Survey of American History I Chapter 5:

In British North America, _____ could not hold public office, serve in the military, or train in a profession. Married _____ could not transfer property, enter into a contract, initiate a lawsuit, or make a will without the consent of her husband.

women

The forced migration of enslaved African _____ compensated for the deficit of European ______ in British North America through the early decades of the eighteenth century.

women

Seventeenth-century Protestant religious movement originating in Germany stressing Bible study and personal religious experience over engagement with the world.

Pietist

Throughout the first half of the eighteenth century, England was preoccupied with wars in Europe and managing its commercial empire. In this period of "salutary neglect," the colonies developed their own systems of ________.

governance

By 1700, nearly all the colonies had their own government with a ____, a ______ ______, and an ____ _____

governor; lower house; upper house

Immigration of the Scots and the Irish to the Americas increased as a result of ____ ____, ____, and _______ _________ in those lands.

high rents; famine; religious oppression

By 1740, thirteen colonial ___________ were published in the colonies, and they were increasingly affordable to an expanding literate populace.

newspapers

_____ ______, a Mohegan preacher from New England, crossed the Atlantic on a preaching tour and to raise money for an Indian school in his homeland.

Samson Occom

In the late seventeenth century, many vestiges of the medieval worldview gave way in the face of the _____ Revolution. Scientists overturned the belief that the earth was at the center of the cosmos, discovered the fundamental laws of the universe, and developed more accurate understandings of the human body.

Scientific

To govern New France, the king appointed _ officials, who respected the bishop and shared power with a crown-appointed council composed of 5-7 seigneurs, the largest landholders

3

By and large, white families in Colonial America were healthy and grew quickly in size with most women bearing _-_ children during their lives.

6-7

Act of 1707 unifying the kingdoms of Scotland and England.

Act of Union

When the English colonists needed laborers and indentured servants were in short supply, as they were in the first half of the eighteenth century, colonists turned to _____ _____.

African slaves

The major sources of immigrators to British North America were _____, _____, _____, ____, and _____.

Africans; Irish; Scottish; German; English convicts

_____ _______ was the quintessential Enlightenment figure in America. He combined an interest in science with a belief that human reason could improve the lot of mankind as a printer, a politician, a scientific investigator, a humorist, a deist, and an autobiographer.

Benjamin Franklin

New England ports such as _______ and _____ were transformed by merchants and new patterns of consumption

Boston; Salem

The Great Awakening was a reaction to the waning of orthodox _____ belief in the colonies and the rise of ________ rationalism and Deism

Calvinist; Enlightenment

Slave rebellions were common in the ________, where slaves often vastly outnumbered planters, but they were rare in __________, where the chances of survival, much less success, were very low.

Caribbean; British North America

In _____ New France and New Spain, where literacy and religious practice did not go hand in hand, few boys and fewer girls attained literacy.

Catholic

_________'s population expanded as the result of natural increase and the arrival of Europeans and tens of thousands of slaves, and towns and cities grew in a region known mostly for its isolated plantations.

Chesapeake

Respect or esteem granted to an elder or a social superior.

Deference

Belief that a supreme being had created the world that was run by natural laws rather than supernatural interventions.

Deist

Law promulgated in France in 1598 granting Protestants (Huguenots) a measure of religious and civil liberties in some parts of the country but revoked by Louis XIV in 1685.

Edict of Nantes

The Great Awakening is most closely associated with three Protestant preachers: Jonathan ______ (1703-1758), George ______ (1714-1770), and Gilbert _____ (1703-1764)

Edwards; Whitefield; Tennant

Developments in the natural and human sciences helped to launch a philosophical movement known as the ____________, which rejected many traditional beliefs, including religious ideas, and venerated human reason as the only means to understand the world and improve society.

Enlightenment

Spanish ______ essentially invited runaways after 1693 when the Spanish king, Carlos II, issued a proclamation "giving liberty" to all fugitive slaves.

Florida

No Great Awakening occurred in New ____ and New _____, where Catholic missionaries and parish priests enforced the observance of Catholic rituals, and where, as a result, the Enlightenment had less impact.

France; Spain

In the hopes of creating a more robust labor force in the colonies, English policy makers also encouraged _____ and ____ Protestants to relocate to British North America

German; French

In England, the conditions that had prompted immigration in the seventeenth century—a weak economy and religious persecution—changed after the ______ _______, and the number of immigrant English people to North American plunged.

Glorious Revolution

Mid-eighteenth century religious revival in Great Britain and British North America.

Great Awakening

In comparison to New Spain or Peru, where Spaniards built colonies on the backs of large populations of indigenous laborers, England's North American colonies were sparsely populated by _____.

Indians

Those who were ____, ______, _____, and _____, as well as most _____, _____, and ______ could not vote.

Jews, Quakers, Catholics, Baptists; women, blacks, Indians

In 1754, ____ _______, a Quaker from New Jersey, published Some Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes, the first antislavery tract in British North America.

John Woolman

In 1727, Benjamin Franklin created a weekly political club, the _____.

Junto

English belief that government was a social contract entered into freely between the people and their chosen representatives and rulers.

Liberalism

Right recognized under the British Constitution to resist arbitrary government as understood by eighteenth-century Britons; the antithesis of power.

Liberty

Franklin established the first of many libraries in the colonies in 1731: the _______ _______ __ __________.

Library Company of Philadelphia

The majority of German and French immigrants were Protestants, but they came from many different denominations: _______, _______, _______, and _______.

Lutherans; Moravians; Baptists; Pietists

In the colonies, religious revival began in the mid-1730s in Jonathan Edwards's congregation in ____________. He preached highly emotional sermons rooted in orthodox Calvinist predestination and the horrors of hell.

Massachusetts

The 4 New England colonies:

Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire

Along with John Wesley (1703-1791), Whitefield was one of the founders of ________, an evangelical form of Protestantism that believed in itinerant preaching by unordained ministers and was particularly devoted to salvation of the poor and common folk.

Methodism

The ______ Colonies received the bulk of free immigrants from Europe, and the region soon became characterized by ethnic and religious diversity and craft production.

Middle

Form of government that integrates elements of democracy, aristocracy, and monarchy.

Mixed and balance government

Protestant denomination originating in central Europe often dedicated to missionary work

Moravian

The populations of ______ and _______ grew more slowly, and the lives of settlers in the colonies changed little over the decades.

New France; New Spain

Population growth resulting from more births than deaths.

Natural Increase

__________s population exploded largely through natural increase. This growth led to the establishment of new towns and far-flung settlements, further fraying bonds of community and family.

New England

In Catholic ____ ______, many men believed that they could enhance their honor by protecting the sexual purity of their female relatives, especially their wives and daughters.

New Spain

The 4 Middle Colonies:

New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware

Many Delawares took refuge in the ____ _____, where numerous other tribes had gone as well. These groups created new interethnic communities that sought political independence from France and England yet desired to trade freely with both, stoking an increasingly heated imperial rivalry for control over the ____ _______.

Ohio Valley

Gilbert Tennent radicalized the conservative religious movement by attacking the established clergy as passionless and bland. As a result of their work, once-peaceful congregations became engulfed in disputes between "____ Lights"—orthodox clerics—and "___ Lights"—evangelicals—over the religious fitness of their ministers.

Old; New

In _______ New England, all children were taught to read and write so they could study the Bible.

Protestant

Only among ______ did arguments for the liberation of slaves advance, albeit slowly

Quakers

To distinguish themselves from Irish Catholics, the Presbyterian Ulster Scots called themselves the ______-____.

Scots-Irish

In South Carolina, the ______ _______, after being attacked by the Catawbas, who had been armed by the English, fled west to live with the Creeks or north to Pennsylvania, a colony that welcomed Indians on its frontier.

Shawnee Savannahs

In 1715, the Yamasees rose in a conflict known as The Yamasee War, supported by Creeks, Catawbas, Cherokees, and French allies, killing hundreds of English settlers in ______.

South Carolina

South Carolina slave rebellion in 1739, the largest in British North America.

Stono Rebellion

Fraudulent agreement between the Penn family and Indians in Pennsylvania that dispossessed the Delawares of much of their land; supported by the Haudenosaunees.

The Walking Purchase

Conflict in 1715-1717 between Indians and English settlers in South Carolina.

The Yamasee War

In North Carolina, colonists and their livestock crowded out the Iroquoian-speaking ______. After a war, most Indian survivors fled north, and in 1722, they became the sixth nation in the Haudenosaunee confederacy.

Tuscaroras

The Act of _____ formally allowed Scots to move to the English colonies

Union

_______ spoke before an estimated thirty thousand gatherings in his career, often in front of tens of thousands of people. He made fifteen tours of Scotland, three of Ireland, and seven of the North American colonies between 1739 and 1741. As the cost of printing materials dropped, ______ was able to publish his sermons in all the colonies and use newspapers to advertise his upcoming visits.

Whitefield

Landmark New York libel case of 1735 that resulted in protections for free expression in printed materials.

Zenger Case

In New France, politics and governance reflected the institutions of the home country: an ________ ______ backed by an ____ but without a _______.

absolute monarchy; army; parliament

In the British colonies, ________ was seen as sinful and a threat to society and thus was grounds for divorce and punishment by death.

adultery

Most men in Colonial America performed heavy domestic labor, maintaining structures and buildings, tending to _____, producing _____, and managing _____.

animals; crops; lands

In the early eighteenth century, English policymakers actively discouraged Englishmen and women from leaving England; however, they greatly encouraged ______ to leave.

criminals

By 1750, New England's religious zeal (increased/decreased).

decreased

As a result of an increased immigration, the Middle Colonies emerged as the most ______ region in colonial America.

diverse

The colonial settlers were increasingly devoted to ____ advancement

economic

Given their comparative rarity, _____ relatives were often appreciated and cared for by their family.

elderly

Neither in New France nor in the distant corners of Spanish America did movements for freedom of ______ emerge. Spanish and French officials censored printed materials, but these mostly consisted, in the first place, of religious texts and legal manuals.

expression

New Spain boasted a large bureaucracy, but on the frontier, from Alta California to Florida, there was strict oversight by colonial ______ but no elected ______.

governors; legislatures

Because of the high rates of ____ ________, parents chose not to immediately attach themselves to their children and often treated boys and girls similarly at first, waiting until they were six or seven to dress and raise them in gender-specific ways.

infant mortality

The few slaves in colonial America who attained freedom lived in _____ and ______, and were denied most rights.

isolation; poverty

In England, the monarchy was represented in the figure of the ____, aristocracy in the _______, and democracy in the ______.

king; House of Lords; House of Commons

The English believed that _____ and ____ was crucial to individual freedom.

liberty; liberalism

The English by 1700 had come to believe passionately that _____ and _____ were always in conflict.

liberty; power

John Locke argued that government existed as a social contract between the people and their rulers. Men surrendered some _____ to their rulers in return for the ______ of the rule of law, but the people always retained their natural rights, and a government that broke the social contract could be overthrown.

liberty; protections

In the Chesapeake and the Carolinas, rates of literacy were lower except among the ____ children of planters.

male

Couples usually delayed ______ until they had sufficient resources to live independently

marriage

Throughout colonial America, women would tend the home fire, prepare ______, rear _____, bake bread, make cheese, carry water and waste, spin wool, sew, clean and iron ______, slaughter pigs and chickens, brew beer, and work in the household garden.

meals; children; clothes

Unmarried white women above the age of eighteen and widowed women had (more/fewer) rights than married women.

more

The importation of African women to the colonies led to the ______ _______ of the slave population in North America.

natural increase

Enlightenment thinkers shared a common desire to substitute the search for ______ _____ for a trust in __________ _____.

objective truth; religious faith

Political theorists in England conceived of three forms of government: monarchy (the rule of ____), aristocracy (the rule of ___), and democracy (the rule of ____). A stable government included elements of each form, balancing them within a single constitution.

one; few; all

In the Chesapeake, political power became concentrated in the elite ______, who built towns and colleges and were only marginally responsive to the people.

planters

Although the government could not censor printed materials in the colonies, authors and publishers could be _______ for defaming government officials.

prosecuted

English political commentators who feared moral decay in English society and the royal encroachment on the powers of Parliament.

radical Whigs

Many _______ _____, notably John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon, asserted that the crown, through patronage, bribes, and collusion, had gained control over the English government and threatened to deny Englishmen their proper liberty.

radical Whigs

European immigrants who gained passage to American colonies by selling themselves or their children into indentured servitude to pay for the cost of the transatlantic voyage.

redemptioners

In the 18th century, women, the illiterate, and African Americans played an increasing role in affairs of ______.

religion

Nearly every aspect of slave life—clothing, drumming, dancing, dressing, singing, eating, speaking, worshipping, and mourning—could become a form of _____.

resistance

the migration of ______ into the colonies, rising ___ in the colonies, migrants coming to North America to escape ________ homelands, and ______d from England coming as forced laborers contributed to the rise in population in North America during the first half of the eighteenth century.

slaves; birthrate; impoverished; felons

The climate and work regimes on the mainland, although brutal, were never as lethal as those in the Caribbean, meaning that women on the mainland were more likely to ____ and bear _____.

survive; children

The locus of local political power in New Spain's communities was the ____ ________, which was not a democratic forum but rather an avenue for local elites to carry out their will.

town council

Compared to women, men were seen as more able to control themselves. Women were viewed as ____ and _________ and thus likely to succumb to sexual or demonic temptation.

weak; vulnerable

In British North America, politics was the province of ___ ___, and only those who had ______ could vote.

white men; property

Overall, the majority of immigrants from Ireland and Scotland settled in _____ ____________ because they had trouble acquiring land closer to the coast.

western Pennsylvania; Pennsylvania