Study.com Physiological Psychology 311

What was the object Luigi Galvani was studying when he stumbled upon his Theory of Animal Electricity?

A frog leg.

_____ sends signals from the body to the central nervous system, and the _____ sends signals from the central nervous system back to the body.

Afferent; efferent

Which portion of the limbic system deals with the emotion of fear?

Amygdala

Which part of the limbic system helps to prevent unwanted muscle movements?

Basal ganglia

Why might it make sense for a very high functioning brain to actually have LESS neurons but MORE neuroglia cells?

Because more neuroglia cells might keep the environment healthier for the fewer neurons.

Why is the blood supply to your brain more reliable than to many other organs?

Blood going to your brain forms anastomoses to form the Circle of Willis.

What technique assigns a color to brain activity and allows scientists to watch how neurons interact?

Brainbow

Which of the following is NOT part of the temporal lobe?

Broca's area

How does the pons regulate breathing?

By controlling your breathing rate.

Which of the following ions stimulates neurotransmitter secretion?

Calcium

The blood brain barrier causes treatments for some conditions to be di!cult. Which one(s) might this be and why?

Cancer treatments and brain infections, because medications do not cross over into the brain easily.

Television and movies often show a policeman holding fingers to the side of an accident victim's neck. What are they doing?

Checking for a pulse from the carotid artery.

Which hypotheses for the evolution of the human brain claimed our brain's evolution is due to the environment at the time?

Climate hypothesis and ecology hypothesis

White matter:

Communicates information

What new branch of brain mapping is looking even closer at how neurons work together?

Connectomics

The structure that helps your left cerebral hemisphere communicate with the right cerebral hemisphere is known as the:

Corpus Callosum

Which hypothesis about the evolution of the human brain claims that we needed bigger, more developed brains to share discoveries and technology with others?

Cultural intelligence hypothesis

Which of the following is the best statement about the function of neurons?

Dendrites conduct signals toward the cell body and axons conduct signals away from the cell body.

What is a tool that reads electrical activity in the brain with electrodes that are placed on the subject's scalp?

Electroencephalography (EEG)

What unusual aspect of our brain's evolution does not follow normal Darwinian evolution, requiring additional theories to explain the abnormality?

Evolved too quickly for natural selection

Which of the following would NOT be a reason why the shape of astrocytes would increase their functionality?

Greater production of CSF

A lot of nerve cell bodies are located in the:

Grey Matter

An elevation on the surface of your brain surrounded by one or more sulci is best known as a:

Gyrus

The rhombencephalon is more commonly known as the:

Hindbrain

Which part of the embryonic brain will later mature into structures most critical to your heart rate?

Hindbrain

Which is NOT a function of the frontal lobes?

Interpreting spoken language

The limbic system:

Is the portion of the brain that deals with three key functions: emotions, memories and arousal

How can playing a musical instrument impact the brain?

It can increase the size of your temporal lobe.

Which of the following is TRUE about the blood brain barrier?

It doesn't allow most toxins entry into your brain.

The anatomical part that separates the frontal and parietal lobe from the temporal lobe is known as the:

Lateral Sulcus

What is the term for the study of the relationship between the regions of the brain, and the tasks they perform?

Localization of function

The groove which separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres is know as the:

Longitudinal Fissure

Neostigmine is a drug that acts by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase. Which of the following would be a likely side effect of this drug?

Prolonged contraction

The common name for the forebrain is the:

Prosencephalon

The part of the early, developing brain, that will mature into structures involved with emotion and complex thought is mainly the:

Prosencephalon

Which of the following statements is true?

Scientists disagree as to whether the limbic system is one big unit or if the individual parts act alone and not as a system.

The central sulcus:

Separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

Which theory explaining the evolution of the human brain claims that our brains developed so large to handle a larger number of interpersonal relationships?

Social brain hypothesis

What is the other discipline closely related to Physiological Psychology?

Speech Therapy.

A crevice on the surface of your brain is best known as a:

Sulcus

Paul Broca found that the part of the brain responsible for speech is _____.

The Left Frontal Lobe of the Central The Middle Lobe of the Central Hemisphere. Hemisphere.

What happens when someone has a stroke?

The blood doesn't reach part of their brain.

What does the term neuroplasticity refer to?

The brain adjusting to damage or changing based on new abilities.

Rene Descartes developed the idea of mind-body dualism, which states that _____.

The mind and brain are separate and di"erent but connected.

What is brain mapping?

The study of the brain that help us understand the various regions of the brain and what they do

What is mentioned about the responses to stimuli in Cannon-Bard's theory of Emotion?

There are two independent responses in the brain and the autonomous and somatic system.

What are the symptoms people with Broca's aphasia have?

They have difficulty speaking.

What important role do Schwann cells perform?

They produce the myelin sheath.

Why is it necessary to have interneurons?

To assist afferent and efferent neurons in their jobs to send messages.

Why do we need set names for structures in the brain?

To learn more, to teach, for doctors to describe

Joseph has Broca's aphasia. What can help him recover his lost abilities?

Treatment, rehabilitation, and time.

An electric impulse involving a change in voltage across a plasma membrane is best known as a(n) _____.

action potential

Sensory neurons are most similar to the _____.

afferent neuron

The interneuron is also known as the _____.

association neuron

The limbic system is a part of which organ?

brain

The theory of specific nerve energies states that the _____ handles input from different nerves in different areas.

brain

In the reductionist approach to research, you _____.

break down complex systems into simpler components

The temporal lobe is NOT involved in your ability to _____.

breathe

The pons and medulla oblongata both play major roles in _____.

breathing

A neurotransmitter is a type of _____.

chemical signal

Physiological psychologists normally use _____ when doing research.

combination of reductionist and generalized a reductionist approach approaches

Scientists learn about the functions of speci!c areas of the brain by _____.

comparing the functions of patients before and after brain trauma, and comparing the brains of people with speci!c disabilities to those with normal functions.

Myelinated axons _____.

conduct action potentials faster than unmyelinated axons

The part of the neuron that receives signals is called a _____.

dendrite

Motor neurons are most similar to the _____.

efferent neuron

The medulla oblongata is _____.

found in the lower brainstem

The frontal lobes are located _____.

front of brain, anterior of cerebral cortex, behind forehead

Darwin's theory that specific behaviors serve specific purposes is called _____.

functionalism

The nodes of Ranvier are _____.

gaps in between myelinated sections

Ependymal cells _____.

help form the choroid plexus

As the pH of your blood drops, your medulla oblongata senses this, and will cause you to _____.

increase the breathing rate

A traumatic brain injury to the frontal lobes can result in _____.

lack of impulse control, loss of facial expressions, personality change

The brain is divided into several _____.

lobes

Membrane depolarization is caused by _____.

localized infux of sodium ions into the cell through sodium channels

A disease where our own immune system destroys the myelin sheath of neurons is known as _____.

multiple sclerosis

An action potential occurs when a _____.

neural impulse travels along an axon

The all-or-none law states that _____.

neurons must !re a signal once it starts

During a refractory period, _____.

neurons remove sodium ions

The most important substance that the blood transports to the brain is _____.

oxygen

Phineas Gage is famous not just for surviving such a wild injury, but also because his trauma to the frontal lobes was the !rst connection between _____ and _____.

personality and brain trauma

When the dendrite is in its resting state (i.e. the inside of the cell has a net negative charge and the outside of the cell has a net positive charge), its membrane is _____.

polarized

In a synapse between a neuron and a muscle cell, the neuron sending the transmission is the _____, while the muscle is receiving the transmission is referred to as the _____.

pre-synaptic cell; post-synaptic cell

Sodium-potassium pumps help maintain membrane polarization by _____.

pumping three positively-charged sodium ions out of the cell for every two positively-charged potassium ions they pump into the cell

Oligodendrocytes _____.

serve the same function as Schwann cells, but in the central nervous system

Individuals with damage to the temporal lobe could have di!culty _____.

speaking

The _____ extends through the middle of the brain behind both ears.

temporal lobe

Physiological psychology-based research is often done on animals instead of people, because _____.

the effects can sometimes be dangerous

Physiological psychologists tend toward the view that your consciousness is based entirely on _____.

the electrical impulses inside your body

Without _____ our bodies would not be able to detect the pH level of our blood.

the medulla oblongta

Natural selection is part of the foundation of modern physiological psychology. It states that of various traits and behaviors, the most _____ are the ones that survive.

useful

Microglia are most similar to _____.

white blood cells

The corpus callosum is made up mainly of:

white matter

The human brain does not generally differentiate between natural signals in the body and similar signals sent to it by a scientist. This means that _____.

you can make the brain see things that aren't there

What was the main work of Descartes that was used to describe the relation between mind and body?

Meditations on First Philosophy

Physiological psychology is the study of the relationship between what two areas?

Mental concepts and physical behaviors

Which of the following is the same as the mesencephalon?

Midbrain

Consider a drug that inhibits the acetylcholine receptor in the neuromuscular junction. Which of the following would be a likely side e"ect of this drug?

Muscle relaxation

Which of the following is a neuromuscular disease resulting from destruction of the acetylcholine receptor?

Myasthenia gravis

Which of the following is FALSE about synapses?

Neurotransmitters can bind to receptors on both sides of the synapse and cause ion- specific channels to open.

What might have caused the brains of modern humans to shrink and stay small for the last 10,000 years, only rebounding in the last 100 years?

Nutritional imbalanced caused by grain-heavy diets