Term Quiz 1

All viruses are pathogenic on a host cell. A) True B) False

A) True

At the conclusion of meiosis in plants, the end products are always four haploid A) spores. B) eggs. C) sperm. D) seeds. E) gametes.

A) spores.

Concern about the overuse of antibiotics by humans is mainly a function of reproduction and adaptation capability in which of the following organisms? A) Viruses B) Bacteria C) Protists D) Fungi E) Lichen

B) Bacteria

Because of their structure, you would expect to find most protists in what type of environment? A) Soil B) Water C) Air D) Rocks

B) Water

The largest unit within which gene flow can readily occur is a A) population. B) species. C) genus. D) hybrid. E) phylum.

B) species.

Which of the following pairs of protists and their characteristics is mismatched? A) apicomplexans parasites B) golden algae-planktonic producers C) euglenozoans-unicellular flagellates D) ciliates-red tide organisms

D) ciliates-red tide organisms

A population of 100 Boreal Toads has a dominant gene for olive color, O, and a recessive gene for brown color, o. Over the course of five years, a significant number of the toad population transitions to a brown color for various adaptive environmental reasons. At year 1, the majority of the toads are olive, with brown toads making up 10% of the population, but at year five, brown toads make up 30% of the population. What is the frequency of the brown gene pair, oo, (= q 2), at Y0, and at Y5? A) 0.1, 0.3 B) 10, 30 C) 90, 70 D) 0.9, 0.7 E) The answer cannot be determined from the information given.

A) 0.1, 0.3

The three approaches to relational classification used today are A) Traditional systematics, phenetic systematics, cladistic systematics B) Fossils, branches, ancestors C) Probability, standard deviation, means D) Anatomy, clades, niches

A) Traditional systematics, phenetic systematics, cladistic systematics

If the conditions of the Hardy-Weinberg Model hold true in all respects for a given population, the frequency of a gene will never change. A) True B) False

A) True

Phenetic systematics, supported by probability, provide a way to associate common biological ancestors. A) True B) False

A) True

The following questions refer to the paragraph below. A sediment core is removed from the floor of an inland sea. The sea has been in existence, off and on, throughout the entire time that terrestrial life has existed. Researchers wish to locate and study the terrestrial organisms fossilized in this core. The core is illustrated as a vertical column, with the top of the column representing the most recent strata and the bottom representing the time when land was first colonized by life. If arrows indicate locations in the column where fossils of a particular type (see key above) first appear, then which core in Figure 25.2 has the most accurate arrangement of fossils? A) core A B) core B C) core C D) core D

A) core A

Active transport involves all of the following except the A) diffusion of solute through the lipid bilayer of a membrane. B) pumping of solutes across the membrane. C) hydrolysis of ATP. D) transport of solute against a concentration gradient. E) specific transport protein in the membrane.

A) diffusion of solute through the lipid bilayer of a membrane.

Tobacco seedlings with a dominant gene, S, are capable of producing chlorophyll. Seedlings that inherit the completely recessive form of the gene, ss, are white without the ability to develop chlorophyll, and soon die. According to the Hardy-Weinberg equation, in this example, the frequency of S would be equal to A) p B) q C) 2pq D) p^2 E) q^2

A) p

Which of the following was derived from an ancestral cyanobacterium? A) plastids B) mitochondrion C) hydrogenosome D) mitosome E) Two of the responses above are correct.

A) plastids

A particular plant flower is colored depending on a gene, R. RR results in a red color for the flower, Rr results in a pink color, and rr, the total recessive form, results in a white color. In a population of 100 plants, 40% have white flowers. The single recessive allele, r, would account for what frequency (q) in this population? A) 0.2 B) 0.63 C) 0.4 D) 0.6 E) The answer cannot be determined from the information given.

B) 0.63

Which of the following organisms would be classified as Prokaryotes? A) Viruses B) Bacteria C) Protozoans D) Fungi E) There is more than one correct answer listed above.

B) Bacteria

The following questions refer to the description and figure below. The figure represents a cross section of the sea floor through a mid-ocean rift valley, with alternating patches of black and white indicating sea floor with reversed magnetic polarities. At the arrow labeled "I" (the rift valley), the igneous rock of the sea floor is so young that it can be accurately dated using carbon-14 dating. At the arrow labeled "III," however, the igneous rock is about 1 million years old, and potassium-40 dating is typically used to date such rocks. Note: The horizontal arrows indicate the direction of sea-floor spreading, away from the rift valley. Figure 25.1 If a particular marine organism is fossilized in the sediments immediately overlying the igneous rock at the arrow labeled "II," at which other location, labeled A—E, would a search be most likely to find more fossils of this organism? A) B only B) C only C) D only D) B and C E) C and D

B) C only

We can live without microorganisms, but microorganisms cannot live without us. A) True B) False

B) False

The major evolutionary episode corresponding most closely in time with the formation of Pangaea was the A) Cambrian explosion. B) Permian extinctions. C) Pleistocene ice ages. D) Cretaceous extinctions.

B) Permian extinctions.

CHECK GRAPHICS: Currently, two extant elephant species (X and Y) are placed in the genus Loxodonta, and a third species (Z) is placed in the genus Elephas. Thus, which statement should be true? A) Species X and Y are not related to species Z. B) Species X and Y share a greater number of homologies with each other than either does with species Z. C) Species X and Y share a common ancestor that is still extant (in other words, not yet extinct). D) Species X and Y are the result of artificial selection from an ancestral species Z. E) Species X, Y, and Z share a common ancestor, but nothing more can be claimed than this.

B) Species X and Y share a greater number of homologies with each other than either does with species Z.

Use this information to answer the following questions. A large population of laboratory animals has been allowed to breed randomly for a number of generations. After several generations, 25% of the animals display a recessive trait (aa), the same percentage as at the beginning of the breeding program. The rest of the animals show the dominant phenotype, with heterozygotes indistinguishable from the homozygous dominants. What is the most reasonable conclusion that can be drawn from the fact that the frequency of the recessive trait (aa) has not changed over time? A) The population is undergoing genetic drift. B) The two phenotypes are about equally adaptive under laboratory conditions. C) The genotype AA is lethal. D) There has been a high rate of mutation of allele A to allele a. E) There has been sexual selection favoring allele a.

B) The two phenotypes are about equally adaptive under laboratory conditions.

Though plants, fungi, and prokaryotes all have cell walls, we place them in different taxa. Which of these observations comes closest to explaining the basis for placing these organisms in different taxa, well before relevant data from molecular systematics became available? A) Some closely resemble animals, which lack cell walls. B) Their cell walls are composed of very different biochemicals. C) Some have cell walls only for support. D) Some have cell walls only for protection from herbivores. E) Some have cell walls only to control osmotic balance.

B) Their cell walls are composed of very different biochemicals.

If the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus experiences a cost for maintaining one or more antibiotic-resistance genes, then what should happen in environments from which antibiotics are missing? A) These genes should continue to be maintained in case the antibiotics ever appear. B) These bacteria should be outcompeted and replaced by bacteria that have lost these genes. C) The bacteria should try to make the cost worthwhile by locating, and migrating to, microenvironments where traces of antibiotics are present. D) The bacteria should start making and secreting their own antibiotics.

B) These bacteria should be outcompeted and replaced by bacteria that have lost these genes.

Figure 26.5. Humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans are members of a clade called the great apes, which shared a common ancestor about 18 million years ago (Figure 26.4). Gibbons and siamangs comprise a clade called the lesser apes. Tree-branch lengths indicate elapsed time. Assuming chimps and gorillas are humans' closest relatives, removing humans from the great ape clade and placing them in a different clade has the effect of making the phylogenetic tree of the great apes A) polyphyletic. B) paraphyletic. C) monophyletic. D) conform with Linnaeus' view of great ape phylogeny.

B) paraphyletic.

In septate fungi, what structures allow cytoplasmic streaming to distribute needed nutrients, synthesized compounds, and organelles throughout the hyphae? A) multiple chitinous layers in cross-walls B) pores in cross-walls C) complex microtubular cytoskeletons D) two nuclei E) tight junctions that form in cross-walls between cells

B) pores in cross-walls

Tobacco seedlings with a dominant gene, S, are capable of producing chlorophyll. Seedlings that inherit the completely recessive form of the gene, ss, are white without the ability to develop chlorophyll, and soon die. According to the Hardy-Weinberg equation, in this example, the frequency of s would be equal to A) p B) q C) 2pq D) p2 E) q2

B) q

Tobacco seedlings with a dominant gene, S, are capable of producing chlorophyll. Seedlings that inherit the completely recessive form of the gene, ss, are white without the ability to develop chlorophyll, and soon die. According to the Hardy-Weinberg equation, in this example, the frequency of Ss would be equal to A) p B) q C) 2pq D) p^2 E) q^2

C) 2pq

Which statement about bacterial cell walls is false? A) Bacterial cell walls differ in molecular composition from plant cell walls. B) Cell walls prevent cells from bursting in hypotonic environments. C) Cell walls prevent cells from bursting (lysis) in hypertonic conditions. D) Bacterial cell walls are similar in function to the cell walls of many protists, fungi, and plants. E) Cell walls provide the cell with a degree of physical protection from the environment.

C) Cell walls prevent cells from bursting (lysis) in hypertonic conditions.

An individual mixotroph loses its plastids, yet continues to survive. Which of the following most likely accounts for its continued survival? A) It relies on photosystems that float freely in its cytosol. B) It must have gained extra mitochondria when it lost its plastids. C) It engulfs organic material by phagocytosis or by absorption. D) It has an endospore. E) It is protected by a case made of silica.

C) It engulfs organic material by phagocytosis or by absorption.

Primates share the same classification nomenclature as humans beginning at the level of A) Genus B) Family C) Super-family D) Class

C) Super-family

Viral diseases are not easily treated because A) They cannot be seen by the naked eye B) They are generally dormant in the cell C) Their structure is very simple D) No drugs exist that are effective against viruses

C) Their structure is very simple

The typical prokaryotic flagellum features A) an internal 9 + 2 pattern of microtubules. B) an external covering provided by the plasma membrane. C) a complex "motor" embedded in the cell wall and plasma membrane. D) a basal body that is similar in structure to the cell's centrioles. E) a membrane-enclosed organelle with motor proteins.

C) a complex "motor" embedded in the cell wall and plasma membrane.

In animal cells and in the meristem cells of land plants, the nuclear envelope disintegrates during mitosis. This disintegration does not occur in the cells of most protists and fungi. According to our current knowledge of plant evolution, which group of organisms should feature mitosis most similar to that of land plants? A) unicellular green algae B) cyanobacteria C) charophytes D) red algae E) multicellular green algae

C) charophytes

Both ancestral birds and ancestral mammals shared a common ancestor that was terrestrial. Today, penguins (which are birds) and seals (which are mammals) have forelimbs adapted for swimming. What term best describes the relationship of the bones in the forelimbs of penguins and seals, and what term best describes the flippers of penguins and seals? A) homologous; homologous B) analogous; homologous C) homologous; analogous D) analogous; analogous

C) homologous; analogous

Which of the following would be least likely to affect osmosis in plants? A) proton pumps in the membrane B) a difference in solute concentrations C) receptor proteins in the membrane D) aquaporins E) a difference in water potential

C) receptor proteins in the membrane

CO2 enters the inner spaces of the leaf through the A) cuticle. B) epidermal trichomes. C) stoma. D) phloem. E) walls of guard cells.

C) stoma.

Viruses are not responsible for which of the following diseases in humans: A) Rabies B) Warts C) Hepatitis D) Cholera E) Measles

D) Cholera

In "The Case of the Hungry Kestrel", what is the variable that affects the grasshopper population numbers? A) Tree cover B) Amount of grass C) Reproductive capacity D) Color E) Size of wingspan

D) Color

All of the following are considered to be microorganisms, except A) Viruses B) Bacteria C) Protozoans D) Enzymes E) All of the above organisms are microorganisms.

D) Enzymes

Which of the following is a characteristic of hyphate fungi (fungi featuring hyphae)? A) They acquire their nutrients by phagocytosis. B) Their body plan is a unicellular sphere. C) Their cell walls consist mainly of cellulose microfibrils. D) They are adapted for rapid directional growth to new food sources.

D) They are adapted for rapid directional growth to new food sources.

What is true of pseudogenes? A) They are composed of RNA, rather than DNA. B) They are the same things as introns. C) They are unrelated genes that code for the same gene product. D) They are vestigial genes.

D) They are vestigial genes.

All of the following cellular structures are functionally important in cells of the gametophytes of both angiosperms and gymnosperms except A) haploid nuclei. B) mitochondria. C) cell walls. D) chloroplasts. E) peroxisomes.

D) chloroplasts.

Given its composition and location, the phragmoplast should be directly involved in the A) segregation of daughter chromosomes during anaphase. B) poleward migration of centrosomes during prophase. C) synthesis of sporopollenin during G1 and G2 phases. D) construction of the cell plate during cytokinesis. E) reinforcement of the nuclear envelope during S phase.

D) construction of the cell plate during cytokinesis.

Over time, the movement of people on Earth has steadily increased. This has altered the course of human evolution by increasing A) nonrandom mating. B) geographic isolation. C) genetic drift. D) gene flow.

D) gene flow.

Emerging viruses arise by A) mutation of existing viruses. B) the spread of existing viruses to new host species. C) the spread of existing viruses more widely within their host species. D) mutation of existing viruses, the spread of existing viruses to new host species, and the spread of existing viruses more widely within their host species. E) none of these.

D) mutation of existing viruses, the spread of existing viruses to new host species, and the spread of existing viruses more widely within their host species.

If protein synthesis was blocked in etiolated cells, what would be necessary for the "greening" of these cells? A) reception of light by phytochrome B) activation of protein kinase 1 by cAMP C) activation of protein kinase 2 by Ca2+ D) post-translational modification of existing proteins E) 100-fold decrease in cytosolic Ca2+ levels

D) post-translational modification of existing proteins

The structural integrity of bacteria is to peptidoglycan as the structural integrity of plant spores is to A) lignin. B) cellulose. C) secondary compounds. D) sporopollenin.

D) sporopollenin.

A student encounters a pondweed which, judging from its appearance, seems to be a charophyte. She brings a sample back to her biology lab. Using only a compound light microscope to study the sample, which of the following features should help her to determine whether the sample comes from a charophyte or from some other type of green alga? 1. molecular structure of enzymes inside peroxisomes 2. structure of sperm cells 3. presence of phragmoplasts 4. rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes A) 1 and 3 B) 1 and 4 C) 2 and 3 D) 1, 3, and 4 E) 2, 3, and 4

E) 2, 3, and 4

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Model states that the ratio of each gene's alleles (dominant and recessive alleles could be considered a basic example) is consistent (does not change) in any given species population, as long as certain conditions are satisfied. These conditions include A) Mating choices within the species are random, and are not selected for based on phenotype or genotype. B) There is no genetic drift in the population. C) The environment or other agent does not select for one genotype over another genotype. D) There are no allelic mutations, or mutations are offset by an equal number of reverse mutations. E) All of the above are correct.

E) All of the above are correct.

Evolutionary theory A) states that "Groups of organisms, as species may change with the passage of time so that descendants differ morphologically and physiologically from their ancestors." B) Can be referred to as "adaptive genetic change" when it occurs over the shorter term. C) was derived from comparative morphology. D) is supported by phenetic systematics and probability . E) All of the above statements are true.

E) All of the above statements are true.

All of the following human diseases originate from virus infections except A) Chicken pox B) Hepatitis C) Influenza D) Measles E) Bubonic plague

E) Bubonic plague

Which of the following best describes the ploidy level of a fertilized embryo sac? A) All cells are diploid. B) All cells are triploid. C) All cells are polyploid. D) The ploidy level varies among species. E) There are haploid, diploid, and triploid cells.

E) There are haploid, diploid, and triploid cells.

Structures as different as human arms, bat wings, and dolphin flippers contain many of the same bones, these bones having developed from very similar embryonic tissues. How do biologists interpret these similarities? A) by identifying the bones as being homologous structures B) by the principle of convergent evolution C) by proposing that humans, bats, and dolphins share a common ancestor D) Three of the statements above are correct. E) Two of the statements above are correct.

E) Two of the statements above are correct.

When you graph your experimental results and those of combined results provided from the data of other students during the Hardy-Weinberg Lab, you would most likely accept that A) Your data shows more variation from the class graph line. B) Your data shows less variation than the class graph line. C) You would accept your data as more accurate than the class data. D) You would accept the class data as more accurate than your own data. E) You would expect that a and d could both be true.

E) You would expect that a and d could both be true.

Which of the following cells transport sugars over long distances? A) parenchyma cells B) collenchyma cells C) sclerenchyma cells D) tracheids and vessel elements E) sieve-tube elements

E) sieve-tube elements