Systems Architecture Chapters 1-4
AND
0 AND 0 = 0 1 AND 0 = 0 0 AND 1 = 0 1 AND 1 = 1
Moore's Law
Microchips roughly doubling every 18 to 24 months.
Data Transformations
NOT AND OR
OR
0 or 0 = 0 1 or 0 = 1 0 or 1 = 1 1 or 1 = 1
Fetch Cycle (Control Unit)
1. Fetches an instruction from primary storage 2. Increments a pointer to the location of the next instruction. 3. Separates the instruction into components 4. Stores each component in a separate register
Execution Cycle (ALU)
1. Retrieves the instruction code from register 2. Retrieves data inputs from registers 3. passes data inputs through internal circuits 4. Stores the result in register
General - Purpose
A CPU is a(n) ____________ processor capable of performing many different tasks simply by changing the program.
Microprocessor
A microchip containing all the components of a CPU is called an ___.
Algorithm
A problem-solving procedure that requires executing one or more comparison and branch instructions is called a(n) ____________.
Formula
A program that solves a(n) ____________ requires no branching instructions.
Linked List
A set of data items that can be accessed in a specified order by using pointers is called a(n) __________ or an index.
White Paper
A technology brief found on a vendor or manufacturer Web site is often called a __________.
Byte
A(n) __________ contains 8 bits.
Boolean
A(n) __________ data item can contain only the values true or false.
Data Structure
A(n) __________ is a data item composed of multiple primitive data items.
Record
A(n) __________ is a data structure composed of other data structures or primitive data elements, commonly used as a unit of input and output to and from files or databases.
Class
A(n) __________ is a data structure containing both static data and methods.
Array
A(n) __________ is a sequence of primitive data elements stored in sequential storage locations. (ordered list)
String
A(n) __________ is an array of characters.
Index
A(n) __________ is an array of data items, each of which contains a key value and a pointer to another data item.
Object
A(n) __________ is one instance or variable of a class.
Pointer
A(n) __________ is the address of another data item or structure.
Singly Linked List
A(n) __________ list stores one pointer with each list element.
Network
A(n) ____________ consists of hardware and software components that enable multiple users and computers to share information, software, and hardware resources.
Instruction
A(n) ____________ is a command to the CPU to perform one processing function on one or more data inputs.
Server
A(n) ____________ is a computer that manages shared resources and allows other computers to access them through a network.
Grid
A(n) ____________ is a group of dissimilar computer systems, connected by a high-speed network, that cooperate to provide services or run an application.
Cluster
A(n) ____________ is a group of similar or identical computers, connected by a high-speed network, that cooperate to provide services or run a shared application.
Register
A(n) ____________ is a storage location implemented in the CPU.
Operating System
A(n) ____________ is the most common type of system software.
Supercomputer
A(n) ____________ typically uses the latest and most expensive technology.
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT;
ALU Registers Control Unit
MOVE
An ___ instruction copies data from one memory location to another.
Benchmark
An ____ is a measure of CPU or computer system performance when performing specific tasks.
Word
An ____ is the number of bits the CPU process simultaneously. It also describes the size of a single register.
Integrated Circuit , Microchip
An ____ or ____ contains multiple transistors or gates in a single sealed package.
RISC
An ____ procesor limits the number and the of complex instructions.
Gate
An _____ is an electrical circuit that implements a Boolean or other primitive processing function on single bit inputs.
Heat Sink
An _______ improves heat dissipation by providing a thermal mass and a large thermal transfer surface.
Transistor
An _________ is an electrical switch built of semiconducting materials.
Hexadecimal
Assembly (machine) language programs for most computers use __________ notation to represent memory address values.
BRANCH (JUMP) Instruction
Causes the processor to depart from sequential instruction order.
IEEE Computer Society
Computer- and network-related standards can be found in the digital library of the __________.
Deployment
Configuring hardware and system software is an activity of the UP __________ discipline.
TWO FUNCTIONS OF CONTROL UNIT (CPU);
Control movement of data to and from CPU registers. Access program instructions.
MOVE (instruction)
Copies data bits to storage locations and can copy data between any combination of registers and primary storage locations.
Rock's Law
Cost of fabrication facilities for the latest chip generation double every four years.
Processor
Device that performs data manipulation and transformation functions; Computation Comparison Data Movement
Business Modeling
During the __________ and requirements UP disciplines, the business, its environment, and user requirements are defined and modeled.
Random Access Memory (RAM)
Enables the CPU to rapidly read from or write to specific memory locations.
Radax Point
In a positional numbering system, the __________ separates digits representing whole number quantities from digits representing fractional quantities.
Program Status Word (PSW)
In many CPUs a register called the ___ stores but flags representing CPU and program status, including those representing processing errors and the results of comparison operations.
Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCIC)
In older IBM mainframe computers, characters were encoded according to the __________ coding scheme.
A COMPUTER STORES;
Intermediate Processing Results Data Programs
Volatility
Key characteristics that distinguish primary and secondary storage include cost, capacity, speed, and ____________.
Segmented Memory Model
Most Intel CPUs use the _____________ , in which each memory address is represented by two integers.
Programming Language
Most programs are written in a(n) ____________, such as FORTRAN or Java, which is then translated into equivalent CPU instructions.
NOT
NOT 0 = 1 NOT 1 = 0
Complex Instruction
Need processor with all complicated complications already. Tradeoff between processor complexity and programming simplicity.
Hertz
One ______ is one cycle per second
Mainframes
One type or class of larger servers includes ____________, which are generally optimized for data storage and I/O capability.
FOUR MAIN FUNCTIONS OF COMPUTER HARDWARE;
Processing Storage External Communication Internal Communication
Design or Architecture Design
Selecting hardware, network components, and system software is an activity of the UP __________ discipline.
SDLC
Systems Development Life Cycle
Wait states
The CPU incurs one or more ___ when its idle, pending the completion of an operation by another device in the computer system.
System Bus
The __________ enables the CPU, primary storage, and secondary storage devices to communicate.
Instruction Pointer
The address of the next instruction to be fetched by the CPU is called an _______.
Operands
The components of an instruction are its op code and one or more ____.
Load
The contents of a memory location are copied to a register while performing an _____ operation .
Technology Architecture
The term __________ includes several other types of computer-related architecture including computer, network, and software architecture.
Secondary Storage
The term ____________ describes the collection of storage devices that hold large quantities of data for long periods.
Primary Storage
The term ____________ refers to storage devices, not located in the CPU, that hold instructions and data of currently running programs.
Least Significant Bit
The__________ is the bit of lowest magnitude in a byte or bit string.
UP
Unified Process
Unicode
Unlike ASCII and EBCDIC, __________ is a 16-bit or 32-bit character coding table.
Unified Resource Locater (URL)
WWW resources are identified and accessed by a(n) ____________.
Instruction Register
When an instruction is first fetched from memory, its placed in the _____ and then decode to extract its components.
Pipeling
____ is a CPU design technique in which instruction execution is divided into multiple stages and different instructions an execute in different stages simultaneously.
Floating-Point
__________ notation encodes a real number as a mantissa multiplied by a power (exponent) of 2.
Overflow
__________ occurs when the result of an arithmetic operation exceeds the number of bits available to store it.
Virtualization
____________ is a technique that enables a single computer to host multiple virtual machines.
Grosch's Law
____________ says that larger computer classes are more cost-efficient than smaller ones - a statement that doesn't accurately describe modern computing hardware.
Simple Instruction
about 20% you use 80%. Lower clock rate, lower processing speed, lower cost.
Resistance
generates heat in electrical devices
Gallium Arsenide
is a semiconducting material with optical properties
