Supply Chain Chapter 3
components
parts demanded by a parent.
single integrator solution erp
pick all the desired applications from a single vendor
best of breed erp
pick the best application for each individual function. Disadvantage - software may not integrate well but this may not be a major issue in future
product family
products that share similar characteristics
Firmed Planned Order
A planned order that can be frozen in quantity and time so that the MRP computer logic cannot automatically change when conditions change. Established by the Planner or Supply Chain Manager to prevent system nervousness. This can aid planners working with MRP systems to respond to material and capacity problems by firming up selected planned orders.
advantages of erp
Added visibility leads to reduced supply chain inventories Helps to standardize manufacturing processes Measure performance and communicate via a standardized method
chase production strategy
Adjusts capacity to match demand. Firm hires and lays off workers to match finished output to demand. Finished goods inventory remains constant. Works well for make-to-order firms Airplane companies do this since training takes time. Union employees are sent back to the union hall, waiting to be recalled. They collect unemployment. Another example are workers that harvest crops.
ATP
Available to Promise Business function that provides a response to customer order inquiries, based on resource availability. It generates available quantities of the requested product, and delivery due dates. It represents "the uncommitted portion of a company's inventory and planned production maintained in the master schedule to support customer order promising Methods of calculating the Available-to-Promise quantities: Discrete Available-to-Promise = (on hand + supply - ordered) per period Cumulative Available-to-Promise=Current period (on hand + supply - ordered) - all future ordered / forecast demand until next MPS quantity
time fencing
firmed time period planned time period MPS is the plan that drives the business. Even small changes in the MPS can cause major changes in the detailed production schedule and the material plan, creating nervousness and instability throughout the organization To minimize the impact of changes in the MPS, many companies have adopted a time fencing policy separating the planning horizon into a firmed time period and a planned time period:
multi level BOM
- A display of all the components directly or indirectly used in a parent, together with the quantity required of each component (i.e., the planning factor). If a component is a subassembly, blend, intermediate, etc., all its components and all their components also will be exhibited, down to purchased parts and raw materials
gross requirement
- A time-phased requirement prior to netting out on-hand inventory and lead-time
Planning BOM
- An artificial grouping of items (e.g., a product family) in BOM format, used to facilitate master scheduling and material planning.
parent
- Item generating demand for lower-level components.
Level production strategy
- Relies on a constant output rate while varying inventory and backlog according to fluctuating demand. Firm relies on fluctuating finished goods and backlogs to meet demand. Works well for make-to-stock firms Plywood, steel, light bulbs, razors are examples. Maybe the changeover is long, or its inefficient to stop/ start.
intermediate range
- Shows the quantity and timing of end items (ref., Master Production Schedule - MPS) Mid-level - Ford Motor Company wants to make 1,000 F-150 pick up trucks/week for the next 3-18 months. operations mid mgmt Sales planning Production planning Setting employment, inventory, and subcontracting levels Analyzing operating plans
safety stock
- a quantity of stock planned to be in inventory to protect against fluctuations in demand or supply. Over planning supply versus demand can be used to create safety stock.
BOM
- document that shows an inclusive listing of all component parts and assemblies making up the final product. single level multi level
Long range
- involves planning for actions such as the construction of facilities and major equipment purchase (ref., Aggregate Production Plan - APP) . Executive level - Ford Motor Company wants to grow the market by 3% (1 - 3 years) top mgmt R&D New product plans Capital expenses Facility expansion
Planned time period
: From the end of the Firmed Time Period to the end of the planning horizon. The planning system is free to create or make changes to planned orders in this time period based on the data and planning logic determined by the company.
6 steps in developing an aggregate production plan
1. Determining the demand for each period covered by the aggregate planning horizon. 2. Determining the available capacity for each period covered by the aggregate planning horizon. 3. Identifying any constraints which may influence the plan. 4. Determining the direct labor and material costs and the indirect manufacturing costs for each product or product family covered by the aggregate production plan. 5. Identifying or developing strategies and contingency plans to manage the potential upside or downside in the market. 6. Agree on a plan that best meets the planning goals and objectives.
3 basic production strategies
1. level 2. chase 3.mixed
scheduled receipt
A committed order awaiting delivery for a specific period.
SOP
A process that brings all the demand and supply plans for the business (sales, marketing, development, production, sourcing, and finance) together to provide management with the ability to strategically direct the business to achieve a competitive advantage It is the definitive statement of the company's plans for the near to intermediate term, covering a horizon sufficient to plan for resources, and to support the annual business planning process. It links the strategic plans for the business with its execution. It is performed at least once a month and is reviewed by management at an aggregate (product family) level. ------- If capacity and demand are nearly equal emphasis should be placed on meeting demand as efficiently as possible. If capacity is greater than demand the firm might chose promotion and advertising in order to increase demand. If capacity is less than demand the firm might consider subcontracting a portion of the work load to an outside 3rd party
Planned Order release
A specific order for a specific item and quantity to be released to the shop or to the supplier
2 types of Implementing ERP Systems
Best-of-breed - Single integrator solution -
CRP
Capacity Requirement Planning (CRP) A short-range capacity planning module used to check the feasibility of the Material Requirements Plan.
Aggregate Planning Strategies (supply options)
Change inventory levels Increase inventories - build stock in advance of demand in order to use available capacity Decrease inventories - temporarily reduce inventory below normal safety stock levels during peak demand periods to meet customer requirements. Change capacity: Vary production output through overtime or idle time Vary work force size by hiring or layoff Using part-time workers Subcontracting
Capacity Planning
Determining the amount of capacity required to produce a good or service in the future. Organizations must balance the production plan with capacity. This directly impacts how effectively the organization deploys its resources in producing goods. The following are the major capacity planning tools:
single level BOM
Display of components that are directly used in a parent item, together with the quantity required of each component (i.e., the planning factor). Shows only the relationships one level down independent-The external demand for an item that is unrelated to the demand for other items (e.g., finished product). The demand for these items is forecasted and can be affected by trends, seasonal patterns, and market conditions dependent-the internal demand for items that are assembled or combined to make up the final product (e.g., component parts). Demand for these items is calculated based on the demand of the final product in which the parts are used, by using the planning factor.
DRP
Distribution Requirements Planning A time-phased finished good inventory replenishment plan in a distribution network. The function of determining the need to replenish inventory at branch warehouses. DRP is a logical extension of the MRP system and ties physical distribution to the manufacturing planning and control system Key elements necessary for DRP: Forecast demands by DC Current inventory levels by DC Target safety stock by DC Recommended replenishment quantities Replenishment lead times
ERP
Enterprise Requirements Planning ERP is an extension MRPII and includes DRP which determines the need to replenish finished product inventory at branch warehouses, when there are multiple warehouses in the network. It is typically implemented through a software platform of integrated functional modules facilitating the sharing of real-time information and collaboration across multiple business functions necessary for the supply chain to operate efficiently and effectively.
ERP
Enterprise Requirements Planning Systems (ERP) Information system connecting all functional areas and operations of an organization, and in some cases suppliers and customers, via common software infrastructure and database ERP provides a means for supply chain members to share information so that scarce resources can be fully utilized to meet demand, while minimizing supply chain inventories
firmed time period
From the current date out several weeks into future. A Firm Time Fence is established at the outer limit of this period to signify when changes can no longer be made automatically by the planning system. Recommended changes must be reviewed and approved by the Master Production Scheduler or an authorized person(s).
Aggregate Planning strategies (demand options)
Influencing demand - so that it aligns to available production capacity (e.g., airline and hotel weekend discounts, telecommunication companies' weekend rates): Advertising Promotional plans Pricing Backordering during high demand periods - accept demand greater than supply capabilities. Counter-seasonal product mixing - Develop a product mix with antithetic (seasonal) trends that level the cumulative required production capacity (e.g., lawn mowers and snow blowers)
erp implementation problems
Lack of top management commitment Lack of adequate resources Lack of proper training Lack of communication Incompatible system environment
mixed production strategy
Maintains stable core workforce while using other short-term means, such as overtime, subcontracting and part time helpers to manage short-term demand. Construction co., retail stores at holiday season.
erp software and apps
Major ERP applications include: Accounting and Finance Customer Relationship Management Human Resource Management Manufacturing Supplier Relationship Management Supply Chain Management
MRPII
Manufacturing Resource Planning A computer-based system that can create detail production schedules using realtime data. Coordinates the arrival of materials with the availability of machine and labor. MRP II is used widely by itself, but also as a module of more extensive enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems."
MPS
Master production schedule A detailed disaggregation of the aggregate production plan (APP), listing the exact end items to be produced by a specific period. More detailed than APP and easier to plan under stable demand. Planning horizon is shorter than APP, but longer than the lead time to produce the item. More detailed than APP and easier to plan under stable demand. Planning horizon is shorter than APP, but longer than the lead time to produce the item.
supply chain planning
Planning is the element of supply chain management responsible for determining how best to satisfy the requirements created by the Demand Plan. Its objective is to balance supply and demand in a way that realizes the financial and service objectives of the company. Operations managers are continuously involved in planning operations and resources to balance capacity and output. Supply Chain Planning is a combination of all the planning processes that are used across the supply chain, primarily: Aggregate Production Planning (APP) Master Production Scheduling (MPS) Materials Requirement Planning (MRP) Distribution Requirements Planning (DRP) Capacity Planning
purpose and goals of aggregate planning
Primary purpose is to establish production rates that will achieve management's objective of satisfying customer demand by maintaining, raising, or lowering inventories, while attempting to keep the workforce relatively stable. Meet demand Use capacity efficiently Meet inventory policy Minimize cost: Labor Inventory Plant and Equipment Subcontract At this point, we are making the decisions as to "how" we will meet the aggregate schedules, and "when" each major task with be performed.
Projected On hand inventory
Projected closing inventory at end of a period. Beginning inventory minus gross requirements, plus scheduled receipts plus planned receipts from planned order releases
Pegging
Relates the gross requirements for a component part to the planned order releases of the parent item, so as to identify the source(s) of the item's gross requirements. Pegging can be thought of as active where-used information.
RRP
Resource Requirement Planning (RRP) A long-range capacity planning module used to check whether aggregate resources (i.e., labor and manpower) are capable of satisfying the Aggregate Production Plan.
RCCP
Rough-Cut Capacity Planning (RCCP) A medium-range capacity planning module used to check the feasibility of the Master Production Schedule. Converts MPS from the production needed to the capacity re
disadvantages of erp
Substantial time and capital investment Complexity Firms adapt processes to meet ERP system
closed loop mrp
Synchronizes the purchasing or materials procurement plans with the master production schedule. The system feeds back information about completed manufacture and materials on hand into the MRP system, so that these plans can be adjusted according to capacity and other requirements. The system is called a closed loop MRP because of its feedback feature.
major erp providers
The 3 major ERP providers are: SAP Oracle Microsoft Other small software firms provide applications (e.g., Sage's MAS 90) as well as full ERP solutions, but lack applistructure (the amalgamation of enterprise applications and technological infrastructure)
Business Planning
The Business Plan, with its long-term focus, provides the company's direction and objectives for the next two to ten years. Management gathers input from the various organizational functions such as finance, marketing, operations, and engineering, to develop the Business Plan. The plan states the company's objectives for profitability, growth rate, and return on investment It is then typically updated and reevaluated annually. It is also typically used as the starting point for developing the organization's Production Plan or Aggregate Production Plan.
Planning factor
The number/quantity of each component or material needed to produce a single unit of the parent item
Explosion
The process of converting a parent item's planned order releases into component gross requirements
Net requirement
The unsatisfied item requirement for a specific time period. Gross requirement for period minus current on-hand inventory.
time bucket
Unit of time / time period used in MRP, e.g., days, weeks, months
lot size
order size for MRP logic
APP
aggregate production plan Hierarchical planning process that translates annual business, marketing plans, and demand forecasts into a production plan for a product family* in a plant or facility. The planning horizon of APP is at least one year and is usually rolled forward by three months every quarter. Includes those costs relevant to aggregate planning decisions: inventory, setup, machine operation, hiring, firing, training, and overtime costs.
short range
detailed planning process for components and parts to support the master production schedule (ref., Materials Requirement Planning - MRP) Planner, 1st line Supervisor - 1,000 engines, 1,000 transmissions, seats, windows, etc. each week over the next 1-12 weeks. short range operations - Managers, Supervisor, Foremen, etc. Job assignments Job scheduling Dispatching
three broad categories of supply chain planning
long range intermediate range short range
MRP
material requirements planning A computer-based materials management system that calculates the exact quantities, need dates, and planned order releases for subassemblies, component parts and materials required to manufacture a final product. MRP requires: 1.The independent demand information, i.e., finished product forecast 2.Parent-component relationships from BOM 3.Inventory status of final product and each of the components and materials. 4.Planned order releases (output of MRP) Advantage of MRP - provides planning information Disadvantage of MRP - loss of visibility (especially acute for products with a deep BOM), ignores capacity and ignores shop floor conditions.
