Teacher certification Test for NT102

John Locke

...an English philosopher who believed that all people have natural rights (life, liberty, property)

3 components of cooperative learning activities

1) Success for the individuals must be dependent upon success for the group 2) Every participant must have a defined role 3) Every student must be responsible and accountable for their part in the group work.

5 step procedure to use when you come to a word you don't know

1. Skip it and keep reading; 2. Sound it out; 3. Look for parts you do know; 4. Look it up in the dictionary; 5. Ask someone else.

Thomas Paine's Common Sense

1776 articles attacking allegiance to British Monarchy. Thomas Paine believed Britain failed to responsibly deal with the colonies' rebellion and that the colonies should declare their independence.

Cold War

1945-1991 occurred during this time period was Vietnam, Korea, and Grenada

Trade book

A book that tells a story, not an information book

Federalist Papers

A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution in detail.

Jig-Saw Cooperative learning method

A large task is broken up into pieces by having each member of the cooperative learning group become an expert on one small part. Each member reports back to the group what they have learned and these pieces are put together for the final group product.

Synthetic approach

A part to whole phonics approach that uses individual letter sound relationships in isolation that are combined to form words. A type of phonics instruction

Least restrictive environment (LRE)

A setting that is as similar as possible to the one in which children who do not have a disability are educated.

CLOZE passage

A text passage possessing blanks in place of every X number of words. Using it helps teach readers to use context clues.

Analytical approach

A whole to part phonics approach that uses whole words and identifying individual sounds as part of those words. Effort is made to avoid saying letter sounds in isolation. A type of phonics instruction.

syntactic

Ability to create a variety of sentence structures, appropriately complex and/or simple and varied in length

The Mayflower Compact

Agreement signed by Pilgrims before they landed at Plymouth Rock to agree how they would govern their colony. (First constitution in history) Connection to American democracy: We make agreements to settle things and keep our country a unified nation.

Rime

Also referred to word family. All the sounds (after the onset) from the vowel to the end of the word. For example, in the word cat it is at. (The onset is c.)

Subskills View

An approach/ view to reading instruction that promotes instruction of specific subskills of reading to a level of mastery. It is a direct instructor approach where mastery of each subskill is believed to lead to literacy. It is a bottom-up, part to whole approach.

Phonics View

An approach/ view to reading that in its purest form follows the idea that reading instruction only needs to include letter-sound associations. Comprehension of words and larger passages will be an automatic outcome of the ability to blend individual letter sound together to form words. It is a bottom-up, part to whole approach.

Invented spelling

An attempt to spell a word based on a student's knowledge of the spelling system and how it works (e.g., kt for cat).

4 elements of literature

Character, Setting, Plot, Theme

Congress

Determines the number of Supreme Court Justices and holds sole power to declare war.

Industrial Revolution

Europeans sought new markets for their goods. Many Europeans migrated to the cities in search of jobs. European middle class gained political power.

French Revolution of 1789

Immediate result was that the French middle class gained more power.

Four models of instruction

Knowledge Transmitter Model/Direct Instruction (Didactic, expository or traditional style), Inquiry Model, Interpersonal Model, Teaching for Understanding: often uses multiple models, methods & strategies

Mnemonic

(adj.) relating to or designed to assist the memory; (n.) a device to aid the memory

Apply information

- Build, evaluate of information

Context Clues

- The ability to use the words around an unknown word to figure out what it is/or means.

The end of World War II

- V-J Day. Followed the dropping of the atomic bombs on Japan, Japan surrendered.

Acid rain

- When coal is burned it releases sulfur and nitrogen into the air. When it rains, or precipitates, these gases are combined with the rain.

graphophonic

referring to the sound relationships between the orthography (spelling) and phonology (sounds) of language

Literal Comprehension

refers to the ability to understand and recall information that has been explicitly stated in a text. The text may be written or spoken. Who, what, when and where. It differs from inference, or inferential comprehension, which has to do with understanding information only implied in the text. To comprehend literally you have to remember only what was clearly and specifically said.

Morphological-

relating to or concerned with the formation of admissible words in a language

Application question

requires a deeper level or higher level of understanding of the concepts to apply the knowledge to a new situation or problem.

5 Steps in Writing

Pre-writing, Drafting/Writing, Revising, Proofreading/Editing, Publishing

Word identification strategy

Reading the entire sentence and predicting the definition by its use in the sentence.

4 main language arts

Reading, Writing, Speaking, and Listening

Organic Act

Signed by Abraham Lincoln making the Arizona territory separate from the New Mexico territory. Jefferson Davis had offered statehood to Arizona. Abraham Lincoln did not want Arizona to become a part of the CSA and offered the citizens of the Arizona portion of the New Mexico territory separate status in order to prevent this from happening.

Criterion-referenced test

Student's performances are compared to a criterion, or standard.

SSR

Sustained Silent Reading - a quiet free choice reading time

Vocabulary

The ability to associate the printed form of a word with its meaning.

Comprehension

The ability to build meaning from print. The ability to answer questions about a story. The ability to associate the ideas the author put into print with the ideas stored in the reader's schema. The ability to recall information from a passage you have read.

Structural Analysis-

The ability to decode words by using your knowledge of root words and affixes.

Dictionary Study

The ability to determine the pronunciation of an unfamiliar word.

Higher Order Comprehension

The ability to read beyond the words in a story. The ability to imply information from what was read. The ability to draw a logical conclusion from what was read.

Sight Words

The ability to recognize a word immediately without analysis. Immediate need, high frequency of occurrence, does not follow phonics decoding generalizations. Picture word association, key word approach are examples.

Validity

The degree to which a test measures what it is intended to measure, Accurate. The degree to which a study accurately reflects or assesses the specific concepts that the researcher is attempting to measure. Does it measure what its suppose to.

Public Law 94-142 (Education of All Handicapped Children Act) also known as, Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

The law stating that all disabled children must receive appropriate public education. Each child with special needs has the right to an evaluation by school or health professionals, who then develop an individualized educational plan for that child.Provides for the placement of exceptional children in the regular classroom for a designated period of time

Confucianism

The philosophy that had the greatest influence on the development of social order and political organization in traditional Chinese culture was this religion. This religion teaches that society needs to be ordered. In such a society, individuals should know and do what is expected of them.

Phonemes

The smallest units comprising spoken language. Combine to form syllables and words. For example, the word 'mat' has three: /m/ /a/ /t/. There are 44 in the English language, including sounds represented by letter combinations such as /th/.

Grapheme

The written representation of a phoneme.

Africa and Asia

These continents are separated by the Suez Canal which provides links between the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea

Metacognition

Thinking about one's own thinking

Vision & hearing

Two major physical abilities that can influence learning to read

Inflectional Suffixes

Word parts fixed to the end of root words that change the form of the root word but not its part of speech, ex: possession, plurality, tense, active or passive voice, state, comparison. ex: -ed, -es, -ing, -s

Phonemic patterns

Words that have similar sounds.

Suffixes

are affixed after a base word or word stem to add information. For example, with the word "prehistoric," the prefix is "pre-" meaning "before," the base word is "history" meaning "recorded events and knowledge", and the suffix is "-ic" meaning "relating to the science of."

President Taft vetoed Arizona's statehood in 1911

because of the provision of the recall of judges in the Arizona State Constitution.

Phonological awareness

broad skill that includes identifying and manipulating units of oral language - parts such as words, syllables, and onsets and rimes. Children who have this are able to identify and make oral rhymes, can clap out the number of syllables in a word, and can recognize words with the same initial sounds like 'money' and 'mother.'

House of Representatives

is made up of 435 elected members, divided among the 50 states in proportion to their total population. In addition, there are 6 non-voting members, representing the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and four other territories of the United States. The presiding officer of the chamber is the Speaker of the House, elected by the Representatives. He or she is third in the line of succession to the Presidency.

Intrinsic motivation

is owned by the student, it comes from a desire or goal within the student.

Grammar editing

is part of revision, not organization

Peer-Conferencing

is part of the revision step in writing

Roger Williams

is seen as an important figure in colonial America because he founded Rhode Island, he believed in separation of church and state, and he believed in dealing fairly with Native Americans.

Extrinsic motivation

is supplied by an "other" such as a parent or teacher. Stickers and other rewards are examples.

Onsets

is the consonant(s) before the vowel(s) in a syllable. Not all syllables have this (it and and do not have this).

Morphology

is the identification, analysis, and description of the structure of a given language's morphemes and other linguistic units, such as root words, affixes, parts of speech, intonations and stresses, or implied context.

Phonics

is the understanding that there is a predictable relationship between the letters (graphemes) of written language and the individual sounds (phonemes) of spoken language.

Expository text-

is to inform readers about a specific topic.

Evaluative Comprehension

is when what was meant by what was stated is actually applied to concepts or ideas that go beyond what was discussed. Applying what was shared to real life events or situations. This level does allow for the student or reader to include bias and their opinion as it relates to the subject material.

Syllabication

the act, process, or method of forming or dividing words into syllables

Recall question

- taps knowledge often held in short term memory

Reading competence

- is learned through the development of phonics skills but also relies on the child's ability to use their skills in phonics for longer words in order to recognize morphological and syllable structures in new words.

Bottom-up processing

- is the idea that isolated concepts are dealt with first then put together to get to the major ideas contained in the print.

Top-down processing

- is the idea that the concepts in print are dealt with in complete units with separate isolated concepts pulled from the complete unit.

Phonemic awareness

An exclusively oral language activity. It refers to the understanding that spoken words are made up of individual sounds called phonemes. Instruction in this should be viewed as an important element of a balanced reading program in the early elementary grades.

Alphabetic principle

An understanding that letters and letter patterns represent the sounds of spoken words.

Process information

Analyze, compare information

World War I

Archduke Franz Ferdinand Assassinated! Germany Declares War on Russia and France! Peace Treaty Signed at Versailles!

Formative assessment

Assessing a student's understanding as you teach a unit (e.g. through homework, in-class activities, journal writing, etc.).

Struggling with grade level sight words

Give them explicit directions for spelling their sight words as well as many opportunities to use the words during journal responses or any other type of writing exercise. the goal of phonics instruction is to help children learn and use the understanding that there are relationships between written letters and spoken sounds.Do this when students are....

Learn similarities and differences of new words

Graphic organizers including webs and clusters can help students expand their vocabulary because it allows them to

Turning point in the Vietnam War for the U.S.

Gulf of Tonkin and Tet Offensive

Judicial branch

Interprets laws. According to the United States Constitution, has the final authority of the constitutionality of laws governing the country.

Whole Language View

It is a whole to part/top-down model an approach/ view or philosophy that promotes meaning centered literacy acquisition.

Treaty of Versailles

June 28 1919 Was a humiliating end to World War I for Germany. The treaty contained unrealistic monetary reparations, large territorial losses, and most importantly, the "war guilt" clause. The war guilt clause blamed Germany entirely for the war. This in turn led Germany to seek a return to its former status among nations.

Four components of a lesson plan

Objectives, Resources/Materials, Introduction/Anticipatory Set, Procedures/Learning Activities (Modeling, Guided practice, independent practice), Evaluation

Brainstorming

is a method to assist students in identifying what they already know, so they can then develop questions of what they would like to learn.

Lesson set induction

is how the lesson is introduced

Drama

contains a plot that progresses through dialogue and action only

Global interdependence

countries cooperate in trade and resources, as well as have open lines of communication

Legislative branch

create laws. consists of the House of Representatives and the Senate, which together form the United States Congress. The Constitution grants Congress the sole authority to enact legislation and declare war, the right to confirm or reject many Presidential appointments, and substantial investigative powers.

Ancient Athenians

credited with establishing governments based on democratic elements

Cinquain poem

five lines of 2, 4, 6, 8, 2 syllabic pattern.

3 of the cue systems of print language

graphophonic, syntactic, semantic

Senate

has the sole power to confirm those of the President's appointments that require consent, and to ratify treaties. There are, however, two exceptions to this rule: the House must also approve appointments to the Vice Presidency and any treaty that involves foreign trade. Also tries impeachment cases for federal officials referred to it by the House. It ratifies treaties by a two-thirds supermajority vote and confirms the appointments of the President by a majority vote. The consent of the House of Representatives is also necessary for the ratification of trade agreements and the confirmation of the Vice President.

Executive branch

includes the agencies and departments that take direction from the President, who is the administrative head of this branch. Through regulations, it enforces laws. Has the President, Vice President and the cabinet members.

Brown v. The Board of Education of Topeka, KS

landmark Supreme Court case reversed Plessy v. Ferguson

Simon Bolivar and Miguel Hidalgo

led the Latin American independence movement. Were inspired by the U.S. and France revolution

Vice President

serves as President of the Senate and may cast the decisive vote in the event of a tie in the Senate.

Inferential Comprehension-

the reader can read meanings which are not directly explained. For example, the reader would be able to make inferences about the time of year from information given about temperature, weather, etc and from characters' behavior and dialogue.

Andes

the world's longest mountain chain, stretching along the west coast of South America