) nationalism 4) imperialism 5) balance of power alliances 6) lack of a general war for 99 years

Congressional Reconstruction/Radical Reconstruction (p. 465)

Congressional Reconstruction is the name given to the period from 1867 to 1870 when the Republican-dominated Congress controlled Reconstruction policy. It is sometimes known as Radical Reconstruction, after the radical faction in the Republican party.

conservationism

Conservation refers to the efficient management and use of natural resources, such as forests, grasslands, and rivers, as opposed to preservation or uncontrolled exploitation. favored the efficient management and regulation of the nation's natural resources.

key state

Dems controlled the south and were strong among the immigrants (Catholics and Jews) of the northern cities. (Strange bedfellows) Party of small government. GOP strong in the north (exp. cities) and west (Wasps Germans Scandinavians) Party of Industry and corporate capitalism. Black southern Republicans were disfranchised. A key difference was the Tariff issue GOP wanted it to protect US industry Dems mostly were against it but not always (all politics are local) Key states emerged as a result (Ohio, Indiana, NJ, NY)

Dollar Diplomacy

Dollar diplomacy was a foreign policy associated with the presidency of William Taft. It reasoned that American economic penetration would bring stability and safety to underdeveloped nations (particularly in Latin America and Asia), and bring profit and power to the United States without the need to for actual U.S. control of the region.

Willia, W. E. B. Dubois

Du Bois was America's foremost black intellectual at the turn of the twentieth century, and an outspoken leader of the black cause. He disagreed with Booker T. Washington's accommodationist posture and called upon blacks to insist on equal rights. He was a founder of the NAACP and editor of its journal, "The Crisis."

sharecropping

During Reconstruction, southerners adopted the sharecropping system. In it, the landowners provided land, tools, housing, and seed to a sharecropping farmer who provided his labor. The resulting crop was divided between them (i.e., shared).

Horizontal integration

Horizontal integration refers to the merger of competitors in the same industry. A corporation buys out the competition

Impeachment

Impeachment generally means to bring charges against a public official for misbehavior in office. The House of Representatives impeached President Johnson in 1867 for violating the Tenure of Office Act, but a Senate trial failed to convict him of the impeachment charges.Impeachment of President Andrew Johnson (1868) - Political impeachment 1. Johnson unpopular with both Republicans and Democrats 2. He often vetoed Congressional bills

Imperalism causes

Imperialism is the policy and practice of exploiting nations and peoples for the benefit of an imperial power either directly through military occupation and colonial rule or indirectly through economic domination of resources and markets.

Plessy vs Ferguson

In "Plessy v. Ferguson" (1895) the Supreme Court ruled that racially segregated places of public accommodation (like schools) were constitutional if they were of equal quality. This "separate but equal" doctrine led quickly to wholesale segregation, and equal facilities were rarely provided for blacks. The doctrine was overturned in 1954.

Bonus March (Army)

In June 1932, 20,000 World War I veterans marched on Washington, D.C., to demand immediate payment of their "adjusted compensation" bonuses voted by Congress in 1924. Congress rejected their demands, and President Hoover had the army forcefully remove them from their encampment. He feared their ranks were infested with criminals and radicals. boomers

Open door policy

In a series of "Open Door" notes in 1899, Secretary of State John Hay set forth American objectives in China: free trade and recognition of the territorial integrity of China. This marked a significant departure from the United States's tradition of isolationism. A. In 1890 Secretary of State Hay sent the European powers the "Open Door" note, claiming the U.S. had the right to equal trade in China B. Boxer Rebellion—1900. The U.S. joined European powers in resisting the Chinese Boxer's attack on foreign embassies in Peking C. Pres. Taft used "dollar diplomacy" to counter Japanese power in Asia, though when the Chinese Revolution of 1911 overthrew the Manchu Dynasty, the U.S. supported the nationalists and entered a rivalry with Japan.

Indian Ring

Indians were forced on to reservations run by Federal Government officials that were often corrupt = Indian Ring.

Jim Crow Laws

Jim Crow laws were segregation laws that became widespread in the South during the 1890s; they were named for a minstrel show character portrayed satirically by white actors in blackface.

Muckraker novels

Muckrakers were progressive investigative journalists who exposed the seamy side of American life at the turn of the twentieth century. They were named by President Roosevelt who disapproved of their "raking in the muck." these were investigative journalists and authors who exposed public corruption and the abuses of "big business". Three famous novels came from this group; The Jungle by Upton Sinclair, The Octopus by Frank Norris and the Wizard of Oz by Frank Baum. These books exposed excess in the meat packing industry, the abuse of farmers by the railroad barons, and the plea for populist representative government.

Nativism

Nativists were those Americans who feared that large-scale immigration might alter the basic political and social character of the United States.

Naturalization act 1798

One of the Alien and Sedition Acts, this law passed by Congress in 1798 extended the residency requirement of alien residents for U.S. citizenship from five to fourteen years. Naturalization Act 1870 limited citizenship to whites and blacks

Patronage

Patronage is the power to appoint individuals to government positions.

redeemers

Redeemers were Southern Democrats who wrested control of govenrments in the former Confederacy, often through electoral fraud and violence, from Republicans beginning in 1870.

redeemers

Redeemers were Southern Democrats who wrested control of governments in the former Confederacy, often through electoral fraud and violence, from Republicans beginning in 1870

scalawags

Scalawags were white southern Republicans--mainly small landowning farmers and well-off merchants and planters--who cooperated with the congressionally imposed Reconstruction governments set up under the Reconstruction Acts for diverse reasons.

socialism

Socialism is a social order based on government ownership of industry and worker control over corporations as a way to prevent worker exploitation. Promotes government ownership of industry and workers control over business.

New industries

Some "new industries" grew out of the war and flourished in the 1920's. These were the aviation, chemical, automotive and cinema industries

Sick industries

Some older industries went into decline and became known as "sick industries". These were the coal, textile industries and farming.

Ku Klux Klan

Southerners who objected to congressional Reconstruction policies founded several secret terrorist societies, the Ku Klux Klan was one of these. It was organized in Tennessee in 1866 and became a vigilante group dedicated to driving blacks out of politics by using intimidation and violence.

suffrage

Suffrage is the right to vote in a political election.

Sweatshops

Sweatshops are small, poorly ventilated shops or apartments crammed with workers, often family members, who piece together garments.

Great White Fleet

The "Great White Fleet" sent around the world by President Theodore Roosevelt from 16 December 1907 to 22 February 1909 consisted of sixteen new battleships of the Atlantic Fleet. The battleships were painted white except for gilded scrollwork on their bows. The Atlantic Fleet battleships only later came to be known as the "Great White Fleet." The fourteen-month long voyage was a grand pageant of American sea power. The squadrons were manned by 14,000 sailors. They covered some 43,000 miles and made twenty port calls on six continents.

Tenure of Office Act

The 1867 Tenure of Office Act prohibited the president from removing any official who had been appointed with the consent of the Senate without obtaining Senate approval. President Johnson challenged the act in 1868 when he dismissed Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton. For this, the House of Representatives impeached Johnson.

Boxer rebellion

The 1900 Boxer Rebellion in China tested the United States's new Open Door policy, because it could have provoked European and Japanese retaliation against China that could have led to China's dismemberment (and perhaps exclusion of the United States from trade there).

Atlanta Compromise

The Atlanta Compromise derived from a speech given by black leader Booker T. Washington in 1895. He urged blacks to concentrate on learning useful skills. He viewed black self-help and self-improvement, not agitation over segregation, disfranchisement, and racial discrimination, as the surest way to social and economic advancement for blacks.

Australian Ballot

The Australian ballot system refers to the use of official ballots and secret voting rather than party tickets. provided for secret voting.

Chisholm Trail

The Chisholm Trail was the route followed by Texas cattle raisers driving their herds north to markets at Kansas railheads.

Dawes Act

The Dawes Act was an 1887 law terminating tribal ownership of land and allotting some parcels of land to individual Indians with the remainder opened for white settlement. In 1887, the Dawes Act resulted in the fragmentation of reservation land by promoting private ownership of land.

15th Amendment (1870)

The Fifteenth Amendment (1870) forbade the states to deny the vote to anyone on the account of race, color, or for having been a slave. It was intended to guarantee blacks the right to vote in the South.

Freedmans Bureau

The Freedmen's Bureau was a federal refugee agency set up to aid former slaves and destitute whites after the Civil War. It provided them food, clothing, and other necessities as well as helping them find work and set up schools. Congress overrode President Johnson's veto of a Freedmen's Bureau renewal bill in 1866. The greatest success of the Freedmen's Bureau was in education. The bureau coordinated more than fifty northern philanthropic and religious groups, which, in turn, established 3,000 freedmen's schools in the South, serving 150,000 men, women, and children. (455)

League of Nations

The League of Nations was President Wilson's fourteenth point in his plan for a "peace without victory." He proposed the League as an international peacekeeping organization, and it was incorporated into the 1919 Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I. But questions about League membership caused the U.S. Senate to refuse to ratify the treaty and to reject U.S. membership in the League.

Bullmoose Party

The Progressive Party of 1912 was an American political party. It was formed by former President Theodore Roosevelt, after a split in the Republican Party between himself and President William Howard Taft. The party also became known as the Bull Moose Party when former President Roosevelt boasted "I'm fit as a bull moose," after being shot in an assassination attempt prior to his 1912 campaign speech in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

Von Schliefen Plan

The Schlieffen Plan was created by General Count Alfred von Schlieffen in December 1905. The Schlieffen Plan was the operational plan for a designated attack on France once Russia, in response to international tension, had started to mobilise her forces near the German border. The execution of the Schlieffen Plan led to Britain declaring war on Germany on August 4th, 1914.

Second Treaty of Larmie 1868

The Second Treaty of Fort Laramie acknowledged the U.S. defeat in the Great Sioux War in 1868 and supposedly guaranteed the Sioux perpetual land and hunting rights in South Dakota, Wyoming, and Montana.

social gospel

The Social Gospel that was preached by many urban Protestant ministers focused on improving living conditions for the city's poor rather than on saving souls. They advocated civil service reform, child labor laws, government regulation of big business, and a graduated income tax. believed the answer was with individuals practicing Christianity in their daily affairs with their neighbors.

Spanish American War

The Spanish-American War was a short conflict of a few months duration in 1898, between the United States and Spain. Although President William McKinley strongly opposed war, the Spanish were unable to meet American demands regarding the systematic, massive mistreatment of Cubans. When the Battleship Maine suddenly exploded in Havana Harbor (no one to this day knows why), the American people zeroed in on the Cuban crisis and demanded action. When the war came -"a splendid little war," one official called it--it lasted only six months, and was marked by dramatic American victories at sea in the Philippines and on land and sea near Cuba. The war drew Americans together, especially the Southerners whose patriotism had been in doubt since the Civil War a generation earlier. The Spanish-American War represented a significant turning point in America's position in the world. Besides acquiring Puerto Rico in the Caribbean and the Philippine Islands in the Pacific, territorial possessions that created new defensive responsibilities, the United States demonstrated that it had built up its naval capacity sufficiently to defeat an established European power. The war ended Spanish colonial rule in Cuba and the Phillipines, and gave Spain a respite from the bitter internal struggles in the 1890s, thus postponing a civil war until the 1930s.

13th Amendment (1865)

The Thirteenth Amendment (1865) freed the slaves. Ironically, by negating the Three-fifths Clause in the Constitution, it had the effect of increasing the representation of the southern states in Congress. Congressional Republicans balked at this

19 Amendement (1919)

The amendment guarantees all American women the right to vote. Women get the right to vote.

18 Amendment (1919)

The amendment prohibited the manufacture, sale, transport, import, or export of alcoholic beverages.outlawed the manufacture and distribution of alcoholic beverages (Prohibition) this was the work of protestant fundamentalists and women who saw alcohol as a great evil. NOTE: Remember women have a major force in the temperance movement since the early 1800's.

Who Fought Who in World War I

The first World War began as a local war between Austria-Hungary and Serbia in 1914. It grew into a war involving 32 countries. The Allies included Britain, France, Russia, Italy and the United States. These countries fought against the Central Powers which included Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria.

Grandfather Clause

The grandfather clause was a rule that required potential voters to demonstrate that their grandfathers had been eligible to vote, a tactic used in some southern states after 1890 to limit the balck electorate, as most black men's grandfathers had been slaves and ineligible to vote.

Great Migration

The mass movement of African Americans from the rural South to the urban North, spurred especially by new job opportunities during World War I and the 1920s. Blacks began moving to towns and cities, and private land was never distributed

Solid south

The term "solid South" referred to the one-party (Democratic) political system that dominated the South from the 1890s to the 1950s.

recall

The term recall refers to the process of removing an official from office by popular vote, usually after using petitions to call for such a vote.The ability to undue the election of an official and remove him from office because he is not following the will of the people. (NOTE: This is a state-oriented law and was recently done by the removal of the Governor of California)

Vertical integration

The term vertical integration refers to the consolidation of numerous production functions, from the extraction of the raw materials to the distribution and marketing of the finished products, under the direction of one firm.A corporation acquires all the middle men working in its industry

Yellow Press

The term yellow press, or yellow journalism, referred to the deliberately sensational journalism of scandal and exposure designed to attract an urban mass audience and increase advertising revenues.

Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire

The tragic death of 150 women employees at New York's Triangle Shirtwaist factory in 1911, caused by locked doors and the absence of fire escapes, led to the passage of stricter building codes and factory-inspection laws to protect workers.The event that "touched off" what is generally regarded as the Progressive Era was the Triangle shirtwaist Company fire in New York City in 1911. This overcrowded and unhealthy sweatshop caught fire and caused the deaths of 146 workers, many of them women. This event caused a national sensation and calls for reform

Liberty bonds

These interest-bearing certificates were sold by the U.S. government to finance the American World War I effort.

14th Amendment (1866)

This Constitutional amendment passed by Congress in April 1866 incorporated some of the features of the Civil Rights Act of 1866. It prohibited states from violating the civil rights of its citizens and offered states the choice of allowing blacks to vote or losing representation in Congress.

17th Amendment (1913)

This Constitutional change in 1913 established the direct popular election of U.S. senators. allowed for the direct election of US senators by the electorate. This was another platform of the Populist Party.

16th Amendment (1913)

This Constitutional revision in 1913 authorized a federal income tax. established a federal income tax so the federal government could better intervene in the affairs of the country. This was one of the platforms of the Populist Party

Chinese Exclusion Act

This law passed by Congress in 1882 prohibited Chinese immigration to the United States; it was overturned in 1943.There was fear of a "Yellow Peril", the overflowing of Asians into America.

Sound money

This misleading slogan referred to a conservative policy of restricting the money supply and adhering to the gold standard.

Field Order 15 (General Sherman)

This order by General William T. Sherman in January 1865 set aside abandoned land along the southern Atlantic coast for 40-acre grants to freedmen; it was rescinded by President Andrew Johnson later that year.

welfare capitalism

This paternalistic system of labor relations emphasized management responsibility for employee well-being. While providing some limited benefits, its function was primarily to forestall the formation of unions or public intervention. Welfare Capitalism was the term given to the corporation's attempt to placate workers with "perks" so that they would not join a union.

Progressive Era Movement

This period of time in American History blends into the Gilded Age and is a reaction to that period. It begins in the 1880's and runs up to America's entry into the First World War in 1917. The early stirrings of reform in the growth of 3rd political parties (populism) in the Midwest and in the South the advocacy of men like WEB Dubois and Booker T. Washington in the South.) The "Progressives" were reformers who were offended by the poverty and corruption of post-Civil War America and wanted individuals and government to ban together to make life better for all Americans. They focused primarily on fighting corruption in government, workers rights, women's rights, conservation, and public health.

Ten percent plan (Lincolns 10 % Plan) 1863

This plan devised by President Lincoln in 1863 promised a quick and moderate method for readmitting the seceding states to the Union; it required 10 percent of a state's prewar voters to swear allegiance to the Union and a new state constitution that banned slavery. Many congressional Republicans considered this standard too thin to support a general reconstruction of the Union and responded with the Wade-Davis Bill.

Gilded Age

This was part of the Gilded Age where great wealth existed side by side with great poverty and corporations and government were often corrupt. The Gilded Age was Mark Twain's label for the post-Civil War decades. The term refers to a facade of proper and civilized behavior covering waste, corruption, and individual greed in late nineteenth-century America. Extravagant wealth of a few and the terrible poverty that lay underneath (1800s)."The Gilded Age" (1873) was Mark Twain's biting satire on the shallowness of his times.

Booker T. Washington

Washington was a former slave who founded Tuskegee Institute in Alabama in 1881. He believed blacks could advance by their own efforts and white help, and by accommodating to white prejudice. Whites considered him a "reasonable" spokesman of black interests in America.

speakeasy

With the coming of Prohibition, the speakeasy replaced the saloon. It was a supposedly "secret" bar or club that illegally served "bootleg" liquor.

Yellow dog contracts

Yellow-dog contracts were employment agreements binding workers not to join a union. The Yellow Dog contract was an agreement by workers NOT to unionize

Manifest destiny

was the belief of nineteenth-century Americans that their nation's territorial expansion was Manifest Destin yiny evitable and ultimately a good thing, even for those being conquered. This conviction helped Americans justify the aggressive acquisition of new territories in the 1840s and later in the 1890s. The people in the way of Manifest Destiny were the Indians US policy of separation since the 1830's with Indians pushed west as the nation advanced.