Systems Physiology Exam
Nelson pointed out in lecture that forced exhalation can give you great abs (so you can set off metal detectors, per the meme). Which muscles are activated during forced exhalation? Internal intercostals External intercostals Diaphragm A and C B and C
A and C
Hyperkalemia would stimulate activity in the epithelial cells that are lining ... A, B, and C A only F only A and F A, C, and F
A and F
Which of the following DECREASES as a result of high-intensity exercise? Arterial PCO2 Radius of an arteriole supplying the stomach ESV Amount of blood found in the veins All of the above
All of the above
Which of the following is a diagnosing criteria for polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)? High levels of androgens Amenorrhea or too frequent of periods Ovarian cysts Two of these All of these
All of these
Which of the following regarding the actions of cortisol is NOT true? Cortisol has anti inflammatory properties Cortisol participates in the homeostasis of blood pressure Cortisol increases blood sugar, even if blood sugar is very high Cortisol promotes catabolism (breakdown) of protein In excessive concentrations, cortisol promotes Cushing's syndrome, characterized by fat deposits, resulting in a "moon" face
Cortisol increases blood sugar, even if blood sugar is very high
Excessive secretion of renin... Could lead to hyokalemia (low plasma potassium) Decreases TPR Increases GFR Results in a strongly hypo-osmotic urine More than one of these
Could lead to hyokalemia (low plasma potassium)
Which letter in the picture refers to the opening of the bicuspid valve? A B C D
D
During which days of the female reproductive cycle is estrogen not stimulating the uterus? Days 1-8 Days 8-14 Days 15-28
Days 1-8
Estrogen engages in a positive feedback loop with LH (and FSH) during which days of the ovarian cycle? Days 1-7 Days 8-14 Days 15-28
Days 8-14
Something that is not filtered could be part of a kidney stone True False
False
The actions of gonadotropins directly stimulate the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle True False
False
The infant condition of ISDS has been hypothesized to be caused by abnormal firing of the DRG cells in the medulla True False
False
Without the action of bile salts Fats may not emulsify well enough to be accessible and chemically digested by pancreatic lipase Absorption of vitamin B12 would be disrupted Pancreatic lipase will be inactive Poop will not be brown All of the above
Fats may not emulsify well enough to be accessible and chemically digested by pancreatic lipase
Flow through a coronary artery with a radius of 1 um is 4 um/sec during a recent bout of exercise. Assuming a constant pressure difference and a change in the radius by a factor of 2, how would flow compare in that same coronary artery while this individual is resting? Flow would be less, specifically 1 um/sec Flow would be less, specifically ¼ um/sec Flow would be equal at 4 um/sec Flow would be more at 16 um/sec Flow would be more at 64 um/sec
Flow would be less, specifically ¼ um/sec
Implantation of the blastocyst,... Must occur in the fallopian tube Is dependent on the hCG secretion from the corpus luteum In part happens because of uterine contractions Occurs while all cells of the conceptus are totipotent Happens when estrogen begins to drop
In part happens because of uterine contractions
The anterior pituitary hormones... Include FSH, LH, and prolactin Are stored in the anterior pituitary but synthesized in the hypothalamus All target the same organ Do not participate in negative feedback loops All of the above
Include FSH, LH, and prolactin
You are designing a drug that manipulates the pressures in the renal capsule. The goal of your drug is to help treat hypertension. Which pressure change listed would give your drug a good chance of success? Increased glomerular hydrostatic pressure Increased bowman's space hydrostatic pressure Increased glomerular capillary oncotic pressure Decreased glomerular hydrostatic pressure Two of these
Increased glomerular hydrostatic pressure
Which statement below correctly describes how insulin works (given non-diabetic, normal health)? Insulin promotes glucose entry via simple diffusion into fat and muscle cells Insulin increases the number of GLUT 4 receptors on fat and muscle cells Insulin removes glucose from the blood by active transport Insulin promotes glucose breakdown/mobilization in the liver Insulin increases intestinal absorption of glucose
Insulin increases the number of GLUT 4 receptors on fat and muscle cells
How would you characterize the signaling pathway illustrated above? Ionotropic and excitatory Ionotropic and inhibitory Metabotropic and excitatory Metabotropic and inhibitory
Ionotropic and excitatory
Gestational diabetes... Results in the infant experiencing chronic hyperglycemia Is a result of the mother making too much insulin during pregnancy Is a result of insulin receptors becoming less sensitive during pregnancy Results in the infant being born smaller than normal Is a failure of the pancreas to adapt to the pregnancy by not undergoing hypertrophy and hyperplasia
Is a failure of the pancreas to adapt to the pregnancy by not undergoing hypertrophy and hyperplasia
The gut microbiome Can be found only in the large intestine of the digestive system Synthesizes vitamin D Is populated better in babies born vaginally versus C-section Is not a potential cause for some types of IBS Is a primary contributor to heartburn
Is populated better in babies born vaginally versus C-section
There is a vertical line showing the beginning of all phases of the cardiac cycle except which one? Ventricular filling Isovolumetric contraction Ventricular ejection Isovolumetric relaxation
Isovolumetric relaxation
If you inhale and hold your breath at the peak of your inhalation, which of the following is true regarding intrapleural pressure? It is decreasing (getting more negative) It is increasing (getting more positive) It is at its peak (most positive number) It is at its lowest (most negative number) It is zero, or equal to atmospheric pressure
It is at its lowest (most negative number)
suppose this fiber was exposed to high levels of inorganic phosphate (Pi) but nothing else. Based on your reading, you know Pi depresses calcium sensitivity. How would the force-calcium relationship appear in this fiber with elevated Pi compared to the normal? It would be shifted to the right but show similar peak force It would show less force but there would be no shift to the right It would be shifted to the left and show less peak force It would be shifted to the right and show less peak force It would be shifted to the left but show a similar peak force
It would be shifted to the right and show less peak force
A rightward shift of the normal curve A could indicate what? Elevated blood pH levels Metabolic activity producing higher levels than normal DPG At a given PO2, there is greater affinity of oxygen for hemoglobin B and C A, B, and C
Metabolic activity producing higher levels than normal DPG
Narcan (naloxone hydrochloride) is a drug that is used to save the life of a person in the process of an opioid overdose. Narcan's mechanism of action is to competitively bind to the opioid receptors. Knowing this, which cell is Narcan binding to and why type of drug is it? Pre-synaptic neuron; antagonist Pre-synaptic neuron; agonist Modulatory interneuron; antagonist Modulatory interneuron; agonist Post-synaptic; antagonist
Modulatory interneuron; antagonist
Compared to veins, arteries have... A thicker endothelium layer More layers of smooth muscle cells More blood in them at rest A thinner elastic layer Higher compliance
More layers of smooth muscle cells
Which of the following is true as it pertains to cardiovascular adaptations to exercise training? An increased heart rate at the same workload is an indicator of fitness Exercise training results in higher heart rates at the same workload Following training, there is an increased stroke volume at a given workload Maximum heart rate is lower in a trained individual More than one of these are true
More than one of these are true
Is the condition of anemia graphed on this figure? No Yes it is curve B Yes, it is curve C
No
Suppose that a person took a drug that blocked the ryanodine receptor in the skeletal muscle cell where you would find this cross bridge. Would it be possible to get to the state of the cross bridge illustrated here in this scenario? Yes because a cross bridge can form without calcium No because a cross bridge cannot form without calcium Yes because there is ATP so we can make a cross bridge No because blocking the ryanodine receptor means there is no action potential Yes because blocking the ryanodine receptor only disrupts intracellular calcium so extracellular calcium is still available
No because a cross bridge cannot form without calcium
Assume that curve B represents a single, type II x fiber. Is it correct to say that fiber A could be a single, type I fiber? Yes No, (controlling for size) type I fibers have a similar velocity to type IIx fibers No, (controlling for size) type I fibers have a similar force to type IIx fibers
No, (controlling for size) type I fibers have a similar force to type IIx fibers
Blippi's FV is about 4 liters. Blippi has had trouble breathing recently and thinks he may have asthma. He did FVC test at the doctor's office and found his FEV1 was 3.5 Liters. Based on these results, does Blippi have asthma or is something else wrong? Yes, Blippi has asthma No, something else must be wrong
No, something else must be wrong
In a healthy individual, red blood cells... Get filtered only Get reabsorbed only Get secreted only Get filtered and reabsorbed None of the above
None of the above
The pancreatic acinar cells Secrete enterokinase Secrete bicarbonate Secrete pepsinogen Secrete intrinsic factor None of the above
None of the above
Which statement about systemic capillaries is FALSE? Compared to the veins and arteries, velocity of flow is LOWEST in the capillaries Oxygen is traveling from the capillaries toward the tissues Carbon dioxide is traveling from the tissues toward the capillaries Total cross-sectional area in the capillaries is higher than in the veins None of the above (all are true)
None of the above (all are true)
Select the incorrect feedback pair listed Cortisol on ACTH - negative feedback Incretins on insulin secretion - feedforward feedback Oxytocin on labor contractions - positive feedback Water content in the body on ADH - negative feedback None of the above (i.e. all feedback pairs listed are correct)
None of the above (i.e. all feedback pairs listed are correct)
A partial AV node block in the cadiac conduction system would be reflected how in the EKG? As no synchrony between any of the P-waves and the WRST waves Some P-waves would have no corresponding QRST waves It would not be reflected in the EKG; the EKG only shows electrical activity It would show up as many non-synchronous waves As P-waves, then T waves, then QRS complexes
Some P-waves would have no corresponding QRST waves
Which of the following scenarios below results in a nerve cell being LESS excitable? Hyperkalemia (high extracellular K) Hypernatremia (high extracellular Na) Increased excitatory local input on the cell body of the neuron The presence of a modulatory interneuron exactly like that of the opioid example None of these
The presence of a modulatory interneuron exactly like that of the opioid example
The decline in ventricular pressure during isovolumetric relaxation is dependent on what? Funny Na+ channel in nodal cells How quickly the semilunar valves open The degree of phosphorylation of the ryanodine receptor in a ventricular caridomyocyte The degree of phosphorylation of troponin in a ventricular cardiomyocyte The binding of epinephrine and norepinephrine to alpha-adrenergic receptors
The degree of phosphorylation of troponin in a ventricular cardiomyocyte
An individual has a genotype XY and sexual differentiation proceeds normally. Which of the following will also occur? Mullerian ducts will develop AMH will stimulate the development of the Wolffian ducts Testosterone will promote testes formation The individual will develop a duct system due to activity of the SRY gene The fetal testes will form first and their hormone secretions dictate differentiation
The fetal testes will form first and their hormone secretions dictate differentiation
A rod cell's resting membrane potential is measured to be -70 mV. Given this information, what else is true? Non-selective cation channels in the rod cell are open There is significant glutamate release from the rod cell The on-center bipolar cells are depolarized and release glutamate The off-center bipolar cells are depolarized and release glutamate cGMP phosphodiesterase is inactive
The on-center bipolar cells are depolarized and release glutamate
Dark vision involves... The activation of cGMP phosphodiesterase The significant release of the neurotransmitter glutamate from rods and cones The activation of the transducing protein More than one of these are true All of these are true
The significant release of the neurotransmitter glutamate from rods and cones
Choose the letter closest to ovulation A B C D
C
We don't see any of the conduction system firing on the EKG because there are too few cells for the EKG to detect. If we were to observe firing of the Bundle of His and Purkinje fibers, by which number would we see them firing on the EKG? 1 2 3 4
2
Which numbers above represent the movement of oxygen? 1, 2, and 5 1, 2, 3, and 4 3, 4, and 5 3 and 4 1 and 2
3 and 4
During which number on the EKG would the dominant current in the ventricular action potential be Kr/Ks? 1 2 3 4
4
Osmolarity of the fluid in this/these compartment(s) of the nephron is/are independent of ADH A, B, C, D and E A, B, C, D, E and F A, B and C B and C C only
A, B and C
Of these substances, which is not like the others in terms of its effect on blood pressure? Aldosterone Renin Angiotensin II ANP Norepinephrine
ANP
Assuming point A is a healthy heart at rest, which point on the curve illustrates inotropic effects? A1 B C A2
B
As Sam does a fancy lift called a thruster, they notice that their shoulders begin to get more and more tired and ultimately Sam struggles to lift the bar over their head. What's going on in Sam's muscle cells? There is too much calcium, and it is getting in the way of actin-myosin binding The SR calcium is being precipitated (bound by) inorganic phosphate, reducing force The y-intercept on the force-velocity curve of Sam's muscle fibers is going down B and C A, B, and C
B and C
A patient with emphysema has chronically abnormal CO2 levels. At a PO2 of 60mmHg, what would the % oxygen saturation of hemoglobin be? Above 75% 75% Below 75%
Below 75%
Following the heart emergency, patient 1 was prescribed a treatement plan which included a drug that directly reduces the work of th e heart muslce. Which drug discussed in class does this? Calcium channel blocker Diuretic Blood thinner Beta-blocker
Beta-blocker
In the blood plasma there is a note that the enzyme carbonic anhydrase is catalyzing the conversion of __________ Bicarbonate and water into carbon dioxide and hydrogen ion Carbonic acid into bicarbonate and hydrogen ion Carbon dioxide and hydrogen ion into water and bicarbonate Carbon dioxide and water into bicarbonate and hydrogen ion Bicarbonate and hydrogen ion into carbon dioxide and water
Bicarbonate and hydrogen ion into carbon dioxide and water
After this gas exchange in this picture, which valve will this red blood cell encounter next? No valve; it will head into arterial circulation Tricuspid valve Pulmonary valve Aortic valve Bicuspid valve
Bicuspid valve
Erectile dysfunction is primarily a ____ issue and can be treated by promoting more ___ Sperm production; spermatogenesis Sperm production; vasodilation Blood flow; vasodilation Blood flow; vasoconstriction Blood flow; spermatogenesis
Blood flow; vasodilation
Taking human growth hormone as a supplement seems like a good idea since it promotes fat catabolism and protein anabolism (muscles here we come). However, the effect of hGH on _____ to _____ cautions against use of this supplement Blood glucose; decrease it Bone growth; increase it Bone growth; decrease it Blood glucose; increase it Blood calcium; increase it
Blood glucose; increase it
What is the role of Ca2+ in skeletal muscle excitation? Calcium from the extracellular environment enters the muscle cell and results in an end plate potential Calcium from the extracellular environment enters the nerve cell and aids in action potential propagation Calcium from the SR results in an end plate potential Calcium from the SR results in vesicle fusion and neurotransmitter release Calcium from the extracellular environment results in vesicle fusion and neurotransmitter release
Calcium from the extracellular environment results in vesicle fusion and neurotransmitter release
Type II diabetes... Is characterized by a deficiency of insulin Is associated with autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic beta-cells Means that both insulin and glucagon are not working May be caused by an overactive response of fat/muscle cells to insulin Can result in excessive fluid (Na+ and water) excretion if not treated
Can result in excessive fluid (Na+ and water) excretion if not treated
Hyperventilation as a result of a panic attack may eventually stimulate the ________ chemoreceptors in the medulla due to the ______ in blood (cerebrospinal fluid) pH. Central; increase Central; decrease Peripheral; increase Peripheral; decrease
Central; increase
A hormone travels freely in the blood to its target cell. This hormone: Is a steroid Could be ADH Has a receptor on the cell membrane of its target cell Two of these are true All are true
Two of these are true
Secondary active transport... Drives sodium across the basolateral membrane of PCT epithelial cells Drives glucose across the apical membrane of PCT epithelial cells Drives H+ across the apical membrane of parietal cells Drives K+ cells across the apical membrane of DCT epithelial cells Drives H2O across the basolateral membrane of PCT epithelial cells
Drives glucose across the apical membrane of PCT epithelial cells
You are studying a cell from the heart but were not given information about where the cell came from. As you observe action potentials in this cell you notice a few things: 1) the duration of the action potential is around 300 ms. 2) there is not a steady resting potential. If you were able to isolate ionic currents in thai cell, what would you find? Funny Na current, Ito current, L-type calcium current, and Kr/Ks current Fast Na current, T-and L-type calcium current, and kr/Ks current Fast Na current, L-type calcium current, and Kr/Ks current Fast Na current, T-and L-type calcium current, and rectifying K+ current Funny Na current, T- and L-type calcium current, and rectifying K+ current
Funny Na current, T- and L-type calcium current, and rectifying K+ current
Which of the following secretions is incorrectly paired with what stimulates it? HCl production is stimulated by histamine Pancreatic acinar cells are stimulated by CCK Pancreatic duct cells are stimulated by secretin Gall bladder contraction is stimulated by gastrin Trypsinogen is converted to trypsin by enterokinase
Gall bladder contraction is stimulated by gastrin
Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is ... Equal to the atmospheric pressure Less than th pressure in the atmosphere Greater than the pressure in the atmosphere Greater than the transpulmonary pressure Less than the intrapleural pressure
Greater than the pressure in the atmosphere
Given no ADH, the osmolarity of the fluid in F would _____ compared to the osmolarity of the fluid in C Hypo-osmotic Iso-osmotic Hyper-osmotic
Hypo-osmotic
Supposed curve B represents single, type I fibers in Sam's deltoid muscle before they began a regiment of strength training. After doing thrusters for 10 weeks, Sam notices that they are able to lift more weight over their head. If B is the "before? Force-velocity curve for a type I deltoid fiber, how would the "after" curve appear? It would look like curve A It would look like curve A, except that the x-intercept would near the curve B x-intercept It would look like curve C It would look like curve C, except that the x-intercept would at the curve B x-intercept It would look like curve C, except that the y-intercept would be at the scurve B y-intercept
It would look like curve C, except that the y-intercept would be at the curve B y-intercept
Blood passing through the bicuspid valve... Would have a PCO2 concentration of 46 mmHg Just came from the left atrium Would trip into the left ventricle if there were a leak Would have a PO2 concentration of 40 mmHg Two of these Louise's tidal volume
Just came from the left atrium
Vivian was diagnosed with hypothyroidism and began treatment. Vivian's treatment is most likely _______ and this will help her _____ the TH levels in her body Anti-thyroid drugs, increase Anti-thyroid drugs; decrease Levothyroxine; increase Levothyroxine, decrease
Levothyroxine; increase
The perception of sound depends on the hair cell interpreting the stimulus of a sound wave. Following the arrival of the sound wave into the ear... Mechanically gated Na+ channels open and allow for a receptor potential Mechanically gated K+ channels open and allow for a receptor potential Mechanically gated K+ channels open and allow for an action potential Voltage gated Na+ channels open and allow for an action potential Voltage gated K+ channels open and allow for an action potential
Mechanically gated K+ channels open and allow for a receptor potential
The hormone that, if working properly, prevents us from experiencing hypocalcemia (low blood calcium) is... Parathyroid hormone Calcitonin Thyroid hormone Insulin Aldosterone
Parathyroid hormone
A muscle fiber is set up for an experiment at position 1 and maximally stimulated. It produces an active force of 90 grams. The fiber is then stretched to position 2, maximally stimulated and produces an active force of 80 grams. How would you compare position 1 to position 2? Position 1 is above Lo and position 2 is at Lo Position 1 is near or at Lo and position 2 is below Lo Position 1 is below Lo and position 2 is at Lo Position 1 is at or near Lo and position 2 is above Lo There is not enough information to determine since we are not given any information about passive force
Position 1 is at or near Lo and position 2 is above Lo
Norepinephrine and epinephrine binding to beta-adrenergic receptors on the SA node... Promote vasodilation of nearby coronary arteries Promote increased cardiac contractility Promote an increased heart rate and cardiac output B and C A, B, and C
Promote an increased heart rate and cardiac output
On a cellular level, the y-intercept is indicative of ... Rate of ATP hydrolysis on myosin Calcium release from the SR stretch on the titin protein HOW FAST THE ALPHA-MOTOR NEURON action potential is firing Rate of ATP binding to myosin
Rate of ATP hydrolysis on myosin
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as a result of emphysema can lead to ___ and the kidney attempts to compensate for this problem by ___ Respiratory alkalosis; increasing H+ secretion Respiratory acidosis; increasing H+ secretion Respiratory alkalosis; decreasing H+ secretion Respiratory acidosis; decreasing H+ secretion Metabolic acidosis; increasing H+ secretion
Respiratory alkalosis; increasing H+ secretion
A glucose molecule from your brownie last night made it across the basolateral membrane (via a GLUT transporter) of a jejunum epithelial cell a few hours ago. Before encountering that basolateral transporter, what enzymes and transporters did that glucose (formerly sucrose, a polysaccharide) encounter and interact with? Salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase, carboxypeptidase, SGLUT Salivary amylase, enterokinase, pancreatic amylase, GLUT Salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase, brush border enzymes, SGLUT Brush border enzymes, SGLUT Pancreatic amylase, enterokinase, GLUT
Salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase, brush border enzymes, SGLUT
Smooth and cardiac muscle contraction differ from skeletal muscle contraction in that... Smooth and cardiac muscle are thick filament regulated while skeletal is not Smooth and cardiac muscle do not require an action potential while skeletal does Smooth and cardiac muscle are involuntary while skeletal is voluntary Smooth and cardiac muscle do not utilize troponin while skeletal does Smooth and cardiac muscle relax due to dephosphorylation of the myosin light chain while skeletal muscle does not
Smooth and cardiac muscle are involuntary while skeletal is voluntary
Thyroid hormone is often regarded as the "metabolic" hormone in that it's activity and levels can affect the rate at which individuals burn calories. All the functions of thyroid hormone listed below participate in this EXCEPT one. Choose the exception TH promotes greater absorption of glucose in the intestines TH promotes synthesis of Na/K pumps on body cell membranes TH promotes glucose uptake into fat and muscle cells TH potentiates the sympathetic effects of epinephrine and noepinephrine by promoting synthesis of alpha and beta adrenergic receptors TH is critical in body temperature homeostasis
TH promotes glucose uptake into fat and muscle cells
The calcium transient during a maximal contraction was measured at 0.40 micromolar calcium and again at 1.00 micromolar calcium. How would these calcium transients compare? They would be the same, given it's a maximal contraction The y-axis of the calcium transient would be less under 0.40 micromolar compared to 1.00 micromolar calcium The y-axis of the calcium transient, or calcium concentration, would be more under 0.40 micromolar compared to 1.00 micromolar calcium
The y-axis of the calcium transient would be less under 0.40 micromolar compared to 1.00 micromolar calcium
The second hard sound (or the "dub") of the cardiac cycle... Refers to the opening of the AV valves Would be the exact moment when you would hear a semilunar valve stenosis This happens when the volume in the ventricles is at ESV Happens in between the P wave and the QRS complex in the EKG Has nothing to do with the ventricular pressure
This happens when the volume in the ventricles is at ESV
While we did not discuss calcium handling in the proximal tubule, di you know that 98% of calcium gets filtered is passively reabsorbed in the renal tubule? Moreover, over 60% of that reabsorption happens at the proximal tubule. Given this information and your extensive knowledge of renal physiology, what else is true? Calcium reabsorption concentrations are slightly higher in the renal tubule than in the interstitial fluid/blood in order for it to travel passively Some calcium is excreted There must be channels/transporters for calcium movement at cells along the nephron other than the proximal tubule Two of these Three of these
Three of these
According to the figure, the vesicles filled with the neurotransmitter serotonin are undergoing exocytosis to release the neurotransmitter. How is this happening? Through the Na+ entry in the channel at the top Through the extracellular calcium that entered through the voltage gated calcium channel Through the action potential generated in the taste cell A and C B and C
Through the extracellular calcium that entered through the voltage gated calcium channel
Louise's tidal volume at rest is 500 mL. She begins exercising. Which of the following changes happen as it pertains to her lung volume (exercise compared to rest)? Total lung capacity increases Vital capacity increases Tidal volume increases Inspiratory reserve volume increases All of the above
Tidal volume increases
Maintaining a pregnancy would mean the uterine endometrial lining would continue to proliferative from picture H above. The reason that the proliferative phase continues is ... FSH and LH stimulate the uterine wall Estrogen and progesterone exert negative feedback on FSH and LH hCG stimulates the uterine endometrial cells to grow and secrete nutrients Progesterone promotes contractions of the uterus, helping it grow Trophoblast cells secrete hCG which maintains the corpus luteum
Trophoblast cells secrete hCG which maintains the corpus luteum
A pulmonary valve stenosis would be heard during right ventricular ejection True False
True
A respiratory disease discussed with decreased compliance, but an unchanged FEV1/FVC ratio is pulmonary fibrosis True False
True
Glucagon and growth hormone have similar effects on glucose True False
True
An individual on a loop diuretic would be changing the osmolarity of the fluid where? Outside of the tubule, (the medullary interstitial fluid) surrounding the loop and collecting duct of nephron D and E B Two of these All of these
Two of these
Leak potassium channels... Are more numerous than leak sodium channels Are open while a neuron resting, but not while the neuron is firing an action potential Permit the flow of potassium into the cell Rate of flow through which would change in a condition like hyperkalemia Two of these
Two of these
The transition to the next step after this one involves.. ATP hydrolysis ADP and Pi binding A change in the confirmation of myosin ATP binding Two of these
Two of these
A mutation in collecting ducts keep PKA constantly active. How would this affect urine voluem and osmolarity? Urine volume would be very low and osmolarity very high due to constant reabsorption of water Urine volume would be very low and osmolarity very low due to constant reabsorption of water and sodium Urine volume would be very high and osmolarity very low due to inability of ADH to act Urine volume would be very high and osmolarity very low due to lack of aquaporins on the apical membrane Urine volume would be very high and osmolarity very high due to the action of the NKCC transporter
Urine volume would be very low and osmolarity very high due to constant reabsorption of water
The bracket at the very top of the figure (spanning just before B until right around C is showing a time period in this cardiac cycle of what? Ventricular ejection Ventricular filling Ventricular systole Ventricular diastole Atrial systole
Ventricular systole
Which ion flux is most responsible for determining the duration of the action potential? Na/K Pump activity Voltage gated sodium influx Voltage gated potassium efflux Leak potassium current These are all equally responsible for action potential duration
Voltage gated sodium influx
Pulse pressure... Is independent of stroke volume Decreases with age Is another way of saying mean arterial pressure Will increase as mean compliance decreases Would be higher in an individual with a low resting heart rate
Will increase as mean compliance decreases
(illustrates a signal transduction cascade for salty taste) Being that the cell pictured here is a receptor cell for salty taste, does it fire action potentials? Yes No
Yes
(power stroke step of cross-bridge cycle) In this particular step of the cross-bridge cycle, is this cross-bridge making force? Yes No
Yes
Assume that curve B represents a type IIx motor unit. Is it correct to say that the fiber A could be a type I motor unit ? Yes No, type I Motor units have a similar velocity to type IIx motor units No, type I motor units have a similar force to type IIx motor units
Yes
Medical examiners sometimes come across a dead body that is experiencing rigor mortis about 2-4 hours after death. Is the step illustrated above a possible confirmation for cross bridges during rigor mortis? Yes No
Yes
How could you calculate cardiac output from this graph? EV x SV at any point of interest SV/EDV at any point of interest You would need to be given the HR, and then you could calculate it as HR x SV You would need to be given the HR, and you could calculate it as HR x EDV You would need to be given the HR, and you could calculate it as HR x ESV
You would need to be given the HR, and then you could calculate it as HR x SV
A chemical synapse involves a neurotransmitter "X" which binds and opens an ionotropic receptor that results in the flux of magnesium (Mg2+). What other piece of information would you need to determine the binding of X results in an excitatory response in the postsynaptic neuron? None, because Mg2+ is positively charged, this is an excitatory response You would need to know that Mg2+ is highly concentrated outside of the cell Yo would need to know that Mg+ is highly concentrated inside the cell You would need to know that binding of X elicits an action potential in the post synaptic cell None, because this is an ionotropic receptor, we can't determine flow
You would need to know that Mg2+ is highly concentrated outside of the cell
Which condition would curve B represent? Anemia Hyperventilation ~50% carbon monoxide poisoning Intense exercise Moderate exercise
~50% carbon monoxide poisoning
