Teaching Competencies for Music Educators, Technology, Performance Competencies for Music Educators, Music PRAXIS II, Music Praxis: Instruction, Professional Issues, and Technology, Music Praxis 5114
Discuss instructional activities to improve pitch reading in beginner students.
Pitch reading can be a challenging concept for beginner students, as many mental processes occur from the written visual cue to the symbolic processing, to knowledge retrieval,, to the answering output. For beginner students, it is important to have a reference when pitch reading, Whether it is middle C or another referential pitch. Students should also understand the spatial relationships required in note reading, that higher on the staff also means higher in pitch and lower on the staff also means lower in pitch, The music educator should ensure that the beginner student understands how to play high and low on his or her respective instrument before continuing the lessons into more complex playing. Similarly to language learning, the music educator should also provide ample reinforcement and practice in pitch reading as the student begins to integrate the musical symbols with aural and pitch meaning.
Describe the role of the breathing warm-up and give examples of breathing warm-ups
Before beginning any choral rehearsal, it is essential for the director to prepare the singer both physically and mentally. One important aspect of warming up a choral ensemble is the breathing warm up. Breathing warm-ups engage the diaphragm for supported singing and help to warm the vocal chord for singing. Not only will the breathing exercises physically prepare the lungs and vocal mechanisms for singing, they will also mentally center the singer to be mindful of breath during the rehearsal. One choral breathing warm-up consists of taking in a deep breath over as many counts as possible, holding the breath, and then slowly letting out the air on an "s" sound, over as many counts as possible. Another choral warm-up consists of having the singers exhale on a pulse with an open mouth "ha"
Define a DAW, its uses and include three to five popular examples of sequencing software.
DAW stands for Digital Audio Workstation and is a computer-based recording sequencing, and mixing tool for the modern musician. A complete DAW includes the computer, the digital audio software, a digital audio interface, optional plug-ins, digital signal processing, and possibly additional digital audio interfaces. It is important to choose the right digital sequencing software to have the right tools where needed. Avid Pro Tools is a popular DAW software and has become the standard in recording studios and home studios as well. MOTU Digital Performer is one of the oldest DAWs around and is compatible with both Mac and Windows. Apple Logic Pro is also one of the top DAWs and provides a wealth of interface options but is compatible with Apple products only. Alberton Live is one of the best live recording DAWs and offers many third-party hardware options made especially for the program. FL Studio is a classic DAW for creating loop- and sample-based music.
Discuss ensemble rehearsal strategies for practicing technically challenging passages.
During an ensemble rehearsal, there are many rehearsal strategies to take on technically challenging passages. The music director should first determine if the technically challenging passage is the result of a lack of individual practice. If so, the director should show the students in detail the correct way to practice individually and at home. If the passage still presents technical challenges for the ensemble, the music director should take the ensemble through the passage slowly and rhythmically to identify the probable origin of difficulty. Then the educator will be able to assist the ensemble in note accuracy, technical facility and fluency in playing. Once the ensemble has the tools to fix the challenging passage, the ensemble should go through the passage again slowly in isolation and then slowly speed up the challenging passage until performance tempo has been reached. The ensemble should practice scales, arpeggios, and technical etudes to further develop technical skills.
Describe the correct use of breathing for singing
For any singer, the breath plays an essential role in producing a controlled, robust tone while keeping the vocal chord in good health. To begin any breath, the singer must inhale first; the inhalation should be deep and initiated by the contraction of the diaphragm, the muscle and tendon that runs along the bottom of the ribcage. As the diaphragm contracts and is actively engage, it creates a vacuum in the lungs, which begins the intake of oxygen. After intentional inhalation, the singer must control the rate of exhalation, as the flow of air through the vocal chords results in sound. The singer must use great care not to allow the chest to collapse while managing the rate of airflow through the trachea and larynx.
Discuss the appropriate steps to take when a student exhibits behavior problems
It is always important for the music educator to reflect on the misbehavior. If an adjustment in teaching style or lesson sequencing will redirect the misbehavior, then the educator should start there. The teacher should also observe for any learning impairments that may trigger behavior problems. Also, the educator should make sure to set clear limits and boundaries of behavior. If the student is misbehaving regardless of various strategies of engaging teaching techniques and sequencing, then the educator should address the misbehavior, taking care not to condemn the student but rather the behavior. The music educator should make sure not to interrupt the flow of the lesson but to address the misbehaving student with as little verbal response as possible; the teacher can use silence, physical cues, close proximity, and quickly stating the student's name as reminders to focus. If these techniques are not effective, then the teacher should thoroughly address the misbehavior after class.
Name the different music Modes
"I Don't Play Like My Aunt Lucy" - Ionion, Dorian, Phrygian, Lydian, Mixolydian, Aeolian, Locrian (I, ii, iii, IV, V, vi, vii) German Sixth Augmented 6 + minor 3 Italian Sixth Augmented 6 + Major 3 French Sixth Augmened 6 + Major 2
Classes
"The super-tall mean substitute doesn't sing lovely" Tonic - I. Do Supertonic - II, Re Mediant - III, Mi Subdominant - IV, Fa Dominant - V, Sol Submediant - VI, La Leading Tone - VII, Ti *ALL MAJOR.
Example of this is
(Lasso, Gesualdo, Morezio), aka the glory of italian madrigals
Brass band instruments
- 1 Eb cornet - 4-5 Solo, 2 second, and 1-2 Bb cornets - 1 Bb flugelhorn - 2 Bb euphoniums - 2 BBb basses - Occasionally percussion
Describe Formal Operational cognitive development
- 12 to teenage years - Abstract thoughts to solve problems.
When Was the complex style called Bebop Jazz developed?
- 1940's
Guillame wrote with how many voices?
- 3 instead of 4
How many voice parts did Josquin write in?
- 4. - wrote 13 masses, 100 motets, 70 secular vocal pieces
What is a Pentatonic Scale
- 5 notes - No semitones - M3, 2 m3, all 5ths perfect ex: c-d-e-g-a-c
What is Rondo Form
- A B A C A
Teaching students with emotional disabilities
- ALWAYS be positive - Know and recognize every single student so they feel wanted and important
Historical development regarding how conducting became a thing
- As nuance became expressed in musical markings, the role of the conductor grew - orchestras grew, needed a leader
Bb instruments are these:
- Bass clarinet - Clarinet - Soprano sax - Tenor sax - Bass sax - Trumpet - Flugel - Cornet
What is musica humana(human music)?
- Body and soul make music
Viola 4 strings are
- C D G A (5th below violin)
Facts about Froebel and lessons
- Call and response is important - Start as early as 4 months - 1844: Mother Play and Nursery Songs
Regarding cyclic mass, with paraphrase mass....
- Cantus firmus is in all voices (pervading imitation)
Other key facts about Schubert
- Catchy, well crafted melodies - accompaniment to reinforce poetry
What are two examples of popular cuban music?
- Cha Cha - Mambo
How do beginner woodwind and brass players often play?
- Closed throat - Oral cavity to compensate for inadequate breath support
JOHANN AMOS COMENIUS
- Czech teacher, educator and writer.
With Regards to Bach, the characteristics of a Canon are
- Dux: Leading melody - inversion, retrograde, augmentation, diminution, mensuration
Erikson's theories
- Each stage of life is associated with a specific psychological struggle and possibility of failure, a struggle that contributes to a major aspect of personality. - Teachers should recognize that children's self worth is wrapped in their definition of success - Music should offer a personal sense of success - Personality is shaped over a lifetime
Eb instruments are these
- Eb clarinet - Alto clarinet - Alto sax - Baritone sax
F instruments are
- English horn - French horn
Guillame synthesized elements from what 3 language traditions?
- English, French, Italian
COMMERCIAL AUDIO VISUAL
- Executives of the organization/business wants to have meetings with colleagues/customers/suppliers around the world.
Synchronized movement...
- Follows and established routine - Choreographed to the rhythm/beat of selected music - Helps students realize importance of teamwork
Speaking of which, who WAS Leonin?
- French - First known significant writer of the organum
Why concert program notes are always necessary
- Give the audience a sense of the work's history. -Give the audience a sense of what to expect while hearing the piece.
What was Couperin a master of, regarding instruments?
- Harpsichord
Vowel uniformity
- Helps us to be clear and consistent in our diction and thus help our communication to our audience.
With the Catholic Counter (Reformation, council of trent) what was banned?
- Imitative polyphony (where passages sound similar to one another)
Vygotsky's beliefs
- Importance of culture in a child's development with awareness that parents and older children affect child's behavior - Teachers or parents can assist a child in defining problems to be solved and then dividing into workable sections using verbal instructions and encouragement
AUDIOVISUAL EQUIPMENT
- In-ceiling speakers, flat panel TV's, or projectors and projector screens. The percentage of people who are seeking out residential properties that have also installed their Audio Visual with the automation components of RTI. This includes lighting, blinds, cinema rooms etc
Who created this metronome?
- Johann Nepomuk Maelzel
Importance of modeling
- Lets children copy what they have seen - Shows children how to move faster or slower through music
19th Century Opera in the Romantic Period Opera comique
- Lighter plot, less spectacle
How can you introduce dynamics to kids or introduce phrases?
- Loud marching or tiptoeing. - changing direction
Claudio Monteverdi (1567-1643)
- Master of Renaissance and transition to Baroque
Describe cognitive
- Mental skills of knowledge
Industrial Revolution
- Middle class workers are driving force - appeal to emotion and focus on subjective music
Other general care of woodwind:
- Moisture removed after every use - Check keys for looseness - Blow air through the opening against the reed or vibrate air through enclosed column
Eb instruments
- Move a m3 down example: If you see Bb on the page, you will really be hearing a Db
Teaching students with behavioral disabilities
- NEVER ask if they have taken their meds - Give positive reminders of good behavior, followed by a thank you and MOVE ON - Do not stop to individually call out a student and tell them they are causing trouble-- that wastes class time -- if needed, take a short pause or ask them to see you after class - Give students a choice with consequences attached - Tactical ignoring -- some students thrive off the fact that misbehaving often results in getting attention focused on them
What is through-composed?
- Non repetitive music - Not interrupted by dialogue - Composed in linear order
What kind of things around the house could help a child's musical learning process at a young age?
- Nursery rhymes = critical - Banging pots - Rattles
Teaching students with cognitive disabilities
- Peer tutors - After school tutor sessions or office hours - Flashcards - Visual aids - Chunk pieces of information into sets
Teaching students with physical disabilities
- Permitting the use of recorders - Consistent classroom set up
Sound reverberations
- Persistence of sound after it is produced - Depends on where you are singing (Auditorium, church hall, classroom)
Renaissance Musical characteristics
- Polyphonic - no instruments - motet and madrigal ^ What period is this?
Guillame wrote a lot of Motets. What are motets?
- Polyphonic vocal compositions
CHANGES IN MIDDLE AGES: Organum
- Polyphonic work incorporated pre-existing plainchant melody in one voice and at least one additional voice
Definition of acoustics
- Production and perception of a sound within a particular room or area - Sound interpreted in the brain, perceived sound called "pure tone"
Intonation
- Realization of pitch accuracy
Schubert was the first great feature of the _____ lied and wrote 600+ songs for _____ and _____
- Romantic - Voice - Piano
Who was Perotin?
- Sacred French composer for polyphonic music
What are some props that help synchronized movements and how do they help?
- Scarves, streamers, ribbons, parachute - helps them understand the importance of beat
In the Pre/Classical Period, efficiency in music was used. This means
- Simplicity, directness, consistency, music for all example: Alberti Bass
A New Vision K-4 Characteristics
- Sing on pitch and rhythm, steady tempo, ostinatos, rounds, partner songs, improvise simple ostinato accompaniments, improvise short songs, use body and nontraditional sounds to make music, create and arrange music to accompany readings, create short songs, read whole, half, dotted half, quarter, eighth notes, rests in 2/4, 3/2, 4/4 meter, Use system (syllables, numbers, letters) reading simple pitch notation, Navajo, Arabic, Latin American music, Evaluate music
National Standards for Music Education Content Standard 1
- Singing, alone and with others, a varied repertoire of music Example: Understanding rhythms and notes, blending, 4 part music in different styles
What is a Motif
- Smallest unit of musical form - Can be as short as 2 and as long as 6 notes - Clear rhythmic patterns and melodic outline example: Beethoven's 5th symphony. (G G G Eb..*rest*...F F F D....)
Important genres of the Romantic period
- Symphonies - dances (waltz, polonaise) - fantasy, nocturnes - preludes, overtures - rise of ART SONG - counterpoint, fugues, canon studied in classrooms - lyrical instead of ornamental
What is the Alexander Technique
- Technique of helping instrumentalists and singers perform with less stress and likelihood of injury - 100 year old method
In the Pre/Classical Period, what became the music center and who were the 3 main people recognized during this time
- Vienna - Haydn, Beethoven, Mozart
Puccini random facts
- Was a French opera comique(lyric opera) composer, which means he added romantic drama or fantasies 1. Gouno: Faust, Romeo and Juliet 2. Massenet: Manon 3. Bizet: Carmen
Bb instruments
- Whole step below C, so take the note you need to transpose on the page and move a whole step UP. example: If you see an E on the page, you will really be hearing a D. E D C D E E E = D C Bb C D D D
What did Josquin reflect in his music?
- Word meaning in music and sequencing
NSBA purposes
- advocates for equity and excellence in public education -believes that all children should have equal access to an education that maximizes his or her individual potential.
CYCLIC MASS is a mass cycle with cantus firmus, which is what?
- an existing melody which a new work is based off to unify 5 movements
RENAISSANCE VS BAROQUE Renaissance:
- balanced voices, restrained representation of words - small range, model counterpoint - dunstable, dufay, desprez, ockegham, tallis, byrd, palestrina, vittoria - Protestant Reformation and Counter Reformation
ERIK ERIKSON
- coined the term "identity crisis" -psychologist and psychoanalyst known for his theory on psychosocial development of human beings. - lacked a bachelor's degree but still was respected at Harvard and Yale
Describe Ars Antiqua
- counterpoint - adding harmonies
What is Bebop?
- fast or slow tempos with improvised lines of eighth notes - irregular accents - extended harmony
Violin How many strings and what are they?
- four - G D A E (tuned in fifths)
What is Maelzel's Metronome
- keeps the beat - is wooden and old fashioned
Guillame De Machaut(1300-1377)
- lead composer/poet of French Ars Nova -Polyphonic
What is plainchant?
- monophonic (no harmony)
Regarding language combinations, describe how Ars Antiqua(Notre Dame organum) switched to Ars Nova. AKA describe Ars Nova
- new rhythmic ideas - syncopation allowed - duple/triple divisions - flexibility
With regards to Bach, the Learned Style/Telemann was..
- old fashioned - sophisticated - complex
MARIA MONTESSORI
- pediatrics and psychiatry were her specialties - Believed that in a classroom, teachers should feel encouraged to stand back and "follow the child"—that is, to let children's natural interests take the lead.
The Medieval period was monophonic and did what?
- plain chant
Blues
- simple, repetitive, poetic-musical style
JEAN PHILIP RAMEAU(1683-1764) What two things did he do for a living?
- was a theorist and composer
Neural bases for metal practice efficacy
-"practice makes permanent"
Cantus Firmus mass is how many voices and what are they?
-1 -tenor
Repertoire sources
-American Choral Directors Association -Donald Roach's Complete Secondary Chorale Music Guide
Professional organizations for music educators
-American String Teachers Association Association of Teaching Artists: provides a network and pace for collaboration -Jass Education Network -Music Teachers National Association -National Association for Music Education -American Orff-Schulwerk Association
Military performance opportunities for musicians
-Arm, Nay, Air Force, and Coast Guard have full-time music ensembles
Baroque improvisation vs. jazz improvisation
-Baroque: primarily religious in churches, centered on string inst. -Jazz: born in the bars of New Orleans, wide variety of inst. -Both: feature a prominent section as well as supporting harmonic section, follow a standard form, based on outlined chord symbols that direct the melody
DAW
-Digital Audio Workshop -computer-based recording, sequencing, and mixing tool for the modern musician
Bennett Reimer
-General music courses involve listening, composing, and performing for all students - Aesthetics(appreciation of beauty and art)
JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU
-Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer of the 18th century. -His political philosophy influenced the French Revolution as well as the overall development of modern political, sociological, and educational thought.
What is a Pull-off
-Guitar articulation -Slide finger from one fret to the next DOWN and back - like a slur
Music Education Journals
-Journal of Research in Music Education -Music Educators Journal -International Journal of Music Education -Bulletin of the Council for Research in Music Education -Journal of Band Research
Describe psychomotor
-Manual skills - Motor skills
MIDI technology
-Musical Instrument Digital Interface -allows communication between digital keyboards, computers, and cell phones -does not record a digital version of a sound recording
Licensing resources
-National Music Publisher's Association (NMPA) -Music Publisher's Association (MPA) -American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers (ASCAP) -Broadcast Music, Inc. (BMI) -Society of European Stage Authors and Composers (SESAC) -Harry Fox Agency (HFA)
Finale, Nightingale, and Overture
-Nightingale: only available on Mac -Overture: similar to MIDI
Notation Software
-Sibelius, Finale, MagicScore Maestro
Kodaly Method
-The Kodály Method uses a child-developmental approach to sequence, introducing skills in accordance with the capabilities of the child examples: Solfege, rhythm and movement, hand signs
Suzuki Method
-The central belief of Suzuki, based on his language acquisition theories, is that all people are capable of learning from their environment.
Care and maintenance of percussion instruments
-Timpanis: even smooth head with a balanced action, covered when not used -Mallet instruments: wiped regularly -Drums: cleaning and lubricating hardware
Multiple mallet techniques used by marimba players
-Traditional grip: higher rate of tension and less support -Burton grip: places second mallet between the index and middle fingers and the end of the mallet underneath all four fingers -Musser/Stevens grip: places first mallet between the thumb and index fingers and the second mallet between the middle and ring fingers so that the mallets are not crossed, provides the most independence of mallet movement
Gordon's Music Learning Theory and audition (8 types)
-Type 1: listening to familiar or unfamiliar music -Type 2: reading familiar or unfamiliar music -Type 3: writing familiar or unfamiliar music via dictation -Type 4: recalling and performing familiar music from memory -Type 5: recalling and writing familiar music from memory -Type 6: creating and improvising unfamiliar music -Type 7: creating and improvising unfamiliar music with reading -Type 8: creating and improvising unfamiliar music while writing
Music Scholarships
-United States Marine Band "President's Own" -Williams Chorale Bacardi Fallon Scholarship Competition -Davidson Fellowship -VSA Arts International Young Soloists Program -Tri-M Music Honor Society Chapter of the Year Music Scholarships -Glenn Miller Birthplace Society Scholarship
Humanism
-Value of human beings - individual thought over doctrine of faith - church not diminished
Impressionism in the visual arts vs. Impressionism in the musical arts
-Visual arts: created works that caught the brief, sensory effect of a moment -Musical arts: non-climatic melodies, complex textures, instrumental colors, continuously changing forms
Lifting the soft palate
-Yawns -Hung-ah
Care and maintenance of stringed instruments
-after each use, remove oil, rosin dust, and other debris -kept in a well-regulated environment
Transpositions of stringed instruments
-all sound as written or are played an octave lower
Sectional rehearsals and full ensemble rehearsals
-allow players to fine-tune their parts together and fix other technical/musical problems -should be scheduled before or after a full ensemble rehearsal -should be clear of sectional objectives
Elements of music needed to perform a piece of music
-analyze melody, rhythm, harmony, and form -historical context -intention and purpose of the piece
Identifying suitable tunes for beginning jazz improviser
-apply basis of improv to the context of a full song -have characteristics that allow a student to focus attention on a limited number of variables at one time -songs should have a moderate tempo, strong tonal center, no more than 3 or 4 different chords
Care and maintenance of brass instruments
-apply valve oil before each use -keep in cool environment
Phyllis Weikart
-author of Movement Plus Music -music education guide for learning through movement for ages 3-7 -founder of the program Education Through Movement: Building the Foundation -method: kinesthetic movements must be isolated and modeled to the students and then movement may be simplified and built upon, finally students must have a variety of opportunities to sue the movements in personal and creative ways -uses Dalcroze and Orff-Schulwerk methods
Administrative duties
-balance the budget allotted for the music program -scheduling student rehearsals practices, lessons, contests, conferences, and performances
Teaching musical imitation
-basis of improv -allows students to learn techniques, progressions, melodic contour, and rhythmic patterns
Comprehensive outline of a regular full ensemble rehearsal
-begin with warm ups -tuning instruments -refining technically and musically challenging sections -develop musicality and sight-reading
Suzuki Method
-best structured through a mother tongue approach -children hear and learn to play from an early age, like speech -substantial parent involvement -begin by ear, then learn to read music notation
Woodwind embouchure
-blow air across the instrument body -enclose the mouthpiece to vibrate the reed
Body, arm, and finger position on the drumstick for proper snare drum technique
-body should be in a fully relaxed and comfortable position without allowing the back to slouch or lean in -seated should allow the feet to be flat on the floor with the legs spread evenly -arms should always be relaxed and hang at the body's side without tension
Bright tone vs. dark tone
-bright tone: emphasizes the partials in the upper midrange, resonates farther forward, front vowels -dark tone: tonal balance, emphasizing the lower range with weak high frequencies, resonates further back
Improving chorus' intonation and vocal technique
-changing the seating arrangement -spot singing ever beat vertically -warm up with diatonic chords and tonic pedals
Appropriate jazz standards
-choose rep. based on the opportunity it presents to play and experiment in the new idiom in a way that is educational and engaging -Hal leonard, Alfred, and Kendor
Classical performance vs. popular music performance career opportunities
-classical (inst): regional symphony, orchestras, concert bands, and opera orchestras -popular (inst): theaters, house bands, jazz orchestras, and studios -classical (voice): symphony chorus, opera companies, vocal ensembles -popular (voice): studios, house bands, and jazz groups
Accommodating students with physical disabilities
-classroom should be ADA-accessible and free from obstacles -teacher can have adaptive instruments -lessons should include minimal physical strength
Preventing student behavior issues
-clear, concise instructions -reinforce instructions by modeling activity -establish rules, awards, and consequences
Bloom's taxonomy of learning as related to music education
-cognitive, affective, and psychomotor -Knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation
IEPs
-collaborate with music therapists, special ed, and school counselors
Selecting music for an ensemble
-consider ability level, strengths and weaknesses, number of rehearsals before performance
Mechanisms of a simple sound system
-consists of an input transducer, signal processing, and an output transducer
Principles of sequencing a music curriculum
-content sequencing: instructor should analyze the content for the main item and the organize the general content into a hierarchical structure -task sequencing: analyze the skill involved and order the learning progression from simple, more elementary task towards more complex skills that build on previous tasks -sequencing of elaboration: students are given an overall view of knowledge, and then presented with basic content first, progressing towards more detailed info while keeping the organizing overall theme in place
Ensemble rehearsal strategies
-determine if the challenge is a result of lack of practice -take the passage slowly
Guillame Dufar(1397-1474)
-development of international style
Using colleagues, mentors, conferences, and publishers as repertoire resources
-draw from different tastes, ages, backgrounds, and musical circles
Fair use provision in the 1976 Copyright Act
-educators ar exempt from certain copyright laws -allowed to make up to 10 percent of the entire work for each student, but cannot reproduce an entire copyrighted work for the classroom
Orff-Schulwerk lesson plan
-emphasize children natural tendency to play as a key component to musical discovery and development -given the opportunity to explore rhythms, melodies, and songs, and then imitate, improvise, and create their own rhythms, melodies, and songs -includes speech, singing, movement, and playing instruments
Every Pupil Responds instructional technique
-ensures student inclusion during a lesson -allows the teacher to quickly and efficiently check for understanding
Establishing classroom rules
-establish rules and consequences in the beginning
Performance competencies for students in Pre-k
-experiences music through listening, feeling, moving, and experimenting with their voice pitch and timbre -use their voices in singing, chanting, and speaking with accomp and on their own -improvise their own melodies and patterns on different instruments -relate musical sounds to other objects, symbols, and animals -experience a wide variety of genres and styles
Fixed-do system vs. moveable-do system
-fixed-do: C is do, focused on the functional association of the specific pitches to the staff -moveable-do: the tonic is do, focused on the intervallic relationship between the pitches as they occur within the scale
Transpositions of woodwind instruments
-flute: no transposition -oboe: no transposition -clarinet B flat: treble, major 2nd lower -clarinet A: minor third lower -clarinet D: major second higher -clarinet E flat: minor third higher -bassoon: no transposition
Accommodating students with visual impairments
-focus on aural and tactile methods -allow time for the student to physically explore the instrument -use braille music code for lessons on staff notation
Role of improvisation
-formation of new ideas, sounds, and direction -foster freer musical creativity through singing or playing along to an existing track
Laban's theory of movement education
-four elements: flow, weight, time, and space
Transpositions of brass instruments
-french horn: perfect fifth lower -C trumpet: no transposition -B flat trumpet: major second higher -tenor trombone: no transposition -bass trombone: no transposition -tuba: no transposition -euphonium: no transposition (bass clef), major ninth lower (treble clef)
Correcting intonation: woodwind instruments
-good posture and breath -play in front of mirror
Correcting intonation: brass instruments
-good posture and breath support -play in front of a mirror
LEV VYGOTSKY
-his theories stress the fundamental role of social interaction in the development of cognition -believed strongly that community plays a central role in the process of "making meaning."
Using adaptive technology for helping students with disabilities
-iPad apps, braille, toggles, joysticks, clamps, cochlear implants, hearing aids, vibration based technology
Proper microphone technique for vocal amplification
-ideal fit between the voice and the mic
Classroom routines
-important for structure and organization -can prevent misbehavior -lessons will have less interruption -include how to enter the classroom, beginning work, roll, announcements, tardies, absences, teachers attention signal, leaving your seat, assignments, supplies, group work, and independent work
Teaching musical variation
-important in improv start be exploring melodic variation -call and response can be used
Improving rhythmic accuracy in beginner students
-inaccuracy can be a result of a lack of basic reinforcement of the concept of a steady beat -reinforcement of a steady beat through movement activities -kinesthetic, visual, and aural modeling
Role of music education in cultural diversity
-include Latin, South African, Indian, Chinese, Japanese music to illustrate basic arts standards
Devising a core repertoire list for an ensemble
-include a variety of rhythmic features, harmonic language, melodic lines, well orchestrated, expressivity -introduce new musical concepts as well as reinforce old ones
Physiology of vocal range development
-infants are born with a very high larynx -at age 3, the larynx drops some -from 3-13 the larynx isn't fully developed
Role of the tongue in forming clear diction and vowel formation
-influences the vocal tract and larynx -will change the sound from dull and distorted to tinny and harsh
Aesthetic approach to the philosophy of music education
-influential theorists: Bennett Reimer, Michael Mark, Elliot einer, Charles Leonhard, Robert House, and Maxine Greene -argued music should be studied in and for itself, only through music can students develop the sensitivity, feeling, and symbolic communication represented by musical understanding
Teacher feedback
-integrate informal assessment techniques -short on the spot quizzes, informal questioning and discussion
Incorporating music theory instruction during a full rehearsal
-introduce new theoretical concepts before rehearsing a piece -always use appropriate terminology -give brief theory quizzes
Care and maintenance of woodwind instruments
-kept dry in storage -wipe clean after each playing -apply key oil on a monthly basis
Teaching rhythm to an elementary class
-kinesthetic movement -students can mimic clapping, dancing -assign visaul/verbal labels once certain rhythms are learned
Sample six-week curriculum and objectives for grades 1-2
-learn about music by doing -curriculum should include a balance of playing, singing, and moving to music -week 1: games and songs that introduce steady beat -week 2: steady beat reinforced while associating certain beats and counts -week 3: steady beats and notes reinforced by movement and songs -week 4: compose rhythms of quarter and half notes -week 5 & 6: continue to reinforce concepts as well as improvise on the learned rhythms through games, dance, and songs
Music License
-licensing fee required for each cope of the recording that is duplicated and necessary -Harry Fox Agency to obtain license
Literary and musical background of the ballade genre
-literary and musical form where words are set to three stanzas with seven or eight lines each -Poets: Goethe, Schiller, Fontane, Heine, Platen -Composers: Schubert, Schumann, Liszt, Wagner, and Strauss
Kodaly Method
-main goal of music ed is singing -invented moveable-do system, hand signs for solfege, rhythmic syllables, and sofa notation
Differences in concert length
-middle school band: focus on easily accessible beginner works -advanced HS band: wider range of intermediate to advanced works, able to perform longer works of music
Teaching musical aesthetics and expression
-modeling to demonstrate physical and aural expression -guided listening -analyze, reflect, and evaluate musical performances with other students
Regarding cyclic mass, with imitation and parody mass....
-most/all voices or pre-existing polyphonic work are incorporated into the new mass
Motivating students in the music classroom
-motivated students result in higher engagement and better learning -become a role model -know students well -positive reinforcement and constructive criticism -set realistic performance goals
Extrinsic motivation in the classroom
-motivation that exists for an individual apart form the activity -satisfaction lies in an external reward, pressure, or external prompt
Intrinsic motivation in the classroom
-motivation that exists for an individual in the activity itself -satisfaction in the activity
Incorporate solfege into regular rehearsals
-moveable-do: trains students understanding of relative pitch
Minimizing financial cost of a music program
-movie theaters may stream performances that are cheaper -create political and financial support from the school
Dalcroze Method
-music education through eurythmics -body is the instrument -discover expression, musicality, tempo, dynamics, style, and phrase structure
Orff-Schulwerk Method
-music should be actively experienced and learned through the integration of drama, speech, and movement
NSfAE contains content and achievement standards for what?
-music, dance, theater, and visual arts for grades K-12
Accommodating kinesthetic learners
-need to integrate movement -lessons should be short with breaks to stand up and move -require movement when teaching new concepts such as rhythm and meter
Helping students with dyslexia understand written musical notation
-notation can be enlarged -use color coded overlays -use multi-sensory approach such as Dalcroze and Kodaly techniques, visual and aural, technology, pattern learning, and graphics
Hand-horn technique for French horn
-placing the right hand inside the bell -produces a slightly darker tone, more easily control the pitch, and perform extended techniques -American method: hand is old flat with the metal touching the back of the hand -French method: right hand is held out flat with palm down and the thumb forming a 90-degree angle
Factors affecting student participation in a school music program
-poverty, hunger, physical abuse, and chronic illness
Comprehensive Musicianship through Performance
-prioritizes inclusive, deeper understanding of music for lifelong musical involvement
Programming a widely diverse repertoire for an ensemble
-program new and old works -students will have a broader musical perspective by experiencing music from different cultures, genres, and time periods
Filtering software for music classrooms
-protect students from obscene, inappropriate internet material
Involving students in caring for and maintaining Orff instruments
-provide an end of the year cleaning of the instruments
Affects of physical, cognitive, and social development on music learning
-puberty ages 10-14 for girls and 12-16 for boys -may need help with posture as growth spurts occur -voice development will be affected
Use of the Socratic method
-questions compel the student to use critical thinking for a solution or answer -especially useful for teaching self-assessment, critical thinking, and developing musical expression
Inputting music into desktop music publishing software
-recording, manually placing each note and rest through the mouse
Improving pitch reading in beginner students
-reference pitch -understanding of spatial relationships -how to play/sing high and low notes
Students exhibiting behavior problems
-reflect on the misbehavior -should there be an adjustment in teaching style -observe for learning impairments -set limits and boundaries of behavior -condemn behavior, not the student
Classroom computer for music use
-reinforce lesson materials, launching pad for music tech instruction, offer students a wide variety of resources for making music
Appropriate classroom objectives for grades 5-8
-reinforcing skills learned in K-4 -sing with expression, on pitch, alone and in groups -perform one instrument alone and in groups -play simple tunes by ear -improvise short melodies -compose simple compositions -read treble and bass clef, whole, half quarter, etc. notes and rests -analyze basic meter, rhythm, intervals, chords, and tonality -relate music to history, arts, and other disciplines
Integrating music instruction with common core subjects
-relate questions and answers in music to English or any other subject
Fingering techniques for keyboard instruments
-relaxed wrists, arms, elbows, and shoulders to prevent overuse injuries
Fostering a relaxed instrumental playing approach
-requires a relaxed body to prevent injuries and enhance instrumental tone and resonance -daily instructional activities that encourage flexibility and freedom at the instrument -physical stretching
Characteristics of the reed that influence intonation
-resistance to the amount of embouchure tension: low (over blow), high (fatigue and bad tone)
Kinesthetic theories of rhythm reading
-rhythm cannot be experienced without having first experienced its movement physically
Rote learning vs. intervallic note reading
-rote learning: mnemonic devices ( FACE, etc), relies on memorization -intervallic note reading: method of reading by intervallic relationships (third up, second down), relies on spatial visualization
Bow position and bow handling
-rounded thumb holding the side of the bow with a pinky on top of the bow -fingers arched during a down stroke and elongated during an up stroke
Selecting music selections for an advanced high school ensemble
-select a variety of music that is below, at, and above an ensembles level to create opportunity for growth -culturally diverse
Musical content standards for grades 9-12
-sing a large and varied vocal rep in four or more parts with expression,technical accuracy, and good ensemble skills -perform a large and varied instrumental rep with technical accuracy, expression, and good ensemble skills -improvise original melodies and stylistically appropriate harmonizing parts in a consistent style, meter, and tonality -compose fora variety of instruments and voices -read standard and nonstandard notation in full vocal and instrumental scores -describe and analyze in detail specific elements of music in listening -critically evaluate performances, improvisations, and compositions -meticulously compare and contrast music with other fine arts and disciplines -identify and describe various genres and styles of music in history and other world cultures through aural examples
Music performance outcomes dictating assessment components
-sing alone and with others with correct technical and musical ability -play an instrument alone and with others -improvise basic melodies and accomp. on heir instrument or singing -compose and arrange music within specific contexts with or without technology -read and notate music appropriate to their level -listen to music and analyze or describe it -evaluate music and musical performances -relate music to non-musical fields
Musical content standards for grades 5-8
-sing independently and in a group in 2-3 parts with expression -perform instruments independently and in groups with accuracy, expression, and good technique -improvise short melodies and simple harmonic accomp. in a consistent style, meter, and tonality -read standard notation and understand compound meters -describe and analyze specific elements of music in listening -evaluate their own and others performances based on their own criteria -compare and contrast music with other fine arts and disciplines -classify and describe various genres and styles of music in history and other world cultures
Musical content standards for grades K-4
-sing independently and in groups on pitch and rhythm, with dynamics, articulation, and phrasing -perform instruments in groups with easy rhythmic, melodic, and choral patterns, with a steady tempo -improvise simple musical answers and accompaniment for familiar melodies -compose simple short songs -read basic notation -move to music and identify instrumental sounds -explain personal preferences to certain music with terminology -identify similarities and differences in various arts and disciplines -identify carious genres or roles of music in daily life
Utilitarian approach to the philosophy of music education
-stems from Plato and Aristotle -music is a tool to develop extra-musical benefits -non-musical benefits of music study: good character, civic responsibility, cultural awareness, and a quality of nobility
Mutes and resulting sounds for trumpets and trombones
-straight mute: tinny, metallic sound -cup mute: muffled, darker tone -bucket mute: softer tone and reduces the piercing quality of loud or high notes -wah-wah mute: buzzed tone -plunger and hat: play with one hand while manipulating the mute over the front of the bell with the other
Sample semester assessment plan
-strategies should include both individual student achievement and group ensemble achievement -individual grading criteria -demonstrate historical and contextual knowledge -demonstrate thoughtful analysis and evaluation of music -group grading can include attendance of performances, local concerts, chamber music, etc. -weighted: individual performance (30%), ensemble performance (30%), classroom participation (30%), other (10%)
Pre-K eurhythmics (sample activities)
-students dance freely to a teacher's improvisation on the piano that changes frequently in relation to mood, tempo, dynamics, and style. Students must change their dance styles accordingly -students must pass a beach ball around in a circle in rhythm, as defined by the teacher's music -students stomp their feet in rhythm and sway side to side while the teacher recites a children's rhyme -students clap their hands to the tempo of the teacher's improv at the piano, the teacher alters the tempo of the music so that students must follow along
Parent-teacher conferences
-students gain encouragement, self-esteem, and a role model from parental participation -make sure parents are aware of conference dates and goals -be flexible
Non-formal teaching and informal learning
-students self-led exploration of musical learning with or without an experienced mentor
Teaching musical units leading to basic composition
-students should know/learn treble clef, meter, bar line, measure, staff, octave, and intervals -examine theme and variation -start with short 8 measure phrases
Instructional activities that aid intervallic reading and understanding
-students who can recognize the relative relationships between pitches will be able to read more quickly and with less mental processing demands than reading note by note -activities that reinforce the concept of spatial distance and direction
Student-led parent-teacher conferences
-studnets gain accountability for their education, awareness of the importance of open communication, and leadership skills
Aspiring student musicians
-summer music program -audition or compete in local, regional, and national competitions
Pyramid model of balance and blend
-theory that higher pitched singers and instruments should play softer than the lowest picked singers and instruments so that an ideal balance exists between the treble and bass
Simple and compound musical form
-tonal work that can be seen as a complete and self-contained work that isn't divisible into other, smaller self-contained works -simple: binary and ternary forms -compound: minuetto and trio, sonata and symphony movements, string quartets, and suites
Composing a harmonic progression with proper root motion
-understand the circle of fifths -scales and diatonic harmony -inversions or triads and seventh chords -voice leading of SATB voices
Individual student lessons
-undivided help from a professional -focuses on proper technique and musicality -assist in technical challenges, fingering issues -student can advance more quickly
Accommodating visual learners
-use a projector, handouts, or demonstrate concerts visually -encourage students to make flashcards -pictures, diagrams, concept maps -make sure students can see
Dalcroze eurhythmics
-use of physical movement as a tool for musical development -body is the instrument -students discover expression, musicality, tempo, dynamics, style, and phrase structure through inner dialogue with music
Accommodating aural learners
-use precise terms when explaining an idea -talk and discussion with other students -dont brush off questions allow for question and answer time -have spoken quizzes and tests
Keeping students focused and on task
-wait until students are silent to continue instruction -positive reinforcement -separate students -give misbehaving student a special task
Music philosophy of Bennett Reimer
-wrote A Philosophy of Music Education -music exists as an expressive form and cannot be limited to intellectual or other non-musical pursuits -argued fro integration of music in general education -performance should not be the focus
Music philosophy of David Elliot
-wrote Music Matters: A New Philosophy of Music Education -emphasis on the activity of making music, not the feeling -curriculum should be based on music practice and start with music making before students can fully comprehend the art of music making when listening to music
19th Century Opera in the Romantic Period Was there nationalism?
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20TH CENTURY CLASSICAL MUSIC
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ACOUSTICS
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BAROQUE PERIOD (1600-1750)
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COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT OF PIAGET
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CONDUCTOR RESPONSIBILITIES
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FILE TYPES
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FREDERIC FROEBEL
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GREGORIAN CHANT
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JEROME BUTLER
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JOURNALS/PERIODICALS/BOOKS
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KEYBOARD FAMILY
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LATE RENAISSANCE:
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LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN (1770-1827)
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MORE 20TH CENTURY
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MUSIC AFTER WWII
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MUSIC LEARNING K-12: PSYCHOLOGY AND MUSIC
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MUSIC OF THE WORLD
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NEOCLASSICAL PERIOD
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PERFORMANCE AND INSTRUMENT FAMILIES
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PRE CLASSICAL AND CLASSICAL PERIOD (1750-1825)
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Percussion Family
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RENAISSANCE(1450-1600)
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ROMANTIC PERIOD (1825-1900)
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SECULAR MUSIC
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SERIAL PERIOD
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SOLFEGE
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STRINGED INSTRUMENT FAMILY
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TRANSPOSITION
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WOODWIND FAMILY
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Drumming technique 1: Rim Shot is what?
1 loud hit
What is a Sonata?
1 or more solo instruments 3-4 independent movements Key changes Mood changes Tempo changes
What is Monophony
1 voice part
Random Response happens when?
1-3 years of age, participation
Motet focuses
1. 1250-1400: tenors were foundation for upper voices 2. 1450-1600: genre of polyphony set to Latin texts 3. 1600 and on: types of church music 4. Renaissance motet = biblical passages
Haydn Symphony characteristics
1. 3 mvt, f-s-f 2. Strings and winds 3. Enjoyed in private gatherings
Double Bass
1. 4 strings 2. E A D G in 4ths 3. French bow (palm down) or German bow (palm up)
In the Pre/Classical Period, Gallant style was popular. Characteristics are:
1. Accompaniment secondary 2. Phrases, periods 3. Intended for everything new and modern 4. Simply Harmony
Brass Family
1. Aerophones 2. Embouchure (lips)
Regarding Wagner, the three controversial philosophies were
1. Anti-semitic 2. Everything in opera/music drama is integral to drama 3. Italian style = yuck
Asia
1. Bamboo pipes 2. Dragon dances 3. Pentatonic scale
Realizing frequency and pitch change
1. Basilar membrane vibrates in position directly related to frequency 2. Neurons adapt over time to differentiate frequencies better
Facts about Beethoven in the Middle Period (1803-1813)
1. Been in Vienna for 10 years 2. Music changes dramatically when Napoleon crowns himself emperor 3. Instrumental music no longer entertainment, music for listeners instead. Eroica Symphony begins
Swing Music characteristics
1. Bigger ensembles 2. Flashy 3. 32 bar AABA and 12 bar blues
Popular rock n roll people
1. Bill Haley and the Comets (Rock Around The Clock) 2. Elvis 3. Jerry Lewis (Great Balls of Fire) 4. Chuck Berry 5. Little Richard (Long Tall Sally) 6. Move toward soft rock -- Bobby Darin, Bobby Vinton, Diana Ross, Stevie Wonder, Ray Charles, Aretha Franklin 7. The Beatles
Facts about Beethoven in the Early Period (1770-1802)
1. Bonn(talented at early age) 2. Moved to Vienna in 1792 3. Strong influence of Haydn/Mozart in compositions 4. Piano teacher, gave public concerts 5. Had a bad temper 6. 1798: started losing hearing
Montessori School Format
1. Children learn best through sensory experiences and hands-on work 2. Collaborated with pianist Maccheroni to create music program
Short Brass Instruments - low octave
1. Cornett 2. Serpent 3. Ophicleide
Auxiliary Percussion
1. Cow bells, claves, guiro
Composers were searching for something new. 2 influences during this time were
1. Debussy: whole-tone scale 2. Schoenberg: 12-tone scale developed in 1920's -- pitches related to each other as opposed to a tonal center
Modernism
1. Depersonalization: removing themselves from process 2. Total control/aleatoric 3. Britten
Beethoven was a huge influence in the Romantic Period. Here are some influences
1. Discipline of classical style 2. Larger orchestras 3. Complexity
Bassoon
1. Double reed 2. Conical bore 3. Folded to reduce size 4. Holes drilled at extreme angles so reachable 5. 4 sections: wind/tenor, boot/butt, long/bass, bell 6. Reed connects to boca 7. Mostly divided into French(rosewood) and German(maple)
Oboe
1. Double reed 2. Conical bore 3. Granadilla or African blackwood 4. 13 keys
Recorder
1. Duct flute 2. Baroque (8 holes, 3 sections) and Renaissance (9 holes with thumb hole) 3. Key of C 4. Different ranges, 2 octaves
Diversification
1. Experimentalists (serialist, nonserialist) ex: Milton Babbit(total serialism) 2. Avant-Garde (indeterminacy, chance) example: John Cage
Butler has 4 features of learning:
1. Exploration should be encouraged to show curiosity to learn about their world 2. Information should be easily accessible and comprehensibly 3. Order or sequence should be logical and orderly 4. Method of reward should be installed so children are encouraged in the process of learning.
Why was Comenius obsessed with early music learning for children?
1. Felt like it was instinctual for children 2. Encourages brain activity
North America
1. Folk Music 2. Blue Juniata 3. Influenced by western Europe
How Classical music was set up
1. Form - avoidance of goal-orientation 2. Harmony - non diatonic (9ths, 11ths, 13ths) 3. Texture - layers of sound 4. Rhythm - seemingly free, some avoid sense of rhythm 5. Timbre - instruments as colors in composers' palette 6. Voice Leading - traditional rules were discarded
Long - third octave
1. French Horn 2. Baroque and classical trumpets
Regarding Rameau, He composed "Traite de I'harmonie". These are the 4 keypoints
1. Fundamental bass/theory of inversions 2. Coined terms: tonic, subdominant, dominant 3. Circle of 5ths 4. Equal temperament
Melodic Percussion
1. Glockenspiel (G to C, no resonators) 2. Xylophone (wooden or synthetic bars over resonators) 3. Marima, crotales, celesta, tubular bells
Fleugelhorn(medium second octave)
1. Hunting horn from 18th century Germany 2. Progressed to valved horn similar to bugle 3. Bb to F without valves
Rousseau wrote a novel called "Emile" in 1762. These are facts about it:
1. Hypothesized that people should learn joy of true vocal sounds to understand harmony and vocal resonance 2. Real words should not be used to deflect from focus on meaning 3. Notation not pushed -- must "feel" the music first
Romanticism in music:
1. Intense Expression 2. Closeness of music to literature (poetic structure - text before music) 3. Personal voice of composer 4. Expansion and reinterpretation of traditional forms 5. Extremes: brevity and length
For Proper order, what is the order?
1. Introit 2. Gradual 3. Offertory 4. Communion AKA "I got oreo cookies" for the PROPER occasion
Facts about Beethoven in the late period (1814-1827)
1. Isolation(deafness, political issues, deaths in family 2. Music published to be studied 3. Imitative counterpoint, new sonorities, variations
2 kinds of works that Handel composed
1. Italian Operas - Scarlatti's cantatas/operas to create melodies suited for the voice; Italian arias, German recitatives, French overtures 2. English oratorio - new genre devised by Handel when opera forbidden during lent; based on Biblical stories
Organ Characteristics
1. Keyboards attached to 1 or more sets of pipes (metal or wood) 2. Stops and pipes to morph sound
Ordinary order:
1. Kyric 2. Gloria 3. Credo 4. Sanctus 5. Agnus Dei AKA "King George Cancelled Saturday Activities" to be extraORDINARY
GIACOMO PUCCINI (1858-1924) Examples of things he wrote
1. La Boheme 2. Tosca 3. Madame Butterfly 4. Turandot
Tuba
1. Largest and lowest 2.. 18 feet tubing 3. 3 or 4 valves 4. Sousaphone used in marching bands 5. Bass clef 6. 4 sizes -- BBb, CC, Eb, F
Piccolo Characteristics
1. Like a small flute, but higher pitched and lacks middle foot joint 2. Metal or wood 3. Usually in C, sometimes Db
Brass Care
1. Lubricate on regular basis 2. Stuck mouthpiece = take to store to have removed 3. Empty water key after every use 4. Clean instrument every 3 months with either warm water/dish soap and a snake and valve brush OR apply oil to valves when dry
Vandeville Music
1. Melodies and skits dating back to 1500s 2. Lighthearted, satirical 3. Became a traveling act which was later broadcasted
Drum
1. Membranophone - treated skin stretched over frame 2. Different sizes = different pitches (can be tuned by tightness)
Flute characteristics
1. Metal only, no reed 2. 11 semitones 3. Duct flutes - whistle mouthpieces 4. Embouchure hole - force air against edge of instrument 5. Key of C 6. Also in alto, bass, contrabass
Saxophone
1. Metal, single reed 2. 2 shapes (smaller - straight, larger - curved)
19th Century Opera in the Romantic Period 5 very grand performances
1. Meyerbeer's Les Hugunots 2. Gounod's Faust 3. Rossini's barber of Seville (Bel canto-coined by Rossini) 4. Offenbach's operetta, Orpheus in the Underworld 5. Strauss' Die Fliedermaus
The top three operas
1. Monteverdi's L'Orfeo 2. Peri's Dafine and Euridice 3. Da Capo Aria (Alessandro Scarlatti)
Nationalist Romantic Composers
1. Mussorgsky 2. Dvorak 3. Sibelius 4. Tchaikovsky
Music Post 1900
1. Nationalism 2. Impressionism 3. Expressionism 4. Neoclassicism(sought to restore balance between World Wars) 5. Experimentalism 6. Minimalism 7. Neo-romanticism
Africa
1. North - Eastern European influence 2. East - Arabic influence 3. South/Central - European and North American influence
Butler's beliefs are based on categorization(3 modes of fact-gathering for children)
1. Physical manipulation 2. Pictoral representation 3. Symbolic understanding
3 facts about Mozart's compositions
1. Piano concertos, chamber music, string quartet and quintets 2. Symphonies 3. Operas: Don Giovanni, Marriage of Figaro, Magic Flute
What are the real steps of conducting?
1. Preparation 2. Ictus 3. Rebound 4. Penultimate beat placing 5. Final beat placing
Teaching cello
1. Prepare - positioning 2. Bow with pencil first 3. D-string (one finger) 4. Pizzicato 5. Gradually add one finger at a time
Wagnerians
1. Program music -- "New German School" 2. Liszt, Bruckner, Wolf, Strauss, Mahler 3. Symphonic poem -- TONE POEM
3 elements of harp
1. Resonator 2. Neck 3. 47 strings (7 strings per octave, can be moved 2 semitones with pedal system) 4. Pluck with thumb and first two fingers
Teaching Violin/Viola
1. Rest position (like a guitar) 2. Play position (head forward) 3. Learn pizzicato to establish tone (pluck strings)
South America
1. Rhythmic 2. Guitar, marimba, bandolin 3. Samba
Examples of Wagner's work
1. Ride of the Valkyries - Leitmotive: short melodic pieces replaced recitatives 2. Tristan und Isolde - Unresolved chromaticism
Handel wrote operas. Here are 5 characteristics of his operas
1. Royal Academy of Music (Gulio Cesare) 2. Secco (dry) recitative 3. Coloratura da capo arias 4 Frequent orchestral interludes and ballets 5. Chorus/ensemble rare (more prominent in oratorios)
Regarding choral warm ups, some technical warm ups are
1. Scales starting in D major and going up first 2. Vowels (nu-ah-nu-ah-nu)...etc 3. Solfege scales 3. Vocal sirens
Composers during the Ragtime period
1. Scott Joplin 2. Joseph Lamb (white) 3. Jelly Roll Morton (jazz) 4. James Scott
In the Pre/Classical Period, Empfindsam style was also taking place. Characteristics are
1. Shifting Style 2. Changes in mood 3. Broken figures 4. Ornamentation and pregnant pauses
Clarinet
1. Single reed 2. Granadilla or African blackwood 3. Huge range of keys, but Bb is the most common (sometimes A) 4. 19 semitones
Standard Percussion
1. Snare, bass drum, timpani, cymbals, triangle, tam-tam
Random facts about Scarlatti that may or may not be relevent..
1. Son of Alessandro 2. Went to Rome to write for the exiled Queen Maria of Poland 3. In 1713, he was the music director at St. Peter's Basilica 4. Went to Portugal to escape his father, wrote for Maria of Portugal
Orchestra of Saxophone
1. Sopranino = C 2. Sop = F 3. Alto = C 4. Tenor = F 5. Baritone = C 6. Bass = F
Trumpet (Medium second octave)
1. Soprano 2. 4.5 foot tubing for range 3. 3 valves 4. Bb is the most common key (also comes in C D Eb F C for pro performances) 5. American trumpets have Perinet Piston valves for right hands
Cornet(Short Brass low octave)
1. Soprano or higher 2. Sound of trumpet, 3 valves 3. Built in "C" 4. Solo Eb cornet
Other key facts of Weber
1. Spoken Dialogue took the place of recitatives 2. Instruments played had a role 3. Inspired Wagner
Flue Pipes
1. Stopped flute 2. Chimney flute 3. Gemshorn 4. Principal
Regarding choral warm ups, some physical examples are
1. Stretches 2. Head rolls 3. Back rubs 4. Breathing 5. Posture checks
Australia
1. Strong Folk/national tradition 2. Didgeridoo
Mozart was influenced by early travels. 3 facts about his career:
1. Studied counterpoint in Italy 2. Went to Paris with Johann Schubert 3. JC Bach in London
Baroque
1. Tonal counterpoint 2. Diatonic melody in wide range 3. Vivaldi, Lully, Rameau, Purcell, JS Bach, Handel
Timeline of music styles during Schoenberg's life
1. Tonal period (to c.1908) 2 Atonal period (to 1920) - Emancipation of Dissonance 3. 12 tone (serial) period
RICHARD WAGNER (1813-1883) Random fact:
1. Total combo music, text, movement, and design were popular
Clefs
1. Treble 2. Bass 3. Alto 4. Octave clef (usually tenor, represents octave below)
Medium - second octave
1. Trumpet 2. Trombone 3. Flugelhorn 4. Euphonium
Reed pipes
1. Two types of trumpet pipes
Euphonium (medium second octave)
1. Valved 2. 8va lower than trumpets 3. 9 feet tubing 4. Baritone instrument 5. Written in Bass Clef
Random facts about Handel
1. Went to Law School, but left for violin at Hamburg Opera House 2. Halle Lutheran Church with Zachow
Regarding introducing music instruments, what is the appropriate process for introducing them in a classroom?
1. What it is 2. How to use it 3. Have children replicate instruction and then improvise
Scarlatti contributions
1. Wildness, impulsive melodic changes/key shifts 2. Spanish flavor: guitar-like
Other random guitar facts
1. Wipe strings after use 2. Clean fingerboard when changing strings 3. Oil applied to surfaces every 6 months
The complexity of score reading: Before one can conduct an orchestra, you must know this order of the score:
1. Woodwinds 2. Brass 3. Percussion 4. Piano 5. Harp 6. Strings 7. Soloist 8. Chorus 9. Organ WBPPHSSCO -- Why Billy plays piano&harp steadily scares children often
NASM is important because it
1. secures a better understanding among institutions of higher education engaged in work in music 2. establishes a more uniform method of granting credit 3. develops and maintains basic, threshold standards for the granting of degrees and other credentials.
What was the Four Seasons?
1. solo concertos 2. animal noises 3. programmatic concerto(narrative) 4. established concerto grossi (3 movements...f-s-f) = outline for opera
4 stages for young children's understanding to the beat of music
1. unable to respond to beat 2. responds with too much 3. narrow down response to the beat 4. able to clap or step to the beat
__-bar-blues (3 stanzas, first 2 identical)
12
Johann Amos Comenius was in charge of the Morovian Church around what year?
1600's
Solfege became a thing in what century?
17th century, Italians and later, French
Purposeful Response happens when?
18 months to 3 years -- Children can attempt to contribute to the music
Rock n Roll African American music made a rhythm influence when?
1950s
With counterpoint, it was necessary to have ___ or more melodic lines
2
Drumming technique 3: Drag has what?
2 beats preceeding 1 (ba/da-bop)
What did Bebop patterns often end with? An abrupt....
2 note figure that sounded like be-bop
What is a Binary Form
2 part form (AB)
When it came to writing music, how many parts did Leonin write with?
2 parts ONLY
What instruments are in a classical string quartet
2 violins, viola, cello
How many did Perotin write with, making sure to have consonance and dissonance?
2, 3, 4 voices
How long can a phrase be?
2-8 measures
Brass Band has how many musicians
24 or 25
GUISEPPE VERDI (1813-1901) Wrote how many operas?
26 examples: Rigoletto, La Traviata, Aida, Falstaff
What can symbolize a tremolo?
3 lines on the stem of one note
What is a symphony?
3 or more movements for a symphony orchestra, an extended piece
For elementary music(band, orchestra, chorus) a library of music is provided that includes how many titles for each class?
40
MEDIEVAL PERIOD DATES
476-1420
Wrote.....
500+ concertos, 49 operas, 90 sonatas, cantatas, motets, oratorios
ASCAP consists of...
500,000 US composers, songwriters, lyricists and music publishers of every kind of music who support each other
How many beats does a quarter note get per minute?
60
___ natural tones, 5 chromatics
7
Piano has how many octaves?
7.33
Gregorian chant is written in 1 of how many modes?
8
General music is required of all students through what grade?
8th grade
Provides educators with blueprints for the music curricula based on past experiences and how these plans can meet needs of the future
A New Vision
Describe the performance approach of the cadenza in the 18th and 19th century
A cadenza is described as a section in a large concerto or ensemble work in which the soloist plays without any accompanying instruments. The cadenza may be improvised or written out, but usually occurs at the end of a prominent cadence such as the ending tonic cadence of a movement. The accompanying instruments may passe or play a sustaining note while the soloist. Continues with the cadenza. In the 18th and 19th centuries, cadenza became increasingly virtuosic and included more somatic material from the work. Although still commonly improvised as from early times, condenses were also increasingly written out by composers as they integrated more complex and elaborate material. Many cadenza became prescribed instead of merely optional, and were also placed in increasingly unconventional places within the musical work.
Lossless compressed audio format
A lossless compressed format stores data in less space without losing any information. The original, uncompressed data can be recreated from the compressed version.
How many titles are added to the list per class each year?
A measly 15
Compare and contrast durational rhythm and tonal rhythm
A preliminary study (Schachter 1976) put forward that musical rhythm arises through 2 separate sources, leading to what Schachter calls tonal rhythm and durational rhythm. Durational rhythm is closely tied with meter, and consists of the aspect of rhythm associated with patterns of duration, emphases, and groupings. In contrast, tonal rhythm does not arise from patterns of stress and duration, and is essentially independent of meter. It instead arises from rhythmic properties of the tonal system Example sources of tonal rhythm include recurrence of a single tone, the octave relationship, chordal and linear associations, consonances, and dissonances. It is important to note that any series of tones will have rhythmic characteristics that will be defined by the relative structural importance may be unrelated.
What does the symbol for a Caesura look like?
A railroad track
Romanticism in music: Program music is
A story being told through the music
What is an Etude
A study piece
Band of Saxophone
A. Sopranino = Eb 2. Sop = Bb 3. Alto = Eb 4. Tenor = Bb 5. Baritone = Eb 6. Bass = Bb 7. Contrabass = Eb 7. Subcontrabass = Bb
Mezzo sopranos cans ing in the range of..
A3-F5
How is ternary form set up?
ABA
_____ is gradually accelerating or getting faster
Accelerando
MTNA does what?
Advances the value of music study and music-making to society while supporting the careers and professionalism of teachers of music
Ragtime was created by
African Americans
In the Pre/Classical Period, Enlightenment in the 2nd half of the 18th century was occurring. This was otherwise known as the
Age of Reason. Philosophical thinking
explain how pitches are defined by the G clef, C clef, and F clef.
All CLEFS indicate the position of a particular pitch on a five lined staff. The G clefs, C and F are the most common class used in modern Western music notation. The G staff spirals around the second line from the bottom, indicating it as the G line for the G pitch above middle C. The C staff has a middle point that is placed to indicate the line as middle C.. The sea staff have a middle point that is placed indicate the line as middle see. The c class can be played about the third line, which is typically called the alto or biola class when it is placed on the fourth mine from the bottom, it is typically called the tender left. The F class looks somewhat like a backwards C with two dogs to the right of it the top point of the curve is placed on the fourth line from the bottom so that the two dogs also surround the same line indicating it as the F pitch the low middle C.
What is Antiphonal
Alternate singing or playing by different groups
Viola reads on what clef?
Alto clef
Which one of these can strings not be made of: 1. Lamb gut 2. Silk 3. Aluminum 4. Horse hair 5. Nylon 6. Wire
Aluminum
What is ACDA?
American Choral Directors Association
What is AOSA
American Orff-Schulwerk Association
ASCAP is...
American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers
ASTA is...
American String Teachers Association
CHARLES IVES(1874-1954) First important what
American modernist
What influenced Ives to compose
American vernacular music (Stephen Foster), Protestant church music, European classical music, experimental music
Define and describe the use of arpeggiation in accompaniment
An arpeggio is defined as a chord that is played note by note, successively instead of simultaneously. Also terms a broken chord, the arpeggio can be from highest note to lowest note, but is more commonly played from the lowest note to the highest note. When using arpeggiation in accompaniment, the musician plays individual chords as arpeggios. If the accompanying a single instrument, arpeggiation can be a practical musical technique as the arpeggio fills out the texture of the sound and adds forward motion to the music, as the chords become single notes flowing through one another instead of a simple blocked chord that must be sustained. Arpeggios also tend to soften the delivery of the accompaniment, giving the music a sense of lightness such as the of arpeggiated harp music.
The weight of the cello is supported by..
An end pin
A trill is ...
An ornamentation completed by moving between 2 pitches that are related to the piece.
Define and describe the use of ostinato in accompaniment
An ostinato is defined as a short, repeating a compliment pattern throughout a musical work that can consist of full rest make, and melodic, or harmonic ideas. Similar to a drone, the ostinato provide a stable foundation for the melody line. In terms of improvisation, the ostinato is a practical tools for creating new ideas and Melody for the repeated figures that stay constant, allowing the melody line to focus on a free delivery. When an ostinato is used in Baroque music, it is termed the boss so ostinato, or ground based, and can see each other both harmonic and melodic properties. When an ostinato is used in jazz music, it is termed the riff or vamp, and helps to form the framework for a tune. Ostinatos are also found extensively and world music such as that of Africa and India
Describe the preparatory, active, and passive beats in conducting.
And conducting, they are several types of gesture indications: preparatory beats, active beats, and passive beats. Conductors use proper Tori beats to ready and ensemble before an attack and before a release to allow the ensemble to anticipate the cut off of a held note. Preparatory beats should indicate the temple, style, an expression of the music to be played. Conductors use active meets to single an immediate change or action from the ensemble. Typical changes that may be indicated by an active beat include Marcato, legato, staccato, and accents. Passive beats are beats that do not require an intermediate change from the ensemble but help to indicate things like rest, off beat, and other simple pulses. The consensuous conductor should use all three types of beats in variation to elicit musical changes such as sectional transitions, syncopations, hemiolas, and other important musical events.
What's the walking tempo?
Andante
What are the musical Eras?
Antiquity: 500 BCE-500 CE. Medieval: 500-1400 Renaissance: 1400-1600 Baroque: 1600-1750 Classical: 1750-1820 Romantic: 1820-1900 20th Century: 1900-2000
Regarding acoustics, an overtone is
Any partial other than the lowest fundamental tone (what makes a beautiful ringing sound in a room)
____ is a solo vocal piece with instrumental accompaniment
Aria
What is an Isorhythm
Arranging durations in a pattern that repeats (fixed pattern of pitches with a repeating rhythmic pattern) example: Middle C dotted quarter, quarter, half, quarter quarter....(repeats)
Order the following by decreasing length of duration and describe each term the staccato, tenuto, portato, staccatissimo
Articulation markings can range from the indicating a shortening of pitch duration to those indicating a lengthening of pitch duration. These articulation markings are present in decreasing order of duration length tenuto, portato, and staccato, staccatissimo. Tenuto, from the Italian word tenere meaning to hold, directs the player to hold the note for its full value. In musical notation a horizontal line over or under the note had marks the tenuto. Portato, from the italian word portare a meaning to carry direct player to smoothly detach the notes similarly to a legato, but shorter in length and longer than a staccato. Both dots and a slur over or under the note heads mark the portato. Staccato, from the Italian word staccare meaning to detach, directs the player to shortly detach the note. A dot over or under the note head marks the staccato. Staccatissimo is an extremely shortened note and is notated by a wedge or pike over or under the note head.
NAfME is the world's largest what?
Arts Education organization organized in 1907.
list five to seven musical aspects one should learn when studying a score
As a conductor, one of the foremost responsibilities in leading an ensemble musically is to have an in-depth understanding of the music. One of the musical aspects a conductor should know is the instrumentation and transpositions of the scored instruments. Another important musical aspect to know is the form of the work knowing the form will generate a deeper understanding of the development of the scene. ask a doctor 1 of the pharmacist possibilities musically is to have an in depth understanding of the music. What affects a conductor should know is the instrument intense positions of the scored instrument. Another important musical affect no is the form of the work knowing the form was generated a better understanding of the development of the theme. Special attention should be given to analyze the harmonic and melodic structure of the work. The conductor can then easily listen to the balance of the ensemble. The conductors should also know the dynamics of the score to be able to prepare the ensemble to execute changes in sound. The conductor must also study phrase structure and any other special instrument execution.
Describe the role of the section leader in the rehearsal procedures.
As a section leader in a larger ensemble, there are several responsibilities that must be met to strengthen the musical excellence and unity of the performing group. The section leader, or principal of a section, should be thoroughly prepared with his or her own musical part, since this will the the framework for the rest of the section. The section leader should also be ready to give advice in terms of style, articulation, phrasing, bowing, fingering or other musical details. The section leader should also be proficient at keeping accurate tuning and should help ensure the proper intonation of the entire section. The section leader is also responsible for interpreting any directives the conductor may give concerning musical interpretation such as dynamics, phrasing, articulation, and character.
Describe the basic elements of conducting technique
As the leader of a group of musicians, the conductor plays an essential role in making through performance or rehearsals. Several key elements of conducting technique play a vital role in coordinating various musical elements into one collective effort. At the most basic level, the conductor indicates the tempo and the meter; the conductor must have a clear beat pattern that indicates not only a steady tempo, but also the meter of the music. The conductor must also indicate preparatory beats for certain sectional or instrumental entrances as well as releases at the end of a section or phrase. Conductor must also indicate fermatas, changes in tempo, and dynamics. The conductor must also actively listen to the balance between sections and present the right cues to maintain dynamics and the proper balance. Other essential elements of conducting technique include style-specific musical interpretation, the role of the free hand and score study.
Describe the role of the music educator while teaching concert etiquette
As the leader of the students music education, the music educator should be an advocate of proper concert etiquette. Although there are many aspects of music for a student to learn, it is equally important for a student to understand the proper way to act both as a concert musician as well as an audience member. As such, concert addict kids should be an integral part of every rehearsal and lesson. The student can begin practicing such performance at take it as proper sitting and standing posture, as well as appropriate I contact. The student can also begin to practice such things as bowing after performance as well as entrance etiquette. Those students in the classroom can practice good audience technique through Pierre performance, exhibiting polite listening manners, withholding clapping between movements, an applause after a performance. The music educator can also take the opportunity during parent conferences or before a concert to address members of the audience regarding proper concert etiquette.
What is a Harmonic minor scale
Ascending sharpened leading tone ex: a-b-c-d-e-f-g#-a
What is Acculturation of Preparatory Audiation?
Audiation as the readiness period involves absorption, random response, and purposeful response in what process?
Verdi was a fan of writing simple forms and melodies that....
Audience members would remember
ANTON WEBERN what country was he from?
Austria
The Music of the Caribbean
Bahamian music, rake n scrape, rumba. Accordion, vocals, drums, steel drums, congas. Upbeat, very rhythmic and dance like
What period did composers really use the figured bass?
Baroque
What is a Gigue?
Baroque, french peasant dance in 4/4
What is a musical Introduction
Bars of music before the main tune begins
This was used in many madrigals
Basso Continuo - implied chords
What is the lowest bass voice called?
Basso profundo
What are the Harmonic minor scale semitones
Between 2/3, 5/6, 7/8
What are the Major Scale semitones
Between 3/4 and 7/8 ex: d e F#-G a b C#-D
Define and describe the use of block chords and accompaniment
Blocked chords are defined as pictures that are played simultaneously like a cord. When using blocked chords in accompaniment, the player can combine notes that are written separately into a blocked cord, or play blocked chords from a chord chart. If the player must sight read music, walking the courts can help to simplify the sight reading process so that the player doesn't have to read every single note a quick scan of the harmony is all that is required to play a blocked cord of that harmony. If the player is reading music with a chord chart, then walking chords can also provide a quick and simple method of accompaniment. The player must only see the written harmony needed, and play the blocked harmony without the intermediate processing stage of notation.
Review Journals
Booklist School Library Journal Horn Book Magazine/The Horn Book Guide The Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books Multicultural Review
What is Hocket?
Breaking of a melody into single notes or very short phrases by using rests -- the melody is then shared between different voices (bass sings one note, sop sings next, etc.)
When teaching guitar, what notes will an instructor usually start with?
C A G E D (easiest)
Cello 4 notes are
C D G A (8va below viola)
Who uses tenor clef?
C clef is sometimes used by the cello, bassoon, trombone.
What instrument uses the Alto Clef
C clef used by the viola. C = middle line
Sopranos can sing in the range of?
C4-high C
During the 18th and 19th centuries, there was a lot of improvisation in performances. This style was used a lot with
Cadenza
Famous work of Orff
Carmina Burana. He physicalized music
A french polyphonic song (late middle ages and renaissance)
Chanson
The ____ _____ is an important element of the violin, which is optional for comfort, which was added around 1820
Chin Rest
Describe repertoire sources for an intermediate middle school chorus.
Choral directors should choose intermediate middle school choir repertoire that is of high quality, teachable, and appropriate for the range, ability level, cultural context, and programming considerations of the ensemble. There are many repertoire sources for the middle school choral director that can assist in preliminary repertoire selections. The American choral Directors Association publishes multiple repertoire lists including "Tried and True Literature" for junior high choirs, as well as annual choir repertoire lists. Donald Roach's Complete Secondary Choral Music Guide includes extensive repertoire lists, music theater sources, and other content that is valuable of the middle school choral Director. Music directors can also consult state clinic and contest repertoire for intermediate choirs as well as complete compilations of choral works for the middle school choir.
A Protestant hymn melody(baroque)
Chorale
What is an Unrelated Chord
Chord that is in a different key to the one before it with no notes in common.
What is an Arpeggio
Chord whose notes are played one after another.
What is a Bare chord
Chord without a third ex: C E G = C G
With Italian Madrigals, what was a new idea that was formed?
Chromaticism.
How can beat be taught in a classroom?
Clapping syllables to songs
Benny Goodman instrument
Clarinet
What period was Alberti bass popular in?
Classical period
Brahms style
Classical tradition + elements of romanticism 1. classical forms and orchestra 2. entire works out of simple ideas
What are mental (knowledge) skills?
Cognitive
The study of mental processes such as "attention, language use, memory, perception, problem solving, creativity, and thinking." ^This is
Cognitive Psych (Place Theory)
What is a Consonance
Combination of agreeable tones
What are Notes of anticipation
Comes at the end of a passage to anticipate the final chord
What are Auxiliary Notes(neighbor tone)
Comes between notes of the same pitch, either a note higher or lower. ex: C D C
Haydn wrote opera buffas. What is this?
Comic operas with simply harmonies
Who was Webern?
Composer and conductor
Ives was an amateur..
Composer. Wrote for enjoyment
National Standards for Music Education Content Standard 4
Composing and arranging music within specified guidelines
Define the following terms: con amore, con bravura, con brio, con fuoco, con grazia, con tenerezza.
Con, "with" indicates each of these terms as descriptions or instructions of a performer's phrasing. Con amore translates to "with love" and is equivalent to amorevole or amoroso, "lovingly." Con amore may have multiple correlates within the performance style, translating into a legato articulation, rubato, or more dramatic dynamic contrast. Con bravura, similarly, translates to "with bravery" and is different connotation from bravura as in a bravura performance, which means skill. Con brio, or brioso, "with spirit," con fouco,"with fire", con grazia "with grace"; con tenerezza, "with tenderness." Each term is somewhat subjective; indeed, it may be difficult to establish a clear distinction between con amore, con tenerezza, and con grazia, for example, and will result in similar interpretations. Con brioso, confuco, and con bravura also have many characteristics in common and will differ from an amoroso performance that would have more staccato articulations and limited rubato.
Composition for an orchestra and 1 or more solo instrument (classical)
Concerto
7-11 years, expanding their knowledge of classification and recognize similarities regarding items of the same height or pitch is what development?
Concrete Operational
La Pieta
Conservatory for orphaned girls, violin teacher
What is a Whole Tone Scale
Consists entire of whole steps ex: C D E F# A flat B flat C
What was the bass part of figured bass called?
Continuo
What is Passacaglia
Continuous variations on ground bass, similar to chaconne(baroque)
What is Riff
Continuously repeated musical phrase in jazz music, played over changing harmonies
Discuss techniques to correct intonation on brass instruments
Correct intonation on brass instruments is the result of properly forming the entire system flowing from the diaphragm to the end of the instrument. Playing with good posture and breath support allows the player to play at a wide variety of register and volumes more comfortably, reducing strained intonation that can occur at extremes. Cue the student to think of the airway from the lungs to the throat and the oral cavity as a broad and open passageway. Playing in front of a mirror allows the student to monitor horn placement and embouchure. Mental practice is extremely important. The student should have a clear idea of the tone she wants to produce, and think actively about playing with good tone. Long tones are an excellent tool for developing intonation. Depending on the particular instrument, the student should learn which h-note fingering are inherently out of tune and how to adjust the relevant slide to compensate.
Regarding a high school classroom, a music computer should contain different software programs that deal with what kinds of things?
Creation, improvisation, composition softwares
What kind of movements are associated with music and performed as dances or exercise by young children?
Creative or synchronized movement
What is the range that basses sing?
D2-middle C
Contraltos range is what?
D3-D5
Worship, poetry, and _____ were used for task distracting
Dance
When Froebel taught lessons, he also included _____ and ______
Dance and Song (hands-on learning)
The Music of Latin America
Dance music. Drums, flutes, violin, accordion, harp, guitars, vocal duets or quartets
Technique 2: One bow per note (v smbol)
De'tache'
Where did Motown originate in?
Detroit, Michigan in the 1960's
What is an Extension
Developing a phrase or motif by making it longer
Chamber music(classical period)
Divertimento
What was an early style (1917-1920) of jazz that was popular in New Orleans due to its simple cheerful character?
Dixieland
In a major key, what solfege is the tonic?
Do Example: D major -- D is the tonic
Bow with palm up or down?
Down
Weber was the director of opera at
Dresden
Gene Krupa instrument
Drum
Max Roachinstrument
Druma
Two famous Swing performers
Duke Ellington and Benny Goodman
Why are rhythm instruments good for Elementary students?
Easiest to teach about rhythm, beat, tempo due to size of instrument
What is a Dissonance
Effect of tension or disturbance made by using discords in music.
What is a Coda
Ending section designed to round off a musical composition
Scops/gleeman were..
English
National Standards for Music Education Content Standard 7
Evaluating music and music performances
Regarding Mozart, his serenades were performed at what time of day?
Evening
What is Real sequence
Exact transposition of each note in a sequence
True or False: Johann Amos Comenius believed that the education of children should begin later on in life so they can more easily conceptualize concepts
FALSE
True or false: The Baroque period had large orchestras with a basso continuo and keyboards
FALSE. Had small orchestras
True or false: creative movement involves a child's interpretation of the song while paying attention to the beat
FALSE. They don't need to pay attention to beat because they walk, march, dance, etc however they choose.
True or false: Rondos have recurring themes with the same kind of material
FALSE. They have CONTRASTING material
True or false: With heterophony, two or more musicians simultaneously perform same version of the same melody
FALSE. They perform slightly different versions of the same melody
If children start education in music immediately, then they can learn about what?
Faith, cognizance of moral actions, and familiarity with arts and language
True or false: Gestures and time beating are not important
False
Technique 3: true or false -- a Ricochet is when you bounce your bow slowly
False. Answer: quickly because it's a staccato
True or false: The Greeks established aural ear training
False. Basic theory
True or false: during the classical music period, Rachmaninoff broke rules of staying traditional
False. He stayed with traditional styles - was the last romantic composer
True or false: because a grace note is a decorative note, it's part of the rhythm
False. It is not part of the rhythm
19th Century Opera in the Romantic Period True or false: Elite entertainment and popular diversion were done a lot. In particular, French opera was the most popular
False. Italian opera was
True or false: With architecture and acoustics, sound should be able to reach an audience slowly, but bounce off walls to even out the sound
False. Quickly
General care of woodwind: True or false: Remove the reed and never clean mouthpiece with soap and water because it will stain the instrument
False. Remove the reed and use soap and water
True or false: Schoenberg had private lessons at an early age
False. Self taught musician
True or false: In the Pre/Classical Period, public concerts mainly consisted of the upper class.
False. The middle class
True or false: For ordinary, the parts are different for every mass
False. The parts are the same for every mass
True or false: Words had no meaning
False. They did have meaning
True or false: Regarding Handel, he wrote in an international style but composed in one genre
False. he composed in all genres
Allegro means .....
Fast
Drumming technique 2: what is the ba-dop rhythm where it's 1 beat 1 beat 1 beat 1 beat
Flam
Discuss proper brass embouchure for good tone quality.
For brass instruments, the proper brass embouchure and good air support directly affect good tone quality.. The player must provide consistent breath support through deep inhalations, controlled exclamations and a relaxed body. Once the player has a good breath foundation, proper embouchure must be practiced for tone quality, intonation, endurance, range, an articulation. For the brass player, the lips are the source of a sound wave's motion and energy the mouth cavity should be wide open while the lips touch together as if saying m. When the player buzzes, the lips should stay relaxed while the corners of the lips should stay firm but not too tight or too loose. The players should keep the chin even and pointed. As a general guideline, the players should keep the mouthpiece equally between the two lips
Passing Notes in composition are a.....
Form of decoration
FRANCOIS COUPERIN(early 18th century) What country was he from?
France
HECTOR BERLIOZ (1803-1869) He was from
France
Regarding Giovanni, did he believe in creating pieces in a style of "using pre-existing materials and writing under strict boundaries" or "freely composed with no pre-existing materials?"
Freely composed with no pre-existing materials (AKA Missa Papae Marcelli)
Troubadors were...
French
What is a Roneau?
French lyrical poem(renaissance)
3 kinds of Minstrels were
French, German, English
What kind of music did Bach write a lot of? (Think old piano repertoire)
Fugues
Baritones can sing in the range of B2 to what?
G4
The Music of Indonesia
Gamelan music. Gambang (metal xylophones) vertical flute, vocal, drums. Faster tempo, rhythmic
Famous work of Ives
General William Booth Enters Into Heaven
Minnesingers were...
German
CARL MARIA VON WEBER (1786-1826) Made what kind of opera an art form besides Italian
German example: Der Freischutz (supernatural themes)
ARNOLD SCHOENBERG (1874-1951) What tradition did he write in?
German Classical Tradition
Of the three, which one consisted of a lyric poet+singers?
German Minnesingers. Performed about love
CARL ORFF Was from thisc ountry
Germany
FELIX MENDELSSOHN What country
Germany
FRANZ SCHUBERT (1797-1828) What country was he from?
Germany
JS BACH: (1685-1750) What country was he from?
Germany
ROBERT SCHUMANN (1810-1856) What country was he from?
Germany
Wagner focused on history and stories from what country?
Germany
What does creative movement do?
Gives children freer expression and allows them to improvise and enjoy the act.
What are elements of extrinsic reward?
Giving verbal praise, candy, treats, games, surprises
What is Glissando
Gliding or sliding from one note to another, represented by a line in between notes or writing the actual notes to be played
In the late 19th century, this religious kind of music succeeded the spiritual
Gospel
Give an example of a timbre
Guitar and violin playing the same note but sounding different
What is Hammer-on
Guitar articulation produced by sliding the finger from one fret up to the next and back
DOMENICO SCARLATTI What were 2 things that he was a master in?
Harpsichord and a composer
Who did Bach influence?
Haydn and Mozart
Mozart's huge influence was
Haydn.
One unique quality about Schoenberg
He rejected prettiness in his music in order to create music that had intense emotions
G.F. HANDEL (1685-1759) What was one thing about Handel people absolutely hated?
He was a huge slob and made the audience revel in his glory
Ratio of 3:2 and an example
Hemiola a triplet for a dance piece
What is Harmonic mean in stringed instruments?
High, clear, pure sound produced on a string instrument by lightly stopping the string at its halfway point
Polyphony or Homophony?
Homophony (2 or more voices)
What is texture?
How many instruments or voices are performing together
FRANZ LISZT (1811-1886) He was from
Hungary
Perfect Authentic ends on what?
I
Imperfect Authentic ends on what?
I inverted
Main ways of developing a theme
ISIFAD -- imitation, sequence, inversion, fragmentation, augmentation, and diminution
Plagal Cadence
IV-I
What is an Inverted Pedal
If the pedal is in any part other than the bass
What is a fugue?
Imitative polyphonic composition where themes repeat
Comenius believed that music education should start at what time period in a child's life?
Immediately. Comenius believed that music was used in all facets of life and even wrote instructions to mothers
Characteristics
Impressionism in music and visual art - suggestions opposed to portrayal.
National Standards for Music Education Content Standard 3
Improvising melodies, variations, and accompaniments Example: ostinatos, improvisation
Describe the following conducting patterns: 2/4, 3/4, 4/4, 6/8 and 9/8
In a 2/4 pattern, the hand moves downward on the first beat and upward on the second beat In a 3/4 pattern, the hand moves downward on the first beat, outward on the 2nd beat and upward on the 3rd beat. In a 4/4 pattern, the hand moves downward on the first beat, inward on the second beat, outward on the 3rd beat and upward on the 4th beat. In a compound 6/8 pattern, the hand moves downward on the 1st primary strong beat, bounces inward on the 2nd and 3rd beats,moves outward on the second strong 4th beat, bounces outward on the 5th beat and upwards on the 6th beat. In compound 9/8 pattern, the hand moves downward on the 1st primary strong beat, bounces inward on the second and third beats, move outward on the secondary strong 4th beat, bounces outward on the 5th and 6th beats, then moves upward on the tertiary strong 7th beat, and bounces upward and inward on the weak eighth beat and ninth beat.
Describe the importance of local timbre in characterizing different emotions
In vocal performance, it is important to express the emotion or mood of the music through timber. Just as vocal expression communicates emotion through regular speech, and music, vocal qualities and inflections how to communicate emotion to the listening audience. As in speech, to communicate emotions like disgust and loathing, the singer uses a darker timbral quality and may include a raspy delivery and harsher constants. To communicate emotions like hope and assurance, the singer uses a brighter timbral quality with a smooth flowing delivery. To communicate emotions like sorrow and gloom, the singer uses a dark hollow timbral quality and may include a shaky delivery as in regular speech. To communicate emotions like anger and vengeance, the singer uses an intensified dark timbral quality with sonorous delivery of vowels and consonants.
Regarding involvement of parents, what do teachers need to do?
Include parents in discussions of instruments or musical practice, encourage them to help fund-raise
What is an Augmentation
Increasing the note values of a musical theme, usually to twice their value
Is absolute/perfect pitch a learned trait or innate?
Innate
Purpose of ACDA?
Inspire excellence in choral music education, performance, composition, and advocacy
What is an Arco
Instruction to use the bow after a plucked passage of music
What is a Suite?
Instrumental composition that's a series of different movements or pieces
Romanticism in music: Absolute music is
Intellectual
What is a Microtone
Interval less than a semitone, and a semi tone is a half step so a microtone is TINY
What is Tonal Sequence
Intervals of the first phrase are NOT reproduced exactly.
Second section of binary form does what?
Is longer, uses similar material
describe how to give a clear attacking conducting
It is at most important to provide a clear attack while conducting an ensemble. Without a precise indication of the ictus, the ensemble will not begin to play the music together and may continue to approximate the Temp I and rhythms, resulting in a disorderly performance. To give a clear attacking conducting, the conductor must give a preparatory beat. During this imaginary preceding beach, the arm must move fluidly in exactly the same tempo as its intended beginning temple this way, the musician can easily judge the preparation movement and the downbeat. The conductor should breathe in on the preparatory beat along with the ensemble and indicate me attack with equally suggestive body language such as direct eye contact and a head nod. The conductor must be careful to place gestural emphasis on the attack and only a slight movement on the preparatory beat.
Importance of MPA
It is the oldest music trade organization in the United States, fostering communication among publishers, dealers, music educators, and all ultimate users of music. This non-profit association addresses itself to issues pertaining to every area of music publishing with an emphasis on the issues relevant to the publishers of print music for concert and educational purposes.
What kind of music uses many dissonant chords?
Jazz
What religion was Schoenberg?
Jewish
Tonic sol-fa The 19th century English sight-singing was developed by
John Curwen
Who was the most famous mid-Renaissance composer?
Josquin Desprez (1450-1521)
JRME is
Journal of Research for Music Education
What is the Tonic
Key note example: Tonic of C major is C -- C E G is the chord.
What is Tonality
Key of a piece of music
Frederic Froebel was the founder of what grade level?
Kindergarten
What method influence solfege a lot?
Kodaly Chromatics and solminization
The Music of Japan
Koto (long strings), lute, flute, percussion, vocal harmonies. Pentatonic scale, performance music (puppet shows, plays), dissonance
In a minor key, what is the tonic?
La Example: f minor: Db
Is the viola larger or smaller than the violin?
Larger about 3-9 inches
In the Pre/Classical Period, the church was ____ powerful
Less
What is Chiaroscuro
Light and shade -- contrast in lower and higher pitches, thin and full textures recall light and dark in painting
National Standards for Music Education Content Standard 6
Listening to, analyzing, and describing music
In the Pre/Classical Period, Universalism was a thing. This means
Liverty, equality, fraternity
Discuss the importance of long tones for brass players
Long tones are a critical practice for brass and woodwind players. The benefit of the exercise lies in removing other aspects of performance such as reading, fingering, and so on. This allows the player to sing glee Direct his or her focus towards the production of those aspects that reads a pleasing tone. The definition of pleasing tone may vary according to the personal preference and the idiom of performance however, long tones allow the performer to scrutinize and adjust pitch, timbre, vibrato, etc. All the exercise has the additional benefit of increasing stamina and strength of the muscles involved, maximum duration of the notes house should not be the sole or primary focus of long note practice. Instead the performers attention should focus on the quality of the note through the coordination of the entire system that produces the note diaphragm, throat, oral and sinus cavities, embouchure and the instrument
What is Pedal Point
Long, held note or series of repeated notes, usually in the bass, above which harmonies constantly change. example: bass half notes on C F G G F F G G while the right hand does something else.
What is Imitation by Retrograde-inversion(both)
Look at the inversion, and then from there reverse the order. D F E B = D B C F(inversion) = F C B D
Lossy compressed audio format
Lossy compression enables even greater reductions in file size by removing some of the audio information and simplifying the data. This of course results in a reduction in audio quality, but a variety of techniques are used, mainly by exploiting psychoacoustics, to remove the parts of the sound that have the least effect on perceived quality, and to minimize the amount of audible noise added during the process.
What was the central service of traditional Christian(Catholic) liturgy
MASS
What is Augmented
Made larger example: C major C E G chord will now be C E G#
Augmented 6th chord: French
Major 2 with an augmented 6 example: A flat C D F sharp
Augmented 6th chord: Italian
Major 3rd and augmented 6th example: A flat C F#
Exaggerated dissonances/unusual harmonies as devices of textual representation, breaking Catholic rules
Mannerism
What is Marcato?
Marked, or emphatic
Music sequencing Young children can reproduce short ______ with some discrepancies
Melodies
What must be apparent throughout?
Melody (think of Bach)
What is Homophony
Melody with harmony, but all move in same rhythmic pattern
Key fact of Mendelssohn
Mendelssohn had Classical techniques from Bach, but Romantic expression
19th Century Opera in the Romantic Period Grand Operas appealed to the ____ class, was politicized and was a play on morality
Middle example: Guillame Tell, Rienzi, Les Troyens
the Bergundian School composers bridged the gap between what two periods?
Middle Ages and Renaissance
What is the Tonic or Parallel Minor
Minor key with the same tonic as a major one. example: C major and C minor
What is the name of the medieval European bards/poets who told tales?
Minstrels
Development in composing means....
Modification of motif and themes
First section of a binary form does what?
Modulates, usually to the dominant
What is a Sarabande?
Most popular instrumental dance, 3/4 time spanish
F instruments
Move up a P5 example: If you see an E on the page, you'll be hearing an A.
What is MPA
Music Publishers' Association
What is MTNA
Music Teacher's National Association
Schumann was a successful what?
Music critic example: Carnaval
Instrumental and vocal is called...
Music instrumentalis
What is Programme Music
Music that attempts to paint a picture or mood, describe an action, or tell a story Example: John Williams with Star Wars or Harry Potter
What is Homophonic?
Music that moves in harmonic blocks as opposed to the linear way polyphonic music moves
What is a Monophonic
Music with a single melody line and no harmony example: simple elementary Christmas piece
All components of the universe make music as they move; mathematically perfect. What is this theory called?
Musica mundana (music of the universe)
What are Fanfares
Musical announcement played on brass instruments before the arrival of an important person ex: think of Disney Movies or a king entering a castle
What is an Articulation
Musical shaping and phrasing. (examples: staccato, legato, accent)
Neoplatonism
Mystical philosophy
Scarlatti was an organist at
Naples Royal Chapter
What is NASM
National Association of Schools of Music
What is NSBA
National School Boards Association
What is NSfAE
National Standards for Arts Education
What is a Natural minor scale
Natural pitch ex: a-b-c-d-e-f-g-a
Parts of stringed instruments include the body, head, ____, bow, and scroll
Neck
Studies the structure/function of the brain as they relate to specific psychological processes and behaviors. Studying this neuro basis for performance and the perception of music is what?
Neuropsychology (Volley Theory)
Are passing notes a part of the harmony?
No
Bugle
No valves, depend on embouchure
What is an appeggio
Note that doesn't form part of the harmony and is approached by a leap and followed by a step ex: Eighth note F going to a quarter note E....F-E, E-D, D-C...
What is a Chromatic
Notes not in the original key
BMW
Numbers JS Bach used to identify his music.
What is a Figured Bass
Numbers underneath bass line which tells performers which chords to play
In this period, what really became popular over everything?
OPERA
What is Repetition
Occurs when a phrase is repeated immediately at the exact same pitch
Do passing notes occur on or off beat?
Off the beat
Prince Anton(esterhazy fam) hired Haydn to direct what?
Opera House
Musical Theater
Operetta- Gilbert and Sullivan
Puccini added a lot of drama to his work and really emphasis what, the choir or orchestra?
Orchestra
Symphonic poems are in _____ forms
Orchestral. Like Liszt
Within Mass, what were the two parts?
Ordinary and Proper
What was Bach's main instrument?
Organ
OAKE is what?
Organization of American Kodaly Educators
Acoustics make sound do what?
Oscillate through air columns
Drumming technique 4: Describe paradiddle
Par-a-di-dle 1234 1234 1234
Wht is a Register
Part of the total pitch range of an instrument that has a distinctive quality
Music sequencing is important because it helps students with what?
Patterns of melody, harmony, and rhythm which work together to create tone, key, and chord structures.
______ allows students not only to hear notes, but to understand the structure and movement of the phrasing
Perceptive listening
National Standards for Music Education Content Standard 2
Performing on instruments, alone and with others, a varied repertoire of music Example: perform on pitch and to the rhythm, respond to cues of the conductor, perform at least one instrument accurately,
Did Leonin or Perotin write "Magnus liber organi (great book of organum)
Perotin
What piece is the most appropriate for introducing instruments of the orchestra to elementary general music students?
Peter and the Wolf
What is Imitation by Inversion
Phrase is imitated by turning it upside down ex: Original = D F E B, Inversion = D B C F)
With affective behaviors, people grow in what two areas?
Physical and emotional
Art Tatum instrument
Piano
Count Basie instrument
Piano
Duke Ellington instrument
Piano
Ragtime Primarily came from this instrument
Piano
Thelonious Monk instrument
Piano
Berlioz played guitar and flute, but NOT the
Piano example: Symphonie Fantastique -- program symphony that tells a story - orchestration treatise(?)
4 instruments of the keyboard family
Piano, Organ, Harpsichord, Clavichord
What is an Anacrusis
Pick up bar
Anacrusis is the...
Pick up bar before a piece of music starts
Regarding acoustics, frequency determines ______
Pitch
Music sequencing Early childhood music education provides chances for children to learn to produce ______
Pitches
CHOPIN (1810-1849) He was from
Poland
What is a motet
Polyphonic composition sacred text without accompaniment (renaissance)
Who commission to have composers write music down
Pope Gregory
Famous work of Gershwin
Porgy and Bess
Regarding a music educator's role, educators are responsible for making music a ______ influence on students
Positive
Music educators should respond ____ to a student's efforts
Positively
2-7 years, problem solving skills/language growth, color, size, use, and shape of objects is what development?
Preoperational
What is the space between the ictus of one beat and the ictus of the next?
Preparation
What is the most appropriate sequence for teaching a musical concept in a general music class? choices: Practice, Preparation, Presentation, Extension
Preparation, Presentation, Practice, Extension
Regarding steps of conducting, what is the nmueric device that I use to remember?
Preparing ice-cubes really pains fingers
Negotiation of metrical hierarchy, polytonality and polychords (layering blocks of sound)
Primitivism
Regarding amateur music-making....
Printed music and arrangements/music for home becomes important
An orchestral work with a descriptive title or program that is similar to a symphonic poem and expresses a non-musical event
Program Symphony
Purpose of OAKE?
Promote quality of singing and musical ear training in students
Manual or physical skills (body) are examples of what kind of skills?
Psychomotor
What is Absolute Music
Pure music, not linked to words or descriptive ideas
The Music of China
Qin (table strings), hammer dulcimer, traverse flute, lute. Sliding on strings (portamento), pentatonic scale
Ragtime jazz had what kind of rhythm?
Ragged (1890's and 1910's)
Improvised rhythms performed to rhythmic accompaniment- popular today...
Rap
National Standards for Music Education Content Standard 5
Reading and notating music
Ictus is the point of the ______
Rebound
ERA: the Classical Era had what kind of strings?
Redefined
Chest, middle, and head are three examples of what?
Registers of the voice
What emphasis did Bach's pieces have?
Religious
What is Rhythmic displacement
Repeating a rhythm in a different part of the bar
What is a Diminution
Repeating a theme or motif with smaller note values (usually by half)
What is Imitation
Repetition by one or more different voices of a phrase
What is a Sequence
Repetition of a musical idea at a higher or lower pitch
What are annual budgets used for?
Replacing school-owned instruments(5% of budget), buying new music.....
In the Pre/Classical Period, the French and American _____ took place
Revlutions
1940's-1960's -- ensemble with lead vocalist and instrumentalist, a rhythm section, and an ensemble of voices, wind instruments, or guitar is included in what?
Rhythm and Blues
Describe the role of notes, rests and time signatures as musical symbols for rhythms
Rhythm is the movement of music over time. As such, certain musical aspects such as pitch duration, silence, and meter play key roles in translating music symbols to real-time musical rhythm. Pitch durations are notated through note values that sound for a specified time . Whole notes are held through four quarter-note lengths. Half notes are held through 2 quarter-note lengths. Quarter notes are held for half the length of a half note. Eighth notes are held for half the length of q quarter note. Sixteenth notes are held for half the length of an eighth note and so forth. Silence durations are notated through rests, which have note name equivalents, i.e., whole notes and whole rests, which have note name equivalents, whole notes and whole rests both have duration of four quarter-note lengths. Meters are essential in establishing rhythm, as meters define the general organization of stresses and pulses.
What is Rhythmic Imitation
Rhythm of a passage is imitated, not the melody
What is an Irregular Rhythm
Rhythms that constantly change or are grouped in a different way
IGOR STRAVINSKY (1882-1971) Who did he study with?
Rinsky-Korsakov
One of Stravinsk's most famous works was
Rite of Spring (1913)
What period was programme music popular in?
Romantic Period
What period was the period of chromaticism?
Romantic period
What is the way of playing or singing in which some of the notes are slightly hurried while other are slowed down?
Rubato
Mighty Handful
Russian composers interested in Western Music 1. Folk Tunes and Russian Tales 2. Musorgsky and Rinsky-Korsakov
WOLFGANG AMADEUS MOZART (1756-1791) Where was he born and raised?
Salzburg, Austria - Was a child prodigy
What is the name of the Brazilian dance that is slightly faster than the tango?
Samba
What is an Alberti Bass
Same notes in a pattern of broken chords example: Mozart uses a lot of repeated left hand patterns
The Music of the Middle East
Santour, chant, vocal, setar, accompaniment for popular music
Charlie Parker instrument
Saxophone
John Coltrane instrument
Saxophone (Clarinet)
Louis Armstrong introduced what kind of singing?
Scat singing
ALBAN BERG who did he study with?
Schoenberg
Who was one really famous Ragtime performer and composer?
Scott Joplin
What is a Countermelody
Second melody above or below the main melody (ex:descant) -- Jingle bells melody with a counter melody on top singing at a slower tempo: "oh, what fun, it is, to ride.....
What is a Madrigals?
Secular song for 2-3 unaccompanied voices (renaisssance)
0-2 years, observe their environment through exploration and motor skills is what development?
Sensorimotor
What is Melody
Series of tones arranged in a rhythmic pattern, often built by repeating and varying a motif
Regarding working with rhythm instruments in the classroom, what are examples of some?
Shakers, cowbells, drums, tambourines
What is a Melodic minor scale
Sharpened 6 and 7, but reverted back to naturals when descending ex:A -- a-b-c-d-e-f#-g#-a-g-f-e-d-c-b-a
Romanticism in music: Character pieces are
Short works implying mood/scene/personality
What is Ostinato
Short, constantly REPEATED motif. Usually, but not always in the bass example: G G A A G G A A C C D D C C D D
What is Polytonality
Simultaneous use of two or more keys in one piece ex: D major in one hand, F# minor in another
Froebel encouraged that mother should
Sing quietly around home and encourage kids to sing along. And most importantly, to BE HAPPY because MUSIC SHOULD BE FUN! :)
A New Vision 5-8
Sing with breath control, alone and in small and large ensembles, sing with expression vocal lit. on a difficulty level of 2 including songs from memory, two and three parts, improvise simple harmonic accompaniments, simple rhythmic and melodic variations on given pentatonic melodies and major keys, read whole, hald, quarter, eighth, sixteenths, and dotted notes and rests in 2/4, 3/4, 4/4, 6/8, 3/8 and alla breve. SR music with difficulty of 2, recognize jazz, mariachi, gamelan
A New Vision 9-12
Sing with expression and technical accuracy, large and varied repertoire of vocal literature difficulty of 4 on scale of 6, sing 4 parts with and without accompaniment, improvise stylistically appropriate harmonizing parts, improvise in pentatonic, major and minor keys, compose in several distinct styles, evolve criteria for making informed critical evaluations of the quality, compose, arrange, improvise, Baroque, Sub-Saharan, African, Korean, sing, broadway musicals, blues.
The Music of India
Sitar, tabla (percussion), vocals. Warbling sound, pitch bending, semitones
Adagio means....
Slow
Technique 4: a Loure' is when you separate slurred notes. What kind of tempos is this used in?
Slow
Rallentando means ...
Slowing down
Ritenuto is held back and what?
Slowing down as well
What is a Phrase
Smallest complete unit of musical form containing about as much as can be held in a normal breath
Wha is a Semitone
Smallest interval in common use in western music between one note on the piano and the next
Describe the use of solfege in kinesthetic pitch learning
Solfege, also known as solfeggio in Italian, originated in the 17th century as a vocal exercise using solmization syllables for singing the pitches of a scale. Solmization systems were found all around the world, but the most commonly used in Western culture stems from the Guidonian system of the eleventh century. In teaching pitch names, and associations, the use of solfege can greatly aid the student's understanding of high and low pitch, as educators such as John Curwen and Zoltan Kodaly have integrated a kinesthetic system using both hand signs and spatial reasoning. The solmization for the diatonic scale, from tonic to tonic, is as follows: do, re. mi, fa, sol, la, ti, do. As each pitch rises, the corresponding hand sign rises from the low on the body to high above the head. The spatial, kinesthetic, association allows the learner to relate the rising pitch to rising motion.
Nuove Musiche by Cacini was a book of _____ voice and _____ continuo
Solo voice, Basso Continuo
The Spinto is a term to describe what lyric voice parts?
Soprano and tenors
What is Harmony?
Sound that results when two or more notes are played at the same time
The attack of conducting is indicated by the _____ of acceleration and the force of the ictus
Speed
What are violins made of?
Spruce(soft wood)
What is a Pulse
Steady beat that is present in almost every musical composition
Discuss various strategies to help students with dyslexia understand written musical notation.
Students with dyslexia tend to have difficulty with visual tracking, visual stress, visual-motor comprehension, sound discrimination, and symbol-sound relationships. Without the proper guidance from the music educators, the student with dyslexia may feel alienated from the educational curriculum, as well as from peers and the overall learning process. The music educator should begin by removing any barriers to the students' learning and helping to build on the student's strengths. Musical notation can be enlarged so that visual processing for the student will be easier. The student can also use color-coded overlays to prevent visual stress from an all-white background as well as to highlight certain aspects of the score. The music educator should also use a multi-sensory approach to teaching musical notation, including Dalcroze and Kodaly techniques, visual and aural demonstrations of rhythm, visual and tactile demonstrations of notation, technology, pattern learning, and graphics within the notation.
Blues and jazz music gave rise to what kind of music in the 30s and 40s?
Swing
FRANZ JOSEPH HAYDN (1732-1809) Was the father of ____ and ____ quartet
Symphony, String
Characteristics of ragtime music
Syncopated, melodic, march forms
Small Segments, Repetition, and example are 3 ways that a teacher can do what?
Teach songs to a class ( As long as they're interacting with the class and participating in singing and chanting)
Dalcroze Method
Teaches an understanding of music - its fundamental concepts, its expressive meanings, and its deep connections to other arts and human activities - through ground breaking techniques incorporating rhythmic movement, aural training, and physical, vocal and instrumental improvisation.
Chopin's etudes were intended to practice
Technicality (Think of the Revolutionary and Ocean etude)
Guitar One thing to avoid is
Temperature change
What is the range of an instrument or voice?
Tessitura
Italian Madrigals: texts are serious (famous poets), and a lot of ___ painting was used
Text
What did Johann Amos Comenius really believe?
That education should begin immediately
What degree is the natural minor scale built upon?
The 6th. A natural minor scale has the same notes as its relative major scale, but is built starting from the sixth note of the relative major scale ex: C major = a ex: G major = e
Vivaldi's best known work was what?
The Four Seasons (1725)
What is the name of the US music publisher that licenses, collects, and distributes music?
The Harry Fox Agency
What is NAMM
The International Music Products Association
With regards to Bach, cantata is
The Lutheran church music for vocal and instrumental ensembles
Question: When did Medieval music really start to become documented?
The Middle Ages
NAfME is what?
The National Association for Music Education
Famous work of the neoclassical period was
The Rake's Progress
Describe the techniques used in conducting to convey dynamics an expression and music.
The conductor's role in directing and ensemble and encompasses all musical interpretation, from tempo and balance to dynamics and expression. As such, a conductors techniques greatly influences an ensembles performance of a musical piece. When indicating forte or fortissimo, the conductor's gestures should be similarly bigger and louder. The conductor can use the freehand to aid the ensemble response by signaling for more. When indicating piano or pianissimo, the conductor's gestures should be similarly smaller or softer. The conductor can use the free hand to aid an ensemble response by signaling for less. Body language plays an important part in eliciting dynamic and expressive contrast from the ensemble. 8428 gesture can be made passionate least sorrowful with heavy movements in the arms and a somber expression in the face, likewise, a forte can we made joyful and exuberant with light movements in the arms and lifted eyebrows in the face.
Compare and contrast the Terms forzando (z), rinforzando (rinf) and sforzando (sfz).
The dynamic markings forzando, rinforzando, and sforzando all refer to an increase loudness and sound. All three Italian directive have roots to the Italian word forzare, which means to force. Forzando, meaning forced, directs the musicians to strongly accent the notes over which the markings occurs. Rinforzando, however, has an added prefix and means more precisely reinforcing or strengthening. The rinf, dynamic marking usually refers to the increase in volume of a group of notes throughout a phrase and is playing increasingly louder similarly to a crescendo but over a shorter length of time .Sforzando is most similar to Z and the two terms can be interchanged to mean a sudden increase in loudness of the note or notes over which the marking occurs.
The size of the preparation of your beat patterns is dependent on what?
The dynamics in the music
List and describe 8 to 10 bowing techniques
The détaché bowing technique requires the player to detach the notes by playing one note per bow stroke. The ondulé technique describes a bow stroke in which the bow plays two adjacent strings like a tremolo. Sautillé describes the bouncing of the notes by the middle of the go that is typically played at a fast tempo. Sul ponticello refers to the use of the bow close to the bridge in which a harsh grating sound is produced. Sul tasto refers to the use of the bow over the fingerboard to produce a light airy sound. Martelé refers to the abrupt release of a stroke in a forceful manner. Ricochet refers to the rapid bouncing of the upper third of the bow as the player drops the bow on a down bow. Louré refers to the slight detachment of the note without changing the direction of the bow. Col lengo refers to using the stick of the bow on the string instead of the hair.
Music Learning K-12: Comprehensive Musicianship emphasizes what?
The encouragement of students to function in the various roles of performer, listener, and composer-improviser
Quality is indicated by the shape of what?
The preparation
Psychophysics is
The quantitative branch of the study of perception, examining the relations between observed stimuli and responses and the reasons for those relations.
Describe the musical elements involved in a conductor's musical interpretation.
The role of conductor as musical interpreter requires adept conducting technique and a solid conviction of his or her own understanding of the music. As for me and interpretation of the music, the conductor must consider the stylistic elements of the music. Note duration, dresses, tempo, articulation, phrasing, dynamics, and other nuisances all make up the necessary musical elements for a conductor to direct an ensemble well. Additionally, that conductors own vision of the musical work should be made clear through the ensemble performance. The conductor's own understanding of the progression of the music, its beginnings, climaxes, and ending should all informed execution of all musical elements. The conductor should understand the historical background of the music as well as the essence of the music itself. Interpretation take creativity, imagination, musical flexibility, and an intimate understanding of the emotions of the music.
Psychoacoustics is
The scientific study of sound perception and the response to what we hear
What is the Tenor Clef
The second to top line
As a result of the readiness period, children can learn from what?
The sounds and music around them
Define the following terms affrentando, slentando, allargando, calando.
The terms affrentando, slentando, allargando, calando, all direct the musician to produce a change in tempo. Affretando comes from the Italian word affretare, which means to hurry. When notated within musical notation, indicates a quick any of the tempo and also a character or mood of agitation. Slentando comes from the Italian word slentare, which means to slow down. The players should gradually decreased the tempo of the section as the music slows down. Allargando comes from the Italian allargare, which means to gradually widen. In music, the players should gradually decreased the temple in a deliberate or imposing character. Calando comes from the Italian word calare,which means to let down. Musically the players should gradually decrease both tempo and the volume as colando indicates a mood of calming and dying away.
Discuss the pros and cons of using recordings in studying a score to conduct
The use of other recordings as part of course study has certain advantages and disadvantages. An unfamiliar piece of music may be made more acquainted through listening to an existing performance. If the conductor is developing his or her own interpretation of the music, this may be informative in terms of tempo and style, however this also making to be to a parent interpretation where the conductor has not made his or her in-depth interpretation. Also, this may lead to other imitated musical characteristics that may not be historically or stylistically accurate, as every performance is framed by the conductor's interpretation. However, using recordings in score study can be an informative source of past interpretations and should not be an exact template from which to copy.
Fragmentation is the breaking of a ____ into segments in order to develop it, usually by rests
Theme (ex: G-A-G *quarter rest* A-B-A *quarter rest* C D half note...)
Order the following from slowest to fastest and define each term presto, larghissimo, andante, Largo, vivace, largetto, moderato, Allegro
These tempo markings in order from smallest to fastest are larghissimo, Largo, larghetto, andante, moderato, Allegro, divace, and presto. Larghissmo comes from the Italian meaning very or extremely broad and should be played very slowly. Largo comes from the Italian name broad and should be played very slowly. Larghetto is slightly faster than Largo. Andante comes from the Italian meaning in a walking manner and should be played slightly faster than Adagio, but slower than moderato. Moderato comes from the Italian meaning moderately and should be played at an easy comfortable pace. Allegro comes from the Italian meaning fast and should be played at a quick tempo. The vivace comes from the Italian meaning lively and should be played faster than Allegro but slower than presto. Presto come from the Italian meaning very fast know and should be played very quickly.
What are two kinds of textures that are most common?
Thick or thin
Explain how to determine the number of beats to conduct based on tempo
Though there are standard beat patterns in the art of conducting technique, the pattern that conductors choose to conduct should be determined by tempo, style and meter. In a 2/4 meter, the conductor could indicate every beat; if the 2/4 meter is taken at vivace, however, it would be impractical to conduct every beat, and an indication of the downbeat would be suffice. Excessive movements could convey heaviness, which could slow down the ensemble. If however, the 2/4 meter is taken at adagio, the conductor could facilitate rhythmic fluidity and continuity by doubling the number of beats, indicating the quartering-note subdivision for a 4//4 beat pattern, so that forward movement is not lost. In general, the faster the tempo, the fewer number of beats the conductor should indicate; the slower the tempo, the higher number of beats the conductor should conduct.
What is Ternary Form
Three part musical form created by repeating the first section without changing.
With Italian Madrigals, the pieces were usually ____ _____ instead of strophic (where verses repeat themselves to the same tune)
Through Composed
List techniques used to learn a score.
Through score study, the conductor must analyze, reanalyze interpret, learn, and know every detail a nuisance in the music. There are several techniques that can a the conductor in score study. During the learning process, the conductor can play all the vocal parts together on the piano and be able to listen to voice leading and harmonics changes. The conductor can also play the accompaniment parts separately on the piano so that special attention can be given to the accompaniment when the entire ensemble plays. If there is a text, the conductor can read the text aloud poetically so as to examine the ideal dramatic inflection and stress of the harmonic line. The conductor can analyze before structurally, harmonically, dynamically, and melodic pleased to know the music thoroughly. The conductor can also mark the score extensively to help mentally note all aspects of the music.
The Music of Sub-Saharan Africa
Thumb piano, rattle, kora (guitar), clapping, chanting, drums. Use of call and response, ostinato, hocket, and vocables (nonsense vocals)
Within this basic theory, they focus heavily on...
Tight/loose strings and intervals
GEORGE GERSHWIN Went to this place in NYC to sell music
Tin Pan Alley
What is the purpose of NAfME?
To ensure that every student has access to a well-balanced, developed national standard for arts education
Why are inversions used?
To give a more melodic bass part and to give variety to the music
What was the intention of the 19th century English sight-singing?
To help beginners sing more accurately
Purpose of AOSA?
To promote the widespread use of orff
Music sequencing Infants can approximate
Tone
What is Timbre
Tone color or quality of sound. ex: monophonic..
What pedals are the most common?
Tonic and dominant
What is a repeating pitch or pattern that is quick and continuous
Tremelo
Harp Shape is
Triangular
Example of Cross Rhythm
Triplet C-D-E in RH and Eighth Notes C-G in the LH, or Fantaisie Impromptu
Of the three, which one had a composer+performer, like High middle Ages (1100-1350)?
Troubadors
In the Late Renaissance, period, there was a man by the name of Giovanni Pierluigi de Palestrina. True or false: Unlike Josquin, he believed in homophony and imitation for effect
True
True or false: Armstrong combined ragtime, marching band, Debussy, pop, an d Latin together in a call and response style
True
True or false: Bach was the master of fugues and polyphony
True
True or false: Claudio wrote with a lot of dissonance and with String tremolo and pizzicato(plucking)
True
True or false: Gregorian chant was the earliest notated religious music
True
True or false: His serenades were address to a specific person (lover, nobleman, friend)
True
True or false: Instruments are struck, shaken, plucked, and scraped
True
True or false: Liszt developed symphonic poems (orchestral works that illustrate poems)
True
True or false: Mendelssohn had Jewish and Christian influences, which was a struggle
True
True or false: Monophonic music was popular in medieval times
True
True or false: Mozart's serenades were as popular as vocal pieces during Renaissance?
True
True or false: Pitch is perceived and encoded in the basilar membrane in the cochlea
True
True or false: Rubato means to perform freely
True
True or false: Swing was an American style of jazz music in the 1930's -- big band instrumentation, solo passage emphasis, 4/4 tempo with an almost even emphasis on each beat of the measure
True
True or false: he was the first one to create a mass setting (Messa de Nostre Dame)
True
True or false: infants approximate a tone and can young children reproduce short or limited contours with some discrepancy in pitch
True
True or false: organum has note against note counterpoint in medieval style
True
True or false:Comenius believed music education was instinctual for children who first learn to make sound through vocalizations
True
True or false: Josquin wrote in jazz syncopations
True examples: Scaramello and El Grillo
True or false: Motown is soul music
True!
True or false: Regarding sound exploration areas, teachers should encourage children to experiment with musical instruments such as bells, shakers, claves, drums, tambourines, and castanets as loudly as the child chooses
True! All exploration is indeed hands on
Louis Armstrong instrument
Trumpet
Miles Davis instrument
Trumpet
Wynton Marsalis instrument
Trumpet
What instrument usually plays these fanfares?
Trumpet, plays a major triad
True or false: alla breve is a tempo that's a quick duple meter of 2/2
Trus
What is a Cross Rhythm
Two conflicting rhythms used at the same time, AKA polyrhythm
National Standards for Music Education Content Standard 9
Understanding music in relation to history and culture
National Standards for Music Education Content Standard 8
Understanding relationships between music, the other arts, and disciplines outside the arts
What are Bye-tones
Unessential note that forms part of the harmony
What is Syncation?
Upsetting the meter by shifting accents to a weak beat or an offbeat is..
Imperfect/Half Cadence ends on what?
V
Cadence: Interrupted/Deceptive is what?
V to VI
Cadence: Perfect/Authentic Cadence.....
V-I
Vivace means
VERY fast
Claudio moved to Basilica of St. Mark. Where is this?
Venice
Lionel Hampton instrument
Vibraphone
Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741). Was a _____ and ordained priest ("Red Priest")
Violinist
____ arts are at its peak
Visual
Who did Bach arrange for?
Vivaldi
Claudio only composed ____ works
Vocal works example: Renaissance and Baroque Madrigals (9 books)
Describe vocal techniques to achieve vowel uniformity with a chorus
Vowel uniformity as an important aspect of singing, but within a chorus setting, it becomes all the more important, as there are a multitude of various timbres, ranges, and singer's contributing, ideally to a unified homogenous sound. Each singer should practice certain vocal techniques to assist in keeping each vowel sound as uniform as possible. The mouth should be open long instead of wide, with the jaw falling low to open the oral cavity. The resulting bowels will be more open and resonant for better choral blend. The singers should also sing with an open throat while lifting the soft palate for a more relaxed and smoother sound. Also the singer should not swallow his or her sound, but should direct the sound forward in the head so that the chorus can achieve a uniform, vibrant sound.
Who was the Father of the Blues
W.C. Handy
What is Toccata?
What is a keyboard piece that's free in form and has dexterity(baroque period)
What are elements of intrinsic rewards?
When a child figures out a concept, excels in a skill, feels pride in abilities
What is Stretto
When a composer imitates a passage, but the second part enters before the first part has ended
Describe how to indicate a Fermata in conducting
When conducting a Fermata, several considerations should be made the tempo and presence or absence of a Ritardando, the length of the Fermata, and the presence or absence of the rest after the Fermata, and resuming tempo if the music continues. If the Fermata is on the last note of a piece, the conductor should just your in a circular motion downward as long as the formata is to be held. If the music continues after a formato without a break, the conductor should just you're slightly out word and upward to incorporate the preparation beats for the next note. If the music continues after a formata with a rest, the conductors should indicate a cut off and resume with a preparation beat in the intended Temple of the next section. Effort should be made to eliminate any awkward movements so the musicians can comfortably play a formata for the length indicated.
Describe the posture conductors should have when conducting.
When conducting an ensemble, careful attention should be made to bodily posture so that knows Lite and balance or awkward position will detract from the clear musical cues from the director. The conductors feet should be about shoulder width with one foot slightly more for to maintain optimal balance. The knees should not bend, and equal weight should be given on each foot. The conductors bind should be tall and erect. Just the beginning, the arms should be in an attention position using both the guitar on hand and the free hand held ready to indicate the preparatory beat. The arms should not be too close to the body and should be hold up and out at a comfortable with. Elbows should be slightly bored and ready to engage the ensemble. The wrist should be flexible and neither limp nor stiff.
Explain the general principles for conducting beat patterns
When conducting certain beat patterns, there are several principles to keep in mind. The downbeat of the pattern always indicates the strongest hold of the pattern, and is indicated by a downward stroke of the hands. Also, the last B of the pattern is always the weekend pulse of the hand. Also the lobby of the pattern is always the weakest parts of the pattern and is does indicated by an upward strokes of the hand. If in a compound meter there exists a secondary strong pulse. Then the movement of the hand is just as strong of a Down be as the primary strong downbeat. The movement of the hand in a three or four beat pattern move so that collisions between the baton hand and the free hand or avoided. Conductors may choose to indicate sub-divided pulses such as 8 pulses for a slow 4/4 movement Or indicate fewer pulses in a slow 4/4 movement, or to indicate fewer pulses in a fast movement, such as conducting only the downbeats of a fast 3/4 waltz
Describe the position of the baton and the various roles of the free hand while conducting.
When conducting, the position of the baton should be a natural extension of the hand and arm. It should not be rigidly in line, but should serve as a musical tool of expression; in a gentle passage, the baton may be lightly held with only the first few fingers, but in a animated passage, the baton may be tightly grasped to evoke a feeling of passion and urgency. The elbow should be slightly raised away from the body so the baton can be clearly seen from all angles. The free hand without the baton plays the role of musical reinforcement and can also help turn pages. As an independent stimulus, the free hand can reinforce dynamics such as crescendos and decrescendos as well as aid in cueing parts. The free hand should also indicate releases, phrasing, musical style and necessary modification in the balance of the ensemble.
Discuss techniques to improve poor singing posture.
When singing, it is imperative to execute a healthy, proper singing posture not only for better ease in creating resonant sound, but also for the health of the body. When the singer is standing, the weight of the body should be distributed evenly to all sides of the feet. The spine should be erect with the shoulders back and the neck held high. The head should not angle for or backward, but should be kept in a neutral position so that air flow through the body has no restrictions, answer the singer's body does not sustain unnecessary fatigue. When the singer is sitting, the feet should be flat on the ground with the spine erect and aligned with the neck and shoulders, head and ears. The body should be balanced and relaxed through the entire vocal session.
List five to seven resources useful for score research
When studying the score, there are several useful resources the conductor can use. For a thorough understanding of the historical background and performance practices, conductors can refer to scholarly books, journals, and articles to research the background of the musical work. Many musical works also have ties to extra musical art forms such as literature, dance, visual art, and theater. Researching all sources of musical inspiration will only ate the conductors interpretation and understanding of the score. The conductor can also use recordings of the musical work in researching performance practices and stylistic differences of past performances. If the musical work was written by a living composer, the conductor can also interview the composers themselves to delve deeper into a thorough understanding of the score. Also conductors can consult conducting text for a revelant perspective of the musical score.
Discuss the challenges related when using recordings and score study, and techniques to avoid challenges
When using recording in score study, careful discretion must be made so that the conductor does not merely copy the interpretation of the recording. Several techniques can be applied when using recordings to prevent a parent version of an existing performance. The conductor should listen more then one interpretation of a piece to have a wide variety of interpretations. Also, the conductor should not practice conducting to the reporting, as muscle memory can impede the personal development of the conductor's own interpretation. The conductors should not adhere only two famous recordings or famous conductors effort should be made to listen to a variety of reporting. Another helpful technique is to listen early in the score study and then stop once rehearsal has begun to be able to the develop ones own interpretation
What is Atonal
Without key center
Did Chopin have chromaticism in preludes?
Yes
Did Guillame combine popular music and sacred music together?
Yes
Did Verdi write the Requiem Mass?
Yes
In the late Renaissance, was secular music amateur and accessible throughout Europe?
Yes
Should music educators be a guide to their children and encouraging?
Yes
Was Couperin a composer?
Yes
Was ornamentation used?
Yes
Was nationalism still relevant?
Yes example: Bartok and Hungarian folk tunes
Proper order: do the parts ever change?
Yes, depending on day of year
Is rubato free flowing?
Yes, depending on the performer
What is the Guidonian hand?
a mnemonic device used to assist singers in learning to sight-sing in medieval ages
JRME shows
a quarterly, peer-reviewed journal comprising reports of original research related to music teaching and learning.
Through the Alexander Method, students learn how to identify and change patterns that lead to what?
aches, pains, shallow breathing and performance anxiety
What is the range of generally all students in K-4?
an octave starting with middle C going up to the higher C
Regarding a music educator's role, educators are responsible for preparing curriculums that are ______
appropriate for their education level at the time Music combines with developmental, cognitive, language, physical, emotion, and social arenas of education.
For middle and high school music, how many small ensemble music titles are in the library?
at least 75, 15 added each year
Charlie Mingusinstrument
bass
Caesura is a _____ in music
break
Was the orchestra broadened or shrunk?
broadened ex: Vespers of the Blessed Virgin
In general, chords that are stretched and plucked resonate in ______
chamber
Evoked styles of
classical, baroque, earl music
What is a Choral prelude
composition for an organ(baroque)
What is Cantata
composition using sacred texts (baroque)
General care of woodwind: Use ___ ____ as little as possible
cork grease
What is a Canon
counterpoint (polyphony) where one or more voices imitates a leading voice. (sop: C B alto: C B tenor: C B then bass: C B)
A Bouree is a french baroque dance in ____ meter; a light dance in 4/4 time
duple
General care of woodwind: Wipe with a cloth to clean _____
fingerprints
Did the rhythm follow the words or did the rhythms differ from the words?
followed the words
In Rondo Form, sections B and C are usually
in a different key
Discuss the various musical elements important in score marking.
in preparation for rehearsing a musical work director should mark score for her own benefit. Save time as well as processing energy when in rehearsals. During school or study, the directors should mark any or all of the following elements to prepare for rehearsal process entrances of sections, entrances of Melody and important themes, to teach section, dynamic sections, formatos, repeat, and cadenza, meter changes, tempo changes, sectional changes, harmonics structure, melodic structure, rhythmic structure, form, textual emphasis, instrumentation is, changes, balance changes, dial vacation, greek use, for mark has, national preparatory be. It may not be necessary to mark every change in the music however, or should be marked to the need the beach conductor to ensure a thorough analysis of the musical score
Blues and Jazz Primarily African American..
instrumental
Cantata(Lutheran), was a soloist with _______ accompaniment
instrumental
Smear is a glissando in what kind of music?
jazz music
Poco a poco means
little by little
What is Polyphony
many voices each with own melody
The 2nd Viennese School believed in modernism and sought to challenge perception and criticize the
mass culture
Boethius was a
medieval Roman music theorist who came up with 3 "music styles"
Augmented 6th chord: German
minor third and +6 (sounds like a V7 chord) example: A flat C E flat F sharp
What is an Opera
musical dramatic work
General care of woodwind: Professional cleaning of instrument is to be taken place...
once a year
Bach wrote in all genres EXCEPT for
opera
JOHANNES BRAHMS (1833-1897) Wrote in every genre except
opera
Regarding acoustics, harmonics is a set of
partials. And partials are waves.
Affective behaviors are growths in _____ or _____areas
physical or emotional
Liszt was a ______ virtuoso/composer who toured from 1839-1847
piano
Chopin wrote almost exclusively
piano compositions
What is Organum
plain chant
When students start musical education at an early age, it provides them opportunities to do what?
produce pitches accurately and distinguish between scale and key structure
What is Imitation by Retrograde(reverse)
reversed. D F E B = B E F D
The Classical period has ____ melodies, _______ dominate, and alberti bass is frequent
simple, strings
Diminished is when a chord is made ____
smaller example: C E G will be C E Gb
Timbre is the quality of what?
sound
Regarding singing and chanting, it's important for children to understand the combination of _______ and _______ to apply this process for future pieces
sounds and beats
What is Recitative
spoken song(romantic)
Haydn was the music director for Count Morzin. He wrote over 100 ______ in 30 years
symphonies
What is the speed of the music?
tempo
What IS beat?
the pulse of music
How does Mozart number his music?
the symbol KV
NAMM is relevant because it..
tries to strengthen the music products industry and promote the pleasures and benefits of making music.
What is Polyphonic
two or more equally important melodic lines are combined and woven together with rhythmic contrast happening between the voices. AKA 2 or more melodic lines
What is an Accented passing note
unessential note that falls on the beat example: In a 3/4 time signature -- quarters: c (D) e | dotted half: F
Absorption period happens when?
up until 18 months, includes listening the most
Bowing Technique 1: Martele, is a hammered stroke with a symbol of what?
upside down tear drop
Portamento is a glissando in what kind of music?
vocal music
Disscuss fingering techniques for keyboard instruments and approaches for injury prevention.
when executing finger techniques on keyboard instruments, one must always be aware of relaxed wrist arms elbows and shoulders to prevent overuse injuries. The wrist should be held in line with the hand and the arm, not sagging or raised too high. The elbows should hang concretely to the side of the body and never tent. The shoulders should be relaxed and dropped and never raised, as this is a sign of tension. Fingering at the keyboard should use the thumb tuck technique, to allow a flowing and continuous line of notes when playing. When touching the bottom under the middle or ring fingers, the keyboardist should ensure that the wrist does not drop during the movement, but that the some helps to maintain a healthy rest position. Players should always drill a fingering section slowly at first, and only increase the playing speed if the passage can be executed without tension.
Was polyphony significant in the middle ages?
yes
Discuss how to extract a bright tone vs. a dark tone from a chorus.
"Bright" and "dark" are descriptions of tone quality. Tone quality is independent from pitch, as demonstrated by a violin and a cello, for example. If both were played to produce the same note, their tonal qualities would still differ, the violin producing a brighter tone. A bright tone emphasized the partials in the upper midrange. A dark tone, in contrast, will have a tonal balance emphasizing the lower range, with weak high frequencies. In terms of singing, a bright tone is one that resonates farther forward in the face, and as associated with the front vowels I and e. A dark tone resonates further back, and is associated with the vowels u,o, and a. In a full chorus, the brightness or darkness of a passage can be adjusted through the manipulation of vowel quality. In general, female vocalist will tend to have brighter tones.
Discuss the benefits of individual student lessons
1. Although a student can learn the basic solely ensemble rehearsals, is is preferable for students lo learn the basics with the help of a private teacher. 2. In an ensemble rehearsal, the conductor can only give so much attention to an individual student, as there are many other students who may need help as well. With a private teacher, the student can have undivided help from a focused professional to guide the student's musical education, ensuring that proper technique and musicality are reinforced from the beginning. 3. As the student progresses to a more advanced level, having a private teacher will better assist in technical challenges and fingering issues that cannot be addressed as easily in a large group ensemble. 4. With a private teacher, a student can advance more quickly to a higher level of playing
Describe various aspects to consider when selecting music for an ensemble
1. Final responsibility is to select appropriate music for an ensemble. 2. Needs to consider the ability of the students. 3. Should consider the strengths and weaknesses but should help to develop and weaknesses an ensemble may have. 3. Also needs to consider the number of players and instruments in the ensemble. 4. The conductor should also take into account the number of rehearsals before the given performance. 5. Should select a variety of music appropriate for the audience and occasion of the performance.
Discuss instructional strategies to keep students focused and on task
1. If a students are distracted, wait until they are paying attention to continue the lesson. Silence will draw attention to the misbehaving students. 2. If students are distracted, educator can redirect their attention by giving a direction such as "If you hear my voice, clap once (twice, three times etc.) Misbehaving students will redirect their attention and try not to be left reinforcement. 3. Teachers can also reward good behavior through positive reinforcement. If needed, students should be separated. 4. Establish a quieting signal such as raising a hand, or two fingers. Teachers can also place a misbehaving student next to them so that the student becomes conscious of hos or her behavior among his classmates. 5. Another technique is give the misbehaving student a special task;oftentimes, a distracted student is one who is not challenged by the current lesson. 6. Finally, is students continue misbehaving, the teacher may be talking too much, so adjustments may be needed to keep the students actively focused and involved.
Discuss instructional strategies for teaching rhythm to a full elementary class
1. The students must first experience rhythm; this can be achieved through kinesthetic movement, whether by clapping, swaying the body, or dancing. 2. The music educator can have students mimic certain clapping or dancing patterns so that the students experience the rhythms before labeling the rhythms. 3. Students can also experience rhythm by keeping a beat to music, to help feel for a steady beat. The music educator can refer to a steady beat as a heart beat, relating to a familiar internal process. Once students have experienced certain rhythms. The association between label and rhythms can thus be strengthened as the students already know the rhythms through experience.
Describe the ideal features of a classroom computer for music use.
A classroom computer in any music room proves to be an invaluable resource for the 21st century music student. With the music technology at hand, a classroom computer can help to reinforce lesson material, provide a launching pad for music technology instruction, and offer students a wide array of resources for making music. The classroom computer should have: - enough RAM and storage to run multimedia programs - be internet-ready and have audio input and output features, speakers and a CD or DVD-ROM player. - have easy-to-use menu screens and controls so that the students can easily navigate through the programs. -loudspeakers as well as headphones - should include MIDI, notation, and sequencing software, as well as electronic instruments with which to experiment and create sound in the DAW software.
Describe the differences in concert length and pacing for a beginning middle school band and an advanced High School concert band.
A concert planned for a beginning middle school band will differ widely from a concert planned for an advanced high school concert band. The beginning middle school band will have had little experience with performances and may still be working through rudimentary techniques and skills on their instruments. Repertoire for the beginning middle school band will focus mostly on easily accessible beginner works. The advanced high school concert band however will have at least a few years of experience performing and playing on their instruments. Repertoire selection for the advanced concert band will have a wider range of intermediate to advanced works endurance is also an issue for the beginning band concert length will be shorter with shorter musical works and more frequent changes. The advanced high school band will be able to perform longer works of music with less frequent breaks.
Discuss the use of colleagues, mentor, and conferences and publishers as repertoire resources for a music program.
A conscientious director should be willing to look to a diverse variety of sources for repertoire. By drawing from colleagues, mentors, conferences, and publishers, the director can tap the experience of people of different tastes, ages, backgrounds, and musical circles. The suggestions of those with a different approach to choosing repertoire can be particularly valuable, as these suggestions are the most likely to be overlooked by a search undertaken independently. Publishers may be useful due to their access not only to their own catalogs, including back catalog that may have been previously overlooked, but also to the catalogs in the publisher's extended network. As publishing houses have consolidated and collections have become digitized, repertoire has become available for wider circulation.
Discuss Techniques to improve a chorus' intonation and vocal techniqueI
A fundamental element of good choral sound lies in accurate intonation. Without all of the voices sounding in pitch, balance and blend become the least of a director's concerns. There are many rehearsal techniques to improve a choruses internation. become the least of a directors. There are many rehearsal text me to improve a chorus is in a nation. , Changing the seating arrangement of the chorus can drastically improve information. B sure that all mobile parked in your eachother clearly so that information no longer an issue. Is the seating arrangement is not the issue, then the director can take this fingers through a problem bought singing every beat vertically, stopping on each harmony for accurate pictures. Directors can also warm up with Dominic Ford and tonic petals so that the seniors always have a reference pitch to tune to. Fingers should practice breathing exercises, vocalization, & a tooth to strengthen their vocal mechanism and their overall vocal technique.
Describe the mechanisms of a simple sound system following sound from an input transducer to an output transducer.
A simple sound system for sound amplification consists of an input transducer, signal processing, and an output transducer. The input transducer can take the form of a microphone, which converts the sound that is picked up into audio signals that travel down cables to the signal processor. A signal processor can take the form of a mixing console through which the audio signals are processed in three ways. First, the audio signal goes through a preamplification system in which the sound that is picked up is amplified up the line level. Then, the audio signal goes through an equalizer in which an audio engineer or console operator adjusts the specific levels of tone quality for the most aesthetically pleasing balance. If necessary, the audio signal undergoes mixing, in which multiple input are processed together into one line-level output signal. The output transducer can take the form of a loudspeaker, and the single line-level output signal is amplified and converted back into sound.
Compare and contrast appropriate etiquette for 3 different types of performance venues.
Any audience member should be aware of the performance venue for a concert, as there are different etiquettes for different performance venues. In a classical concert, the audience usually does not talk during a performance as it is considered disruptive, and applause is only polite at the end of a musical work. In contrast, jazz audiences can clap or give sound approval at any point of the performance to exhibit admiration for an improvised section or solo. At a rock concert, not only can the audience clap or give sound of approval any time, audience members can freely talk throughout the concert. Although the appropriate sound levels of the various audience deffer, some thing remain constant a any venue. Audiences should arrive early to settle into the venue and feel comfortable. Audience members should always be aware of photography and videography regulations. Also, audiences should always be responsible for their children at a concert.
Discuss instructional activities music educators could use to foster a relaxed instrumental playing approach.
Approaching instrumental playing in a healthy manner required a related body to prevent injuries and to enhance instrumental tone and resonance. Physical tension in a musician can translate into and unpleasant, thinner, and pinched sound. Music educator can foster a relaxed approach to instrumental playing through daily instructional activities that encourage flexibility and freedom at the instrument. Rehearsals and music classes that start with physical stretching help students to release any existing tension, while signaling to the body a time for increased blood flow and loose joints. music educators can implement warm-ups that involve tension and releasing the shoulders so students can feel the presence and absence of tension in their bodies. Consistent and frequent reminders for a student to relax any tension will also help to make a relaxed approach a habit for the student.
Discuss strategies for motivating students in the music classroom
As a music educator, it is important to provide motivation for students in the music classroom, since motivated students result in higher engagement and better learning. One effective strategy for motivating students is to become a role model for the students; when the students see the excitement and passion for the lesson material, that energy will be transferred to the students. Another strategy is to know the students well; once the students know that the teacher is involved in their education, they will be motivated to do well. Also, the teacher should use positive reinforcement and constructive criticism. These nonjudgmental remarks should motivate students on ways to improve. The music educator should also use frequent activities where the students have the opportunity to demonstrate their achievements, encouraging them to progress to the next level in cooperation. The teacher should also set realistic performance goals, ones that are appropriately challenging but still attainable.
Describe how the changes of physical, cognitive, and social development during puberty affects music learning
As students progress thorough puberty in ages 10-14 for girls and 12-16 for boys, there are many changes physically, cognitively, and socially that affect their music learning. Students will be going through many growth spurts, and their reference for posture or instrument positioning may need to be adjusted accordingly. Also, voice development will affect vocal students as the larynx enlarges and the vocal chords lengthen and thicken. The physiological changes of the vocal mechanisms tend to affect boys more than girls, evident in the "cracking" of the voice. During puberty, students will have to work towards singing voice production, pit accuracy, increasing vocal range, and maintaining a positive attitude towards choral singing. Cognitively, students in puberty are increasingly able to process conceptual ideas and should work on self-regulating musical activities and performances. Socially, students in puberty tend to need more opportunities for self-expression, autonomy, and acceptance in their music learning.
Describe the symptoms of adolescent vocal change and techniques to refine vocal development for students.
As students undergo puberty, hormonal fluctuations and growth spurts cause many singers the added challenges of adolescent vocal change. Females typically undergo puberty between the ages of 10 and 18, while males typically under puberty between the ages of 12 and 20. Adolescent vocal change occurs in both males and females, but is most prominent in male singers. During puberty, the vocal tract increases in length and circumference, and the larynx increases in size and density. Symptoms include cracking and abrupt register breaks. While the vocal mechanisms are developing in adolescent students, it is important to practice safe and intelligent techniques of singing rather than pushing the vocal mechanisms to damage. The body should be both energetic and relaxed, providing proper support for the breath but never pushing. Equally important during this developmental stage is proper rest for the singing voice; students should never sing too loud or with too much effort, which could injure the vocal mechanisms.
Discuss the role of teacher feedback in music rehearsals as formative assessment of student evaluation
Assessments in the music classroom can be a time-consuming activity; thus, it is highly useful and efficient to integrate as many informal assessment techniques as possible throughout the music rehearsal. Informal assessments can take the form of teacher feedback, short on-the-spot performance tests, the teacher has the opportunity to gauge the progress of the individual or section; the educator can provide quick succinct feedback on accuracy, technique, or any other issues that arise. Informal questioning and discussion relating to the analysis of the music also allows the teacher to assess and provide the appropriate feedback to help the students' comprehension of the matter. The more feedback the teacher can provide, the more learning opportunities will be provided for the students.
List 3 to 5 vocalization warm-ups for choirs
Before beginning any choral rehearsal, it is essential for the director to prepare the singers both physically and mentally through vocalization warm-ups. One such warm-up is the siren, in which the singers sing to the upper reaches of their vocal range and slide back down to their lower reaches. Another warm-up consists of the singing pentatonic scales upwards and down wards using consonant-and vowel-heavy sentences such as "Mommy made me eat my m&ms." Choruses can also warm up by sliding their voices from a Do to a Sol and back down. Yet another warm-up consists of singing Do to the nest Do an octave up, back down to So-Mi-Do. A warm-up useful for vowels consists of singing a single pitch through the five vowels from open to close, or vice versa: "ee," "eh", "ah" and "oo"
List 4 to 5 physical warm-ups to prepare the chorus for singing.
Before beginning any choral rehearsal, it is essential for the director to prepared the singer both physically and mentally. The use of physical warm-ups helps the body to release any tension that may hinder the vocal delivery while also increasing blood flow to the vocal mechanisms. A useful physical warm-up to prepare the lips for singing consists of taking in a deep breath and releasing is through slack lips, as in a lip trill. Another helpful warm-up to prepare the mouth for singing consists of stretching the mouth wide open while imitating the chewing motion. Singers must also stretch appropriately before singing to help loosen the neck and shoulder muscles through shoulder rolls, neck rolls, side bends, and arm extensions. Singers can also take deep breaths, and release them as heavy sighs while dropping the shoulders to help loosen the body.
Define and describe the use of blocked chords in accompaniment.
Blocked chords are defined as pitches that are played simultaneously like a chord. When using blocked chords in accompaniment, the player can combine notes that are written separately into a blocked chord, or play blocked chords from a chord chart. If the player must sight-read music, blocking the chords can help to simplify the sight-reading process so that the player doesn't have to read every single note; a quick scan of the harmony is all that is required to play a blocked chord of that harmony. If the player is reading music with a chord chart, then blocking chords can also provide a quick and simple method of accompaniment. The player must only see the written harmony needed, and play the blocked harmony without the intermediate processing stage of notation.
Describe the transposition and instrumental ranges of 5 to 7 brass instruments.
Brass instruments include those wind instruments that are typically made with metal and sounded by the vibration of the player's lips through a mouthpiece. The French horn is typically notated on the treble or bass clef sounded a perfect 5th lower with a general range of F#2-C6. The trumpet is typically notated on the treble clef with the C trumpet sounding as written and the Bb trumpet sounding a major 2nd higher, both written with a general range of F#3-D6. The tenor trombone is typically notated on the bass, tenor or alto clefs sounding as written, with a general range of E2-F5. The bass trombone is typically notated on the bass clef sounding as written, with a general range of Bb1-Bb4. The tuba is typically notated on the bass clef sounding as written, with a general range of G0-C5. The euphonium is typically notated on the bass or treble clefs sounding as written on the bass clef or a major ninth lower on the treble clef, with a general range of Bb1-F5.
Describe how to care for and maintain brass instruments.
Brass instruments require care and maintenance on several fronts. Instruments should always be handled with care. has voice handeling this finished and wipe away anne your age oil or other degrees with a soft cloth actor handeling. Be careful to avoid any damage from jewelry, buttons, or zippers. Before storage, use a swab to remove as much moisture as possible from the inside of the instrument, and remove the mouthpiece before storage. For valve instruments, apply a small amount of olive oil before each playing session. Clean and lubricate all sides, removing old lubricant before applying a new layer, and use only a small amount, removing any excess with a soft cloth. Whenever possible, keep the instrument in a cool environment that is neither too dry nor to humid. Perform a regular inspection of all moving parts and the mouthpiece
Discuss techniques to correct intonation on woodwind instruments
Correct intonation on woodwind instruments is the result of properly forming the entire system flowing from the diaphragm to the end of the instrument. Playing with good posture and breath support allows the player to play at a wide variety of registers and volumes more comfortably. Cue the student to think of the airway from the lungs to the throat and the oral cavity as a broad and open passageway. Playing in front of a mirror allows the student to monitor embouchure. The student should have a clear idea of the tone she wants to produce, and think actively about playing with good tone. Long tones are an excellent tool for developing intonation. Tuning to the rest of the ensemble, piano, or tuner should be done only after a thorough warm-up, at which point tuning adjustments to the instrument, such as pushing in or pulling out sections can be made.
Describe the educational values of programing widely diverse repertoire for an ensemble.
Diversity of repertoire is an important and current topic for music directors in the present era of concert programming. Good concert programming will reflect the diversity that the audience experiences in the world around them. Concerts must engage the audience with relevant and fresh perspectives through culturally diverse and new works as well as through the musical standards of the past. Showcasing contemporary new works alongside a traditional classical work can inform and rejuvenate the audience's listening ear. Programming new works along with old works also illuminates the performance practices of the past. Students will have a broader musical perspective by experiencing music from different cultures, genres, and time periods. Widely diverse concert programs can unite audience members of the past, of today, and of the future.
Explain the teaching goal of using intonation spot check of different sections during rehearsal
During a rehearsal, the director should use various techniques to ensure the accurate intonation of the ensemble. Aside from beginning each rehearsal with accurate tuning, the director can use spot checks of each different section as teaching moments as well. Isolating the instrument or vocal groups for intonation spot checks teaches the students to listen attentively to themselves and also to the surrounding students. Students will have opportunities to practice the appropriate procedures of adjusting pitch on their respective instruments. Brass instruments with slides can adjust their pitches through adjustments of the mouthpieces; string instruments can adjust their pitches through tuning pegs; vocalist can adjust their pitches through minor adjustments of their vocal mechanism. When participating in intonation spot checks, students will learn to produce a consistent pitch with their breath or their open strings.
Describe the types of audiation according to Gordon's Music Learning Theory.
Edwin Gordon developed the Music Learning Theory to describe how students learn music and how it should be taught, The theory centers on the concept of audiation, a term Gordon uses to describe the internalization of music when performing, listening, or composing. Gordon differentiates audiation from aural perception, as aural perception is an involuntary response to sound in the brain, whereas audiation required cognitive processing in the brain to give meaning to sound. Gordon delineates 8 different types of Audiation. Type 1 involves listening to familiar or unfamiliar music. Type 2 involves reading familiar or unfamiliar music Type 3 encompasses writing familiar or unfamiliar music via diction Type 4 involves recalling and performing familiar music from memory. Type 5 deals with recalling and writing familiar music from memory Type 6 involves creating and improvising unfamiliar music Type 7 involves creating and improvising unfamiliar music while reading Type 8 deals with creating and improvising unfamiliar music while writing.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of extrinsic motivation in the classroom.
Extrinsic motivation is defined in behavioral psychology as motivation that exists for an individual apart from the activity or task such as an outside pressure or reward, as opposed to intrinsic motivation in which motivation exists in the activity itself. When students are extrinsically motivated, satisfaction lies in an external reward, pressure, or some external prompt. Music educators can facilitate or encourage extrinsic motivation in the classroom, especially when there is a lack of intrinsic motivation. Oftentimes, the classroom structure is based on extrinsic motivation, through rewards such as grades, privileges, and peer esteem. Extrinsic motivation can also exist through a student's sense of future well-being and goals. If the music educator focuses on extrinsic motivators such as tangible rewards or a student's ego, the motivation will disappear when the motivators disappear. Thus, educators should encourage extrinsic motivators such as the student's acknowledgement of the tasks' importance towards a future goal.
Describe the necessity of filtering software for music classrooms.
Filtering software is one method to protect students from obscene, inappropriate, and otherwise harmful websites on the Internet. The filtering software can be set to a variety of levels, from most restrictive to least restrictive. Even at the least restrictive setting, the software blocks pornographic content, obscene subject matter, and other inappropriate websites. The more restrictive settings marginally block more content, but may also block safe educational content through unreliable and inconsistent measures. Some educators have voiced opposition to filtering software, claiming inconsistent and unreliable results, interference of legitimate education websites, and a lack of input across the school district. Opposition also claims that filtering software prevents students from learning how to make their own sound decisions based on real world knowledge. Despite the challenges of filtering software, it still a necessary tool in providing a safe and positive learning environment for students.
Describe the software capabilities of Finale, Nightingale, and Overture.
Finale is one of the most widely used notation software packages in the market. It allows music to be input through MIDI-controlled instruments as was through scanning, and then converts the data onto a staff. Finale features a diverse playback instrument library and allows easy sharing between users. Tools like transposition, range checking, production and sequencing capabilities make Finale an essential tool for the musician. Nightingale notation software is available on the Mac platform only, and offers a simple, basic approach to digital notation. Nightingale offers a PostScript output equal to that of other notation software, with similar features such as MIDI and scanning input, as well as playback, transposition and orchestration tools. Overture is a highly intuitive notation software that features many similar tools such as MIDI and scanning input and diverse editing options, but also includes VST, Virtual Studio Technology, which allows ease of integration between software audio synthesizer, plugins, Overture and other recording systems.
Describe the advantages and disadvantages for conductors to individually tune each student's instrument
For conductors rehearsing a beginning ensemble, helping to tune the students' instruments can save time and confusion for the students. Especially with beginner students who are still familiarizing themselves with and instrument, having help with tuning will not only save time, but also offer an opportunity to teach the students how to tune. Although tuning each student's instrument has many advantages, there are also certain disadvantages to be aware of. If possible, the conductor should tune each student's instrument before the beginning of rehearsal; otherwise, time taken may be inefficient and would detract from the limited rehearsal time. Also, if tuning instruments for middle school or high school students, care must be taken to encourage every student's own ability to tune; otherwise, tuning students' instruments for the sake of time may become a hindrance in the student's comprehensive music education.
Discuss the 3 main multiple mallet techniques used by marimba players
Good mallet technique for marimba players allows the musicians a free range of color and technical possibilities, and starts with one mallet in each hand. Once the 2-mallet grip has been learned with a flexible grip, the student usually learns the 4-mallet grip next. The 3 main multiple mallet grips are the traditional crossed grip, the Burton's grip and the Stevens grip. The traditional grip places the second mallet between the index and middle fingers while grasping the end of the second mallet with the ring finger and pinky. The traditional grip has a higher gate of tension and less support than the other grips. The Burton grip places the second mallet between the index and middle fingers and the end of the mallet underneath all four fingers. The Stevens grip places the first mallet between the thumb and index fingers and the second mallet between the thumb and index fingers, and the second mallet between the middle and ring fingers so that the mallets are not crossed. The Stevens provides the most independence of mallet movement.
Discuss the hand-horn technique for French horn
Hand-horn technique, also known as right-hand technique, is placing of the right-hand inside the bell of the horn, The technique was derived from early versions of the instrument, which had no valves. In these instruments, notes between the open partials of the harmonic series were played by opening and closing the throat of the bell with the hand. When valves were added, horn players still played with the right hand inside the bell in order to produce a slightly darker tone, more easily control pitch, and perform extended techniques such as stopped horn and echo horn. There are 2 methods for hand placement inside the bell. In the American method, the hand is held flat with the metal touching the back of the hand, with some of the horn's weight supported by the thumb. In the French method, the right hand is held out flat with palm down and the thumb forming a 90-degree angle with the hand, and some of the horn's weight is supported by the first knuckles and the back of the hand.
Discuss a comprehensive outline of a regular full ensemble rehearsal.
IN a regular full ensemble rehearsal, the conductor or director should prepare a comprehensive plan for the time with the ensemble. Since rehearsal time is usually limited, the conductor should prioritize the musical goals for the session beforehand. The sequencing of the rehearsal goals is up to the conductor, based on the musical works and ensemble, but every rehearsal should have these general components. In the beginning, the ensemble should spend adequate time warming up their instruments and bodies as well as tuning their instruments. This practice helps to develop the musician's habits as well as listening with awareness. The ensemble should have time with the conducting and playing of various musical works. The ensemble should also spend time refining technically and musically challenging sections. There should also be time for the musicians to develop musically and sight-reading during the rehearsal.
Describe cost-effective ways of publicizing music programs and events.
In a music program, there is usually a limited budget for yearly expenses; music educators can stretch the program budget by implenting cost-effective methods of publicizing music programs and events. One area in which the music educator can minimized cost is through concert publications. Instead of using costly printed posters, the educator can take advantage of social media, publicizing upcoming events through the Internet instead of though paper. If the program still needs paper publications, the educator can use smaller flyers what will cost less than larger posters. The educator can also publicize music programs through the help of a parent committee; working as a team, supporters of the music program con publicize upcoming concerts and events through fund-raising efforts while also spreading information about the program. The educator can also eliminate the cost of the program notes by having an announcer give brief introductory information between musical works.
Discuss certain strategies to prevent student behavior issues in a group setting
In a setting with 15 or more students: 1. If there are instructions, they should be clear and concise. When students understand instructions for a task, they are more likely to stay focused on task. 2. Follow the instructions with reinforcement by modeling the activity, asking the students to repeat the instructions back or having the students do an example of the activity together, to ensure that students understand and can proceed with the activity. 3. If the instructions are not made clear, problems such as student frustration or loos of group control could occur. 4. In addition, always establish rules, awards and consequences for the classroom. It is essential that students have guidelines to operate within, so that when behavior issues do arise, the educator can act simply and according the guidelines rather than out of emotion.
Describe how to create a clean release in conducting.
In conducting, the release of a note is as important as the initial attack; clear indication must be made on the conductor's part so that the musician does not have any doubt when to release a note. When indication a release, the conductor should also use a preparatory beat to indicate the cutoff. A release usually comes after holding a long note; as such, the conductor's baton should indicate the final note to be played, the be held in position for as long as the note is to be held with a possible slight movement outwards. The preparatory beat to indicate the release should be a slight movement upwards so as not to detract from the musical expression of the final note. As the conductor's baton comes down or out from the preparatory beat, the stress of the cutoff marks the point of release.
Compare and contrast the fixed-do system and the moveable do system
In the fixed-do system of notational reading, the solmization of pitches refers to a specific pitch usually where do refers to the C pitch, re refers to the D pitch, mi refers to the E pitch, and so on. In the movable-do system of notational reading, the solmization of pitches refers to any pitch within a diatonic scale so that do refers to tonic, re refers to the superonic, mi refers to the mediant, and so on. In the movable-do system, any pitch can be do, while the rest of the diatonic scale is built upon the relative tonic pitch. The fixed-do system of notational reading focuses on the functional association of the specific pitches to the staff, where do is always recognized as C. The movable-do system of notational reading focuses on the intervallic relationship between the pitches as they occur within the scale.
Discuss instructional activities that aid intervallic reading and understanding
Intervallic reading is founded on the principle that students who can recognize the relative relationships between pitches will be able to read more quickly and with less mental processing demands than reading note by note. Students who read music note by note must first mentally identify the pitch name, translate that into the fingering or key pattern on the instrument, then play. Student who read intervallically can forgo the pitch identification step of the mental process and proceed immediately to spatial processing, thus simplifying the reading process. Musical educators can use instructional activities that reinforce the concept of spatial distance and direction, such dictating a tune by note distance and direction only, i.e., 2nd up, 3rd, down, making a game out of flash cards, being able to play intervals and directions with eyes closed and practicing placing notes on a classroom staff.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of intrinsic motivation in the classroom
Intrinsic motivation is defined in behavioral psychology as motivation that exists for an individual in the activity itself, as opposed to extrinsic motivation in which motivation for an activity exists apart from the activity such as an outside pressure or reward. When students are intrinsically motivated, there will be satisfaction in the activity or task at hand, partly from a natural curiosity and partly from gratification in doing the task. Music educators can facilitate or encourage intrinsic motivation in the classroom; however, this type of motivation is only effective for those students who already have a natural tendency towards the task at hand. For other students who find no internal satisfaction or curiosity for the task at hand, intrinsic motivation will be useless. Intrinsic motivation, when effective, can foster high quality of learning and creativity in students.
Describe the transposition and instrumental ranges of 3 to 5 keyboard instruments
Keyboard instruments include those instruments whose sound producing mechanisms are set into motion through a system of levers and keys. The keyboard is generally made of 7 natural and 5 chromatic keys. The distance between the natural are whole steps except for the half steps between E-F and B-C. The modern piano is typically notated on the grand staff sounding as written, with a general range of A0-C8. The celesta is typically notated on the grand staff sounding an octave higher, with a general range of C3-C7. The harpsichord is typically notated on the grand staff sounding as written, with a general range of F1-F-6. The harmonium is typically notated on the general range of F1-F6. The organ is typically notated on the grand staff sounding as written, with a general range of C2-C7
Discuss the importance of long tones for brass players
Long tones are critical practice for brass and woodwind players. The benefit of the exercise lies in removing other aspects of performance such as reading, fingering and so on. This allows the player to singly direct his or her focus towards the production of those aspects that crate a pleasing tone. The definition of "pleasing tone" may vary according to the personal preference and the idiom of performance; however, long tones allow the performer to scrutinize and adjust pitch, timbre, vibrato, etc. Although the exercise has the additional benefit of increasing stamina and strength of the muscles involved, maximum duration of the held note should not be the sole or primary focus of long-note practice. Instead, the performer's attention should focus on the quality of the note through the coordination of the entire system that produces the note: diaphragm, throat, oral and sinus cavities, embouchure and the instrument.
Discuss MIDI technology and give examples of its capabilities within music production
MIDI stands for Musical Instrument Digital Interface and provides a standard "language" of MIDI that allows communication between digital keyboards, computers, and even cell phones. MIDI does not record a digital version of a sound recording, but instead stores performance data of a particular performance. MIDI data includes tempo settings, which notes are to be played, and the volume levels of the instruments. Since the recorded data are inherently performance instructions, MIDI stored performances can be changed to sound on different instruments, in different keys, and in different tempi, MIDI technology has become a staple in the music industry, with its simplicity of recording, compact storage size and multitude of practical applications in recording editing and performing.
Describe methods of inputting music into desktop music publishing software.
Many programs will notate the music as played by a MIDI instrument such as a keyboard or guitar. Some programs can also notate music that is sung into a microphone. This method allows the most organic processing from live music to notation, but may require some cleaning up after the music has been notated into the program. Another way of inputting music into desktop music publishing software is by manually placing each note and rest through the mouse. This method allows for more meticulous control of each note placement, but can be highly time-consuming. Some desktop music publishing software can process scanned print music into the proper notational format within the software. This method is highly efficient for multiple pages of sheet music, but will have to be cleaned once the scanned music has been transferred into the program.
Discuss instructional activities to improve rhythmic accuracy in beginner students.
Many times, rhythmic inaccuracy in beginner students results from a lack of basic reinforcement of the concept of a steady beat. Beginner music students will benefit from heavy reinforcement of a steady beat through movement activities such as dancing to the beat of a song, clapping or tapping along to rhyme, swaying back and forth while counting out loud, or other forms of multi-sensory learning that involve the kinesthetic mode as well as the aural mode. Beginner music students will also benefit from visual and aural modeling from the music educator as well as from peers. Peer learning can be a great source of motivation and encouragement to learn, as students will generally want to match the level of their peers. Music educators should also introduce the concept of the heartbeat in practicing a steady beat, relating the abstract concept of tempo and meter to a familiar one of the body.
Discuss the neural basis for mental practice efficacy.
Mental practice has been shown to be a highly effective method of instrumental practicing when access to an instrument is not possible. When musicians practice traditionally on an instrument, the maxim practice makes perfect describes the correct pattern forming process of the brain. Many music educators ascribe instead of the phrase practice makes permanent, as scientists know that repeated practicing reinforces the cognitive Neural pathway of a practical action, similarly to the way habits are formed. It is therefore important for a musician to make sure to practice passages correctly, or else incorrect The concept for mental practicing mirrors the neural processes of physical practice, and helps to reinforce a particular neural pathway even without movement. Mental practice combined with physical practice provides optimal cognitive and motor learning for a musician.
Discuss a sample semester assessment plan including both individual and group development.
Music educators should use assessment strategies that include both individual student achievement as well as group ensemble achievement. A comprehensive rubric provide accountability for each student's musical growth within an ensemble setting. A sample semester assessment plan should include individual grading criteria such as performance of technical scales and musical experts, correct pitches matching, and correct rhythm matching. Students should be able to demonstrate historical and contextual knowledge or the appropriate music, and should demonstrate thoughtful analysis and evaluation of music. Group grading criteria can include attendance at performances, attendance at local concerts, chamber music participation, and solo/ensemble festival participation. Classroom criteria can include rehearsal preparation and readiness. The weigh of each section could be graded as follows: individual performance- 30%, ensemble performance-30%, classroom participation- 30%, other-10%.
Describe various notation software and methods for incorporating the software into instructional activities.
Notation software provides an important tool in music education, allowing students to notate compositions electronically, transfer the data to other MIDI instruments, and integrate technology into the music classroom. Using notation software helps to reinforce musical concepts and compositional lessons for the students. Many notation programs will transcribe the music as it is played on an attached keyboard or sung into a microphone. Notes can also be manually input by the mouse. The premier notation software Sibelius features high ease of use, varied input/output capabilities, great editing option, and good technical support. Finale is another widely used notation software and features students versions as well as professional versions. MagicScore Maestro features easy notational input, but does not have controls that are as intuitive as other notation software. Forte Home is a great notation software for the beginner but features no virtual piano.
Describe the theory behind tuning an ensemble upwards from the bass.
One method of tuning an ensemble starts with careful tuning upwards from the brass. In a choir, this would be the lowest bass voices; in an orchestra, this would be the basses, cellos, bass clarinets, bassoons, trombones, and tubas. In a concert band or wind ensemble, this would be the bassoons, bass clarinets, trombones, tubas, bass saxophones, and euphoniums. Once the bass instruments have been carefully and precisely tuned, the next higher in range would be tuned, and so on and so forth until the entire ensemble has been tuned through the bass, middle and soprano ranges. The theory behind this tuning method holds that with precise tuning, the other instruments can more easily hear their tuning pitched because of the overtones and harmonics from the bass sounds. Also, the other instruments can more easily place their pitched within the context of a chord structure, as the bass becomes the foundational pitch of the ensemble
Discuss Phyllis Weikart's contributions to modern music education.
Phyllis Weikart has written numerous books on the pedagogical application of music and movement and is the author of Movement plus Music, a music education guide for learning through movement for ages 3-7, Round the Circle:Key Experiences in Movement, and Teaching Movement and Dance: A Sequential Approach to Rhythmic Movement, among others. She has served on the faculty of the Division of Kinesiology at the University of Michigan and is also the founder of the program Education through Movement: Building the Foundation, a researched-based approach to learning through movement and music. In Weikart method, Kinesthetic experiences are broken down into individual units. First, the movements must be isolated and modeled to the students, then the movement may be simplified and built upon, and finally, the students must have a variety of opportunities to use the movements in personal and creative ways. Through her program, Weikart provides a detailed, sequential approach to movement-based musical tasks, and continues the traditions developed by Dalcroze and Off-Schulwerk.
Describe the transposition and instrumental ranges of 4 to 6 pitched percussion instruments
Pitched percussion instruments can include membranophones as well as idiophones that have definte pitches. The timpani is typically notated in bass clef sounding as written with the 30-inch timpani in range of D2-A2, the 28-in timpani in a range of F2-C3, the 25 in timpani in a range of Bb2-F3 and the 23-inch timpani in a range of D3-A3. The xylophone is typically notated in treble clef sounding and octave higher, with a general range of G4-C7. The marimba is typically notated on the grand staff as written, with a general range of C2 or A2 to C7. The glockenspiel is typically notated in treble clef sounding 2 or 8 octaves higher, with a general range of G3-C6. The vibraphone is typically notated in the treble clef sounding as written, with a general range of F3-F6. Chimes are typically notated in treble clef sounding an octave higher, with a general range of C4-Gg5.
Describe the steps involved in preparing program notes for a performance setting
Preparation for program notes involves extensive and thorough research on the musical work as well as its historical context and contextual background. When first starting to research, it is important to consult a variety of sources for the most accurate information. A good starting point for any music research is the New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. As a standard, authoritative text, this source offers the most up-to-date and complete resource available. After consulting the New Grove Dictionary, it useful to use composer biographies, orchestral music resources, CD liner notes, primary notes on the score, and other published collection of program notes. The writers should also check the text and translations for the most accurate rendering. Once researched, the program notes should be written, including historical, biographical, and contextual information as well as information about the work itself.
Describe principles of sequencing a music curriculum
Principles of sequencing a music curriculum can be based
Describe the essential elements to include in program notes
Program notes should serve as a helpful guide for the audience while listening to a musical performance. It should provide key elements to understanding the work such as contextual background, historical context, first performance, scoring, musical style, and possible details to listen for. The writer should avoid personal anecdotes, footnotes, irrelevant facts and details, musical examples or excerpts ,exclusively technical terminology, or effusive emotional descriptions. Program notes should be insightful and engaging, and should further the enjoyment of the listening audience. The program notes should be thoroughly researched, geared toward the level of understanding of the audience, whether for a young audience or for expert theorists. If possible, the writer should include unique and engaging facts such as the initial reception through a first review or the dedicated of the work.
Provide sample activities for a Pre-K eurhythmics class
Sample activities for a Pre-K eurhythmics class can include: - Students dance freely to a teacher's improvisation on the piano that changes frequently in relation to mood, tempo, dynamics and style. Students must change their dance styles accordingly. - Students must pass a beach ball around in a circle in rhythm, as defined by the teacher's music. - Students stomp their feet in rhythm and sway side to side while the teacher recites a children's rhyme. - Students clap their hands to the tempo or the teacher's improvisation at the piano; the teacher alters the tempo of the music so that students must follow along. - The teacher play a soft melody on the piano while the students move smoothly to the music; for every sudden sfz chord played, students must clap with a partner, then resume the quiet music/movement.
Describe the transposition and instrumental ranges of 5 to 7 string instruments.
Siring instruments include those instruments whose main vibrating system is a string set into motion by plucking, striking or bowing. The violin is typically notated in the treble clef sounding as written, with a a general range of G3 to A7. The viola is typically notated in the alto clef sounding as written, with a general of C3 to E6. The cello is typically notated in the bass, tenor, and treble clefs sounding as written, with a general range of C2 to C6. The double bass is typically notated in bass clef sounding an octave lower, with a general range of C2-C5. The banjo is typically notated in treble clef sounding as written, with a general range of C3-A4. The guitar is typically notated in treble clef sounding an octave lower, with a general range of E 3-E6. The harp is typically notated on the grand staff sounding as written, wit a general range of Cb1-G#7.
Describe a sample six-week curriculum and objectives for grades 1-2 in general music instruction.
Students experience a wider range of musical characteristics, learning more about music by doing. Students should follow a balanced curriculum that includes experiential learning such as playing, singing, and moving to music. In a sample six-week curriculum that focuses on introducing rhythm to students: the first week might include games and songs that introduce the concept of a steady beat to students. In the second week, the concept of a steady beat should be reinforced while associating certain beats with certain counts. In the third week, steady beat and note should be reinforced through movement and song. In the fourth week, the students should compose rhythms of quarter and half notes to music. In the fifth and sixth week, students should continue to reinforce these concepts as well as improvise on the learned rhythms through games, dance and songs.
Discuss appropriate classroom objectives for grades 5-8 as set by the National Achievement Standards
Students in grades 5-8 should be reinforcing skills acquired in K-4, while preparing to achieve the standards set by the National Achievement Standards by grade 8. Students should be able to sing with expression from a variety of styles and genres by memory, on pitch, alone as well as in groups. Students should be able to perform on at least one instrument alone as well as in groups with good technique, posture, bowing or breathing, and with good fingering. Students should be able to play simple tunes by ear Students should be able to improvise short melodies and simple accompaniment patterns. Students should be able to read treble and bass clefs, and whole, half, quarter, eighth and sixteenth notes and rests in a variety of meters. Students should be able to analyze basic meter, rhythm intervals, chords, and tonality. Students should also be able to relate music to history, other arts and disciplines outside of music.
Describe practical teaching techniques to accommodate aural learners.
Students whose primary learning style is that of aural learning need specific teaching techniques to help succeed. Aural learners learn best by hearing educational content, so teachers should frequently use precise terms when explaining an idea. Aural learners also learn through talking and discussion, so a useful teaching technique is allowing students to discuss ideas and content among themselves. Aural learners may need to question and talk through ideas to help thoroughly comprehend educational content, so teachers should not brush off students' questions, but allow ample time for students questions and answers. Another technique to accommodate aural learners, who need to hear ideas and talk through them, is to have spoken quizzes and tests to allow aural learners the opportunity to talk through a concept. A helpful technique particularly for aural music learners is to listen to a recording of one's own rehearsals to be able to hear for mistakes and areas for improvement.
Describe practical teaching techniques to accommodate kinesthetic learners.
Students whose primary learning style is that of kinesthetic learning need specific teaching techniques to help them succeed. Kinesthetic learners learn best by doing, and need to integrate movement with the introduction of new educational concepts and ideas. Music educators should implement teaching techniques that require students to move while learning new educational content. Lesson segments should be kept short with frequent breaks to stand up and move. When introducing concepts such as rhythm and meter, the music educator should require students to physically mover to the various rhythms and meters to accommodate those who are kinesthetic learners. When teaching specific instrumental techniques, the instructor should make sure that the kinesthetic learner demonstrates the movement or technique, rather than merely verbally or visually explaining the concept. Educators can also implement frequent games, field trips, and seating changes.
Describe practical teaching techniques to accommodate visual learners.
Students whose primary learning style is that of visual learning need specific teaching techniques to help them succeed. Visual learners learn best by seeing educational content. When teachers are explaining educational content or instructions, they should also provide a visual explanation, either through a projector or handouts, or by demonstrating the concepts visually. Educators can also encourage visual learners to make flashcards, a helpful tool to visually learn content. Another practical tool for visual learners are pictures, diagrams. and concept maps. These all allow students to visually integrate the learning content internally. When demonstrating instrumental technique or posture, the educator should make sure that all students can see, to accommodate for those who are also visual learners. Without a visual model, visual learners will have a harder time assimilating the new concepts and skills.
Discuss various strategies to help students with dyslexia understand written musical notation.
Students with dyslexia tend to have difficulty with visual tracking, visual stress, visual-motor comprehension, sound discrimination, and symbol-round relationships. Without the proper guidance from the music educators, the students with dyslexia may feel alienated from the educational curriculum, as well as from peers and the overall learning process. The music educator should begin by removing any barriers to the student's learning and helping to build on the student's strengths. Musical notation can be enlarged so that visual processing for the students will be easier. The students can also use color-coded overlays to prevent visual stress from an all-white background as well as to highlight certain aspects of the score. The music educator should also use a multi-sensory approach to teaching musical notation, including Dalcroze and Kodaly techniques, visual and aural demonstrations for rhythm, visual and tactile demonstrations of notation, technology, pattern learning, and graphics within the notation.
Define tessitura and describe the considerations involved in assigning a voice part to a vocal part.
Tessitura refers to that range within a singer's vocal abilities that resonate the most in an aesthetically pleasing manner. The particular tessitura of a singer's voice type is also the most comfortable for his or her vocal timbre. Tessitura differs from vocal range in that the range of a singer's voice refers to the limits of pitches the singer is able to sing; the tessitura of a singer's voice, although he or she may have a wide singing range, may be best described as a high tessitura, or a low tessitura, whenever the voice is able to sustain the most dramatic, comfortable and pleasing sound. When assigning a voice to a vocal part, it is important to consider the tessitura of a particular voice as well as his or her range, timbre, transition points and voice weight.
Explain the philosophy behind a Dalcroze eurhythmics approach.
The Dalcroze approach to music education makes use of physical movement as a tool for musical development. Emile Jacques-Dalcroze believed that music should be taught with kinesthetic movement so that sound can be integrated with nerves and muscles, and articulated through bodily motion. Dalcroze theorized that music can be more readily understood through movement than reason, and musical education should start with movement before intellectual concepts can be introduced. In this framework, the body is the instrument, and students discover expression, musicality, tempo, dynamics, style, and phrase structure through inner dialogue with the music. In this way, students develop musicality with a deeper understanding of their physical connection to music and refine their senses of rhythm, coordination, hearing and creativity.
Describe the activity components of an Orff-Schulwerk lesson plan.
The Orff-Schulwerk approach to music education emphasizes children's natural tendency to play as a key component to musical discovery and development. Students are given the opportunity to explore various rhythms, melodies, and songs, and then imitate, improvise and create their own rhythms, melodies and songs. Central activity components of an Orff-Schulwerk lesson include speech, singing, movement, and playing instruments. The Orff approach holds that musical development begins with a child's natural speech; children use common chants and rhymes to explore rhythmic stress patterns. Along with speech, the Orff method uses singing to introduce tonal patterns and strengthen children's singing abilities. Singing activities are mostly commonly formatted as games and simple songs to encourage student's natural tendency to play. Movement through games is also an important activity component, as music and movement are fundamentally intertwined in the Orff-Schulwerk philosophy. The model Orff-Schulwerk activity is the use of instruments; common instruments include body percussion, hand instruments, and specialized Orff instruments built specifically to facilitate easy access for children. These include the bass, alto, and soprano xylophones and metallophones and the soprano and alto glockenspiel.
Discuss the slight differences in bow position and bow handling of the different string instruments.
The bow position on a violin and viola should have a rounded thumb holding the side of the bow with a pinky on top of the bow, with the other fingers comfortably holding the other side of the bow. The fingers should be fairly arched during a down stroke and more elongated during an up stroke. The bow should not be held with any tension but firmly and lightly. The player should be careful not to extend any finger, as this will create tension in the wrist. On the cello and bass, the bow should be held in a similar manner to both the violin and viola bow, but the pinky finger does not rest on top of the bow; instead, the pinky should rest next to the middle and ring fingers. Since both the cello and bass are played upright, the arm does not generally stave above the bow; in fact, bow handling on a cello and bass requires the elbow and arm to lower significantly whether playing near the tip of the bow or near the frog.
Describe the Comprehensive Musicianship through Performance (CMP) initiative and its elements in a modern music program
The comprehensive musicianship program through performance initiative in a model that prioritizes and inclusive, deeper understanding of music for life long musical involvement, rather than a narrow minded exclusive learning model. In the model, there rehearsal becomes a learning laboratory with the teacher acting as a musical felicitate ur rather than merely a lecture or conductor. The chosen musical selections become a vessel for musical discovery as students prepare the section, the instructor provides a holistic approach for different objectives and learning styles. the comprehensive musician ship program to performance initiative is a model that prioritize is an inclusive, deeper understanding of music for life long musical involvement, rather then a narrow minded exclusive learning morrow. In the model, the rehearsal becomes a learning laboratory with the teacher acting as a musical felicia tater rather then merely a lecture or conductor. That shows in musical selection become a vessel for me to go discovery as students prepare the section, the instructor provide a holistic approach for dinner objective am burning style. The find main elements of the CMP educational process our musical selection, objective, analysis, strategies, and assessment. These segments may be used in any order to plan a music curicculum. Analysis involve a deeper understanding of the history, form, and style of the musical selection. Educator then decides on the learning objectives to a musical selection gadgetease for musical discovery and performance are implemented in the curriculum and educator assesses students needs an educational outcomes
Describe the importance of the diaphragm in breathing for vocal music.
The diaphragm plays a central role in the respiratory system, as one of the main acting forces behind inhalation and exhalation. The diaphragm is a sheet of muscle that separates the abdomen from the chest cavity. The diaphragm muscle is attached to the lower parts of the rib cage, the spine, and the lower edge of the sternum. As the muscle contracts, it increases the length and diameter of the chest cavity, causing a vacuum in the lungs, inducing air to enter the lungs through inhalation. During exhalation, the diaphragm muscle naturally relaxes, deflating the lungs and expelling the air out of the lungs. When singing, it is important to actively engage the diaphragm during exhalation to prolong the supported singing breath as long as possible.
Describe the ideal posture for singing
The ideal posture for singing should engage the entire body while avoiding any tension or restrictions on the vocal mechanisms. The feet should be shoulder-width apart, with one foot slightly in front of the other for optimal balance. The weight of the body should lean slightly forward instead of backwards on the heels. The knees should be loose and never locked. The hands should be relaxed and kept by the side of the body or engages in expressing a vocal line. The abdomen should be active and involved in supporting the breath. The arms and shoulders should be relaxed and allowed to hang freely. The chest should not be collapsed, but should be held high to support the breath. The singer's chin should be held level to the floor so as not to obstruct the flow or air through the trachea.
Discuss kinesthetic theories of rhythm reading that aid musical development.
The kinesthetic theories of rhythm reading hold that rhythm cannot be experienced without having first experienced its movement physically. Since rhythm refers to the flow of movement through space, students should experience rhythm through their bodies first. Once the rhythm has been experienced physically through movement, students will more readily be able to audiate the rhythm mentally during rhythm reading. Phyllis Weikart, a prominent figure in movement pedagogy, advocated the introduction of movement-based learning in early childhood education, so that early gross motor development could better prepare students for more complex rhythmic integration in musical development. Other motor theorists also found that rudimentary motor movements are formed before the age of 5 and all other motor movements after the age of 5 are reinforcements and stabilizations of those fundamental motor movements learned in early childhood.
Discuss methods for establishing classroom rules and ways to manage negative responses to rules
The music educator should thoroughly explain expectations for the classroom, detailing examples of good behavior and class participation. During this discussion, the music educator should also explain the consequences of inappropriate behavior or negative responses to rules so that the students know the system of classrooms from the first day. Although positive reinforcement should be emphasized in classroom management, the educator may need to use negative reinforcement in certain situations. If a student responds negatively to classroom rules, the educator may try positive reinforcement first. If this is not effective, the teacher may have to remind the entire class of the rules and consequences. If this is not effective, then the teacher may have to talk individually to the student, reinforcing the rules and taking action on the consequences of not following the rules.
Explain the physiology and musical goal of lifting the palate in vocal technique.
The soft palate, also called the velum, is the soft tissue at the top of the mouth cavity that rises and lowers as the mouth swallows and in speech. The soft palate is responsible for closing off the nasal cavity while the mouth swallows so that any material in the oral cavity proceeds to the esophagus. In vocal technique, singers practice singing with an open throat where the velum is raised and the larynx is lowered. This allows the sound quality to be more relaxed and free while also easing register singers lift the soft palate, the resulting space within the oral cavity enlarges, helping to achieve a more resonant, warm tome without restrictions. Since this action also relaxes the surrounding vocal muscles, the singer can transition between registers more easily, resulting in a consistently smooth tone.
Describe the pyramid model of balance and blend for a large ensemble and how to apply it.
The pyramid model of balance and blend refers to the theory that higher-pitched singers and instruments should play softer than the lowest-pitched singers and instruments, so the an ideal balance exists between the treble and the bass. In this model, the higher-pitched section will also be able to hear the bass for better intonation and blend. In the pyramid model, the bass voices and instruments constitute the bottom rung of the pyramid; the width of the pyramid determines the overall volume of the ensemble. As the pyramid rises, higher-pitched voices and instruments are stacked above the bass section to the tip of the pyramid where the highest treble section is placed. The higher the voice or instrument is on the pyramid, the softer the sound should be. To apply it to an ensemble, the director should have the bass section play or sing a fortissimo, the tenor section a Forte, the alto section a mezzo-forte and the soprano section a mezzo-piano, so that the full ensemble can experience the balance and blend of the pyramid model.
Discuss the characteristics of the reed that influence intonation.
The reed interacts with the player's airflow and vibration against the body of the instrument in 4 ways that influence the tone and sound. A reeds response refers to the ability of the reed to maintain a high quality of sounds through all registers without splattering or spreading. The reed's resistance refers to the amount of embouchure tension required to keep the reed behaving and sounding with a good time. A reed that has a low resistance may cause the player to overblow in searching for a fuller tone while a reed that has a high resistance can cause the player fatigue and difficulty in creating a good tone. A reeds tone quality refers to the residence and timbre of the reed itself. A reed with only lower partials will sound dull a read with only higher partials will sound shrill and send. A reeds stability refers to the ability of the reed to hold pitch at any dynamic and can influence the sound in sounding flat stable wild sharp or dull
Compare and contrast rote learning vs. intervallic note reading
The rote method of note reading refers to teaching a student to read notes from memory. Techniques to teach students to read by rote include mnemonic devices such as the lines of the treble (Every Good Boy Does Fine) spaces of the treble clef (FACE) and bass clef (Good Boys Do Fine Always) and the spaces of the bass clef (All Cows Eat Grass) Intervallic note reading refers to the method of reading by intervallic relationships, i.e, a third up, a and down, a fourth up, etc. Intervallic note reading relies on spatial visualizations while rote reading relies on memorization. While both methods of not reading result in proficient music skills, pros and cons exist for each, In rote reading, students are more quickly able to identify note names; however, sight-reading may be slightly slower because of the added mental process of labels. In intervallic reading, students are more quickly able to identify direction and intervals during sight-reading;however, note names may be slightly more difficult as students must first process intervals.
Discuss the role of the tongue in forming clear diction and vowel formation.
The tongue plays a key role in vowel formation and clear diction, as it directly influences the vocal tract and the larynx. With all other vocal mechanisms fixed, a change in the tongue directly changes the vocal sound, from dull and distorted to tiny and harsh. Clarity in singing requires clear vowel formation for the words to be intelligible to the listening audience. For clear vowels, the tongue should rest forward in the mouth, with the tip of the tongue resting against the bottom teeth for the most space in the mouth for resonance. The back of the tongue should not press against the throat, but should be kept away from the throat for clear and unobstructed delivery of airflow and sound. The tongue should always be kept related and free from tension when singing, to avoid a choked sound and possible injury to the vocal mechanisms.
Describe the various mutes for trumpet and trombone and resulting sounds
The trumpet and trombone share all the most popular mutes, with a trumpet and trombone version of each of the straight mute, cup mute, bucket mute, wah-wah- mute, plunger and hat. The difference between a trumpet mute and one for trombone is principally one of scale. The straight mute results in a tiny, metallic sound. The cup mute produces a muffled, darker tone and was common in trumpet sections during the classic big band era of the 1930s and 1940s. The bucket mute produces a softer tone and reduces the piercing quality of loud or high notes that can be amplified by other mutes. The wah-wah mute, often know by the brand-name Harmon mute, produces a buzzed tone, and for the trumpet is often associated with Miles Davis during his cool jazz period. The plunger and the had mute are used similarly, with the musician playing with one hand while manipulating the mute over the front of the bell with the other.
Discuss proper woodwind embouchure for good tone quality and accurate intonation
There are 2 types of woodwind embouchure base on the typed of woodwind in question; transverse flute embouchures require the player to blow air across the instrument body, while the reed woodwind embouchure requires the player to enclose the mouthpiece so that the air flow can effectively vibrate the reed in sound production. The transverse flute should be placed against the chin so that the bottom lip is in line and close to the hole. The corners of the mouth should be relaxed, while the upper lip is held firmly against the upper teeth. On a reed woodwind, the mouthpiece should be taken into the mouth only as far as the reed meets the mouthpiece. The bottom lip should be placed slightly over the bottom teeth and against the reed. The upper teeth should rest on top of the mouthpiece while the corners of the mouth are drawn in to create a seal around the mouthpiece.
Describe the various tuning strategies in an instrumental rehearsal
There are a variety of tuning strategies for tuning an instrumental ensemble for rehearsal. For a beginning ensemble, the conductor may tune each student's instrument, preferably before the rehearsal starts, or quickly and efficiently at the beginning of the rehearsal. If the ensemble may tune based on the pitch of the lead oboe or lead clarinet play the concert pitch. The conductor can also choose to have each section tune as a group at the beginning or rehearsal, so the musicians can match the pitch and timbre of the instrumental section. Also, musicians can tune based on a tuning machine that plays a pure tone concert pitch where the musicians must listen carefully to adjust their instruments to the proper pitch
Describe the body, arm, and finger position on the drumstick for proper snare drum technique.
To execute proper snare drum technique, full attention must be made to develop the body, arm, and finger position of the player. The body should be in a fully relaxed and comfortable position without allowing the back to slouch or lean in. A seated body position in playing the snare drum should allow the feet to be flat on the floor where's the legs spread evenly. The drum set should always be positioned to the player so that the player does not have to adjust and naturally to the set. The players should be seated facing directly in front of the snare drum & not to the side or from below. The arms should always be relaxed and should hang at the body side without unnecessary tension. This near player should grab the stick from early and in a relaxed manner so that each row has a flowing yet controlled movement with a full legato sound
Describe situation in which a music license is necessary or unnecessary for student recordings.
Under the 1976 Copyright Act, music teachers are exempt from copyright recording laws only if the make a single copy of a student performance of a copyrighted work for educational purposes or for documentation. If a teacher makes duplicates of the recording, then a music license is necessary. In this case, a licensing fee is required for each copy of the recording that is duplicated and distributed. Music educators mus contact the Harry Fox Agency to acquire the correct music license for distribution. The licsnsee must pay a fee to the copyright holder of 9.1 cents per song that is five minute or shorter, or 1.75 per minute or fraction of the song that exceeds five minutes. This licensing fee applies to each copyrighted work. Although festivals and recording companies must pay royalty fees, it is ultimately the music ed. responsibilities to ensure that all all royalties are paid to prevent undue consequences from copyright law enforcement.
Describe the Every Pupil Responds instructional technique
Used as a way to ensure student inclusion during a lesson. The technique requires students to simultaneously respond to a teacher's question by demonstrating or displaying the appropriate response. This allows the educator to quickly and efficiently check for understanding. The Every Pupil Responds technique can be adapted to fit a variety of situations and keeps students actively involved. Teachers can hand out cards with the answers "yes" or "no," different musical notational signs, or a blank board with which students can write their own responses and hold up. Additionally, teachers can instruct students to point out the correct object or placement on an instrument. If students are seated in pairs, teachers can instruct students to whisper the answer to their neighbor, and then have the entire classroom say the answer out loud.
Discuss the importance of warming up for an instrumental or choral ensemble
Warming up serves several important physical and mental functions for the group ensemble. Mentally, it has the effect of centering and adjusting the ensemble to an appropriate mental state for performance and establishing proper physiological cues for posture, breathing, etc. Warm-ups serve as a unifying tool for all members of the ensemble to begin listening to each other as a musical entity and adjusting sound according to the group. Physically, the warm-up promotes blood flow to the entire body, making every member ready to respond to the physical demands of making music. Though easy to overlook, the warm-up serves an important function for the instrument as well as the body. Whether a brass, woodwind, string, percussion, or vocal instrument, every instrument should be properly warmed and its mechanisms stretched and lubricated. Without a proper warm-up, singers could damage their vocal mechanisms, and the tonal quality of instrumentalists could suffer.
Describe the importance of warming up on wind instruments.
Warming up serves several important physical and mental functions for the wind instrumentalist. Mentally, it has the effect of centering and adjusting the player to an appropriate mental state for performance and establishing proper physiological cues for posture, breathing, etc., before performance. In addition to establishing the mindset for performance, the warm-up provides necessary functions at a physical level. The warm-up promotes blood flow to the fingers and the structures associated with embouchure, making them feel "loose" and ready to respond to the demand of playing. Though easy to overlook, the warm-up serves an important function for the instrument as well as the body. An instrument that has been sitting in an air-conditioned room is significantly colder that it will be during a performance. The warm air of the player's breath passing through the instrument will create warmth and thus expansion. An instrument should either be warm before tuning or re-tuned after a thorough warm-up.
Discuss various strategies to accommodate students with physical disabilities in the classroom.
When a music classroom is able to accommodate students with physical disabilities, there are numerous benefits for both the disabled students as well as the average student. Inclusion promotes social awareness and acceptance, increased motor development, and higher mental acuity. Music educators can accommodate students with physical disabilities in a number of ways. The music classroom should be ADA-accessible and free from obstacles or other hazards. Also, the instructor can acquire adaptive instruments that allow students with physical disabilities the opportunity to develop motor and aural skills on a real instrument. Instructionally, educators should be sure to include lessons that require minimal physical strength; this inclusive teaching strategy will encourage confidence and self-esteem for students with physical disabilities. Educational goals should be appropriately sequenced to facilitate outcomes that are realistic and achievable.
Discuss considerations when devising a core repertoire list for an ensemble.
When devising a core repertoire list for an ensemble, it is important to take many musical aspects into consideration. A core repertoire list should provide a strong framework of music education for the students, factoring in the students' musical growth and development. A core repertoire list should provide a strong framework of music education for the students, factoring in the students' musical growth and development. A core repertoire list should include a variety of rhythmic features that challenge the ensemble's technical abilities. The harmonic language of the repertoire list should be varied and in a wide range of genres. The melodic lines within the repertoire should exhibit creative writing and expressive interest for the students. The repertoire should also be well orchestrated, providing musical interest in all sections of the ensemble, as well as providing a balance between tutti and thinner textures. The repertoire should provide some works that are deeply expressive, to allow students to expand their musical expressive language. The core repertoire list should be well sequenced in introducing new musical concepts as well reinforcing old ones.
Discuss proper microphone technique for vocal amplification.
When singing into a microphone, a singer may have immaculate vocal technique but still not sound ideal. Vocal amplification requires proper microphone technique to maximize the aesthetic balance of a loudspeaker. A good sound starts with an ideal fit between the voice and loudspeaker. A good sound starts with an ideal fit between the voice and the microphone. A high-pitched voice would fit with a microphone that adds warmth through the mid and low ranges, whereas a deeper and darker voice would fit better with a microphone that lightens the sound with treble and upper-mid prominence. Also, the singer should sing into the center of the microphone, not across the top or at a wrong angle. The singer should not strain to sing into the microphone, but should think of the microphone as an extension of the ears. Singers should sing at a consistent distance away from the microphone, to ensure maximal sound pick-up. If there is a sudden increase in singing volume, however, the singer should back away slightly so as not to blast the sound system.
Describe how to incorporate solfege into regular rehearsals to develop by reading skills
When teaching and ensemble how to sight-read, it is useful to incorporate solfege into rehearsals to teach the relative relationship between pitches as they occur within any diatonic scale. The reinforcement of solfege on a movable do system trains the students understanding of relative pitch. As the students learn how to sight read through solfege, they will be able to identify the relative position of the pitch within a scale, without the additional processing of identifying the absolute pitch. Music educators should begin by teaching students all the solfege syllable with the added hand motions to reinforce the spatial relationship between pitches. The solfege syllables should be reinforced by singing through a number of different keys to change the student's to hear the relationship between the diatonic pitches. As the lessons progress, students should be required to sing or playback certain pitch intervals in various keys such as the do-me sol progression.
Discuss the kinesthetics of octave playing on keyboard instruments and the different schools of thought on physical approach.
When the keyboardist plays an octave passage in either or both hands, the hand is required to stretch to the length of 8 keys. The motion should be played and released quickly since the leach of the octave can present unnecessary tension and exhaustion to the arm if not released quickly. One school of though has the hand play an octave quickly, but releasing the tension as quickly as possible back to a neutral hand position. In a long passage of octave playing, this method requires the quick stretch and release at each octave. Another school of thought has the hand fixed in an octave position and uses the quick movement of a flexible wrist snapping for each motion to play the octave passage as quickly as possible. Yet another school of thought has the hand and wrist fixed in the octave position and uses the quick movement of the elbow to play each octave.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of sectional rehearsals and full ensemble rehearsals
When too much time is spent on an individual section or part during the full ensemble rehearsal, time is wasted and musicians can be unengaged. Sectional rehearsals allow players to fine-tune their parts together and to fix any technical or musical problems apart for the full ensemble. Sometimes the conductor may not be aware of other hidden problems except through listening to sectional rehearsals. However, certain precautions should be taken to ensure the highest efficiency of a sectional rehearsal. Sections should be scheduled either immediately before or after a full ensemble rehearsal; that way, the progress made through a sectional can be immediately integrated within the full ensemble for the most improvement. Players should also be aware of clear objectives before beginning any sectional to avoid wasting time within a sectional.
Explain how to care for and maintain woodwind instruments
Woodwind instruments should be handled with care, take precaution to avoid damage by jewelry, buttons, or zippers. Instruments should be kept dry while in storage. After each playing session the instrument should be wiped clean, making sure to use an appropriately sized swab; tis is especially important for the small-bored piccolo and oboe. On a monthly basis, apply key oil to key pivot points. Similarly, apply a small amount of cork grease to tenons and neck corks, taking care to remove any excess grease. Whip down the finish of the instrument to remove fingerprints and oils from fingers, moisture, and other debris. Never use alcohol on any plastic parts, and never use excessive force when constructing the instrument. Thoroughly clean out the mouth between eating and playing; clean mouthpiece weekly. For reed instruments, discard reeds that are chipped or cracked; do not leave reeds on the mouthpiece, and check metal ligatures for signs of damage, as an out-of round ligature can damage the mouthpiece. The instrument should be kept out of direct light and excessively warm, cold or humid environments.
Explain the importance of procedures and routines and discuss examples of classroom routines.
are important for structure and organization within a student's day. Daily routines and procedures can also prevent many of the misbehavior that result from and unorganized schedule and distractions. The lessons will have less interruption from distracted students and will flow much more easily. The music teacher should make sure to establish clear procedures and routines from the first day, taking care to go over each procedure in detail while modeling the procedures to ensure full understanding from the students. The first few weeks may require more time spent on establishing procedures and routines, to help the rest of the school year flow more easily. Example classroom routines inc. how to enter the classroom, beginning work, roll call, announcements, "tardies," absences, teacher's attention signal, leaving one's seat, assignments, supplies, group work and independent work.