Synaptic transmission...

antagonist

drug that bocks the effects of a neurotransmitter

What are some behavioral effects of stimulant drugs?

increase in activity, excitement, alertness, mood, decrease in fatigue

What is negative feedback?

receptors that detect the amount of transmitter released and inhibit further synthesis and release after it reaches a certain level Hormone release is turned off by negative feedback

Synaptic Cleft

space inbetween synapse

Postsynaptic cell

the cell that recieves the message

Presynaptic cell

the neuron that delivers the synaptic transmission

Can a neuron respond to more than 1 neurotransmitter?

yes, Neurons respond to many types of neurotransmitters.

Can a neuron release more than 1 neurotransmitter?

yes. motor neuron in spinal cord release acetylcholine (Ach) onto muscle fibers, and other branches of the same axon release both Ach and glutamate onto other spinal cord neurons.

Compare and contrast the anterior pituitary gland with the posterior pituitary gland, including the hormones they release, and the relationship with the hypothalamus.

A- releases hormones from hypothalamus to ant. pit.-> ant. pit. releases hormones (adrenocorticotropic, thyroid stimulating, prolactin, growth, gonadotropins) P- releases oxytocin and vasopressin (made in hypothalamus)

In what ways are the anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary different from each other?

A- releases hormones from hypothalamus to ant. pit.-> ant. pit. releases hormones (adrenocorticotropic, thyroid stimulating, prolactin, growth, gonadotropins) P- releases oxytocin and vasopressin (made in hypothalamus)

How are neurotransmitters cleared from a synapse?

Absorption by glia Enzymatic degradation Reuptake by presynaptic terminal

Know the common neurotransmitters. What is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter? What is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter?

Ach, Dopamine, Serotonin, norepinepherine, GABA, Glutamate, Excitatory: Glutamate Inhibitory: GABA

What happens to neurotransmitters when they are released?

Calcium releases neurotransmitters from the terminals and into the synaptic cleft. The released molecules diffuse across the cleft and attach to the receptors. They separate and may be taken back into the presynaptic neuron for recycling or may diffuse away.

For acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin: what are they involved in?

Dopamine: phenylalanine Serotonin:tryptophan Acetylcholine:phenylalanine Norepinephrine:phenylalanine

What are hormonal axes?

Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis

What is the difference between ionotropic and metabotropic receptors?

Ionotropic- gates are almost immediately opened for an ion to flow into cell metabotropic-a sequence of metabolic actions that are slower and longer lasting

Describe postsynaptic potential.

Postsynaptic potentials are not All-or-None... they are Graded. a graded depolarization, occurs when sodium ions enter ther cell, unlike action potential an EPSP decays over time and space; that is its magnitude fades rapidly. Synaptic potential happens at a synapse in a postsynaptic cell.

What controls the pituitary gland?

The hypothalamus

Where are neurotransmitters made? What neurotransmitters share a pathway of synthesis? Where do the initial precursors (the first thing in the synthesis pathway) for dopamine, norepinepherine, epinepherine, serotonin and acetylcholine come from?

They are made in the neuron. The neuron synthesizes chemicals that serve as neurotransmitters. Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine share a pathway of synthesis. Phenylalanine is the precursor for these three. Tryptophan is the precursor for serotonin. Acetyl coenzyme A is the precursor for acetylcholine.

Name and explain the classes of neurotransmitters.

Various types Proteins, peptides, amino acids, gasses, etc. Synthesized in neuron In soma or terminal Many are peptides, which are chains of amino acids...the chain can be shorter or longer Some are simply amino acids: glutamate, GABA, etc Some are modified from amino acids

agonist

a drug that mimics or increases the effects of a neurotransmitter