Terms for Comm Test #3
Ethnicity and interactive media
-"Black Twitter" -More Hispanics (opposed to Whites and Blacks) own smartphones
The six categories of social media
-Blogs (Blogspot) -Social Networking Sites [SNSs] (Facebook) -Virtual social worlds (Second Life) -Collaborative projects (Wikis) -Content communities (YouTube or Pinterest) -Massively Multiplayer Online Games [MMOGs] (World of Warcraft)
Elements of social movements
-Charismatic leader -Driven by moral and ethical visions (it's okay to break the law because it is unjust) -Social justice can be attainable (we can live in a just society if we make this change)
Rhetoric in Greece
-Communication as persuasion -Communication as an art -Communication as creative
Age and interactive media
-Fastest growing age group of internet users is 70+ -More 18-29 year olds own smart phones
Strategies of persuasion
-Formal statements -Communications with a larger audience -Symbolic public acts -Drama and music -Processions -Public assemblies -Withdrawal and renunciation -Civil disobedience
"Nosedive" episode from "Black Mirror" and Social Media Podcast
-In Nosedive, people live in a society where they carry around this electronic device that "rates" people based on their behaviors. Therefore, people act fake or base their actions on what will get them the most stars -Lacy would compare herself to others to see how she measures up -Her self-identity was built on social media profiles to validate her self-worth -She would try to make her looking-glass self on social media perfect (4.5 stars) so others would view her positively -Lacy acts differently among her friends and co-workers in public than she does around her brother in the privacy of their home. This means that her self-presentation changes depending on who she is talking to
History of media
-Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press in the 1440s and first introduced it in Europe. He made it possible to mass produce, and the first thing he mass produced as the Bible. -In the 19 century, many newspapers were produced. Many people in the US subscribe to 5-7 newspapers, probably because they want to get a lot of news from a lot of different perspectives. The US was a major player in the development of newspapers. -In the 19th century, magazines also emerged. Sensational news, short stories, fiction -KDKA in Pittsburg, PA was the 1st commercial broadcasting station. It was also the 1st station east of the Mississippi to start with a K -The very first TV broadcast was done in 1939 from one end of the World's Fair to the other. TV emerges after WWII but it really takes off in the 1950s when people started buying TV sets. 3 networks dominated: CBS, NBC, and ACB. However, FCC puts restrictions on these. Cable and satellite TV are challenging these major broadcasters. For example, New Media emerging, such as Netflix and Amazon making their own TV shows
Jon Ronson Ted Talk: "When online shaming goes too far"
-Justine Sacco made a racist Twitter post: "Going to Africa. Hope I don't get AIDS. JK I'm white!" -She became a trending hashtag and people started harassing her -Companies were piggy-backing on her Tweet to make money -Google made money from Sacco's annihilation -People donated to @Care in light of Sacco's racist Tweet -According to Ronson, Sacco was publicly shamed online because she misused her privilege -Sacco's life was ruined; people hated her and she lost her job -Sacco was NOT publicly shamed by "just a bunch of internet trolls"; she was inappropriately harassed because people had a lack of empathy for her -Her Tweet was problematic because there was a lack of nonverbal signals, lack of context, and no paralinguistic -Online shaming nowadays is much more intense than back then because of mobilization, polarization, and anonymity -Men and women are publicly shamed VERY differently. Whereas people simply hope that a man gets fired, people hope that a woman gets raped -Ronson's biggest fear is that people will become voiceless because of fear of becoming a target of public shaming. There is too much power to the people regarding job security because they are able to target others and make them lose their jobs. It also makes society less democratic.
Why is rhetoric important?
-Key element of a democratic society -Necessary to seeking justice -Helps us clarify our own beliefs and actions -Helps us gain insight on a different era -Helps us understand various views on social issues -Helps us understand our own and other cultures and institutions -Helps people critically understand messages meant to persuade them -Helps us become better communicators (eulogy)
Van Dijk's four levels of access to technocapital
-Mental access (motivation and acceptance) -Material access to digital hardware (public policy focus) --> most important -Skills access (lack of training seen as barrier) --> when new technology becomes available, how do you learn how to use it? People typically don't read the instruction manual -Usage access (knowing how to use computer applications)
Gender and interactive media
-More women own smartphones. Women also tend to email and use social media (Pinterest) more than men -Men play online games
Herbert W. Simons article on social movements and leaders
-Must attract, maintain, and organize people into an effectively organized unit -Must secure adoption of their product (goal) by the larger structure -Must react to counterarguments -You can use violence and other questionable means against impositions of the larger structure -Leaders may need to distort/conceal/exaggerate when addressing supporters -"Espirit de corps": Leader cannot ignore member's needs -There will be conflicts between role expectations and role definitions -The leader must be able to adapt to several audiences simultaneously -Successful movements require a diversity of leaderships
Types of media
-Newspapers: large-circulation papers vs. alternative-press papers -Mass-market paperbacks: address large audiences, largely distributed -Magazines: broad/general vs. specific audiences -Movies: are known to utilize the business model. The movie "Batman vs. Superman" failed because it didn't make as much money as hoped. Large-budget movies bring in more publicity than low-budget movies. -TV shows: driven by money, get the most views -Radio: emerged in the late 19th century. Served specific audiences by broadcasting focused content -Popular music: sell the most amount of money
Why do people resist certain media messages?
-Power to shape identities (through selection and through seeking out specific media) -Taste (may not want to watch a certain genre) -Principles and beliefs are violated
Irresponsible communication stemming from anonymity
-Trolling: Internet messages meant to intentionally anger or frustrate (video game example) -Phishing: Fraud, trying to get consumer banking and credit card information -Spamming: Sending unwanted emails -Cyberbullying: Bullying online -Deception: Providing false information
Jackson and Welles article on #Ferguson
-Twitter was used to spark social movement, #Ferguson -Michael Brown was shot by Darren Wilson -Found out that people take racial and democratic debates to Twitter to argue and spread the word -People wanted to get Obama's attention -@AyoMissDarkSkin was the one who started the movement. Garnered over 3,500 retweets before "Ferguson" or "#Ferguson" became widely used
The order people watch March Madness
-With friends or family -With co-workers -In a public form -Alone
People most likely to have access to interactive media?
-Young or middle aged -Physically abled -Student -Comfortable income -Urban area
Stages of a social movement
1. Genesis (convincing people that there is a problem) 2. Mobilization (develops plan of action) 3. Growth (mass movement) 4. Maintenance (keep people involved) 5. Decay/Termination (movement reaches goal / burnout)
Inequalities when it comes to interactive media
15% of Americans are not connected to the internet. Many people aren't connected because of poverty. The main concern is food, not technology
Ethan Couch
16-year-old who killed 4 people while drunk. He was charged with 4 accounts of drunk driving and was tried as a juvenile. Defense attorney used rhetoric to blame his parents for his upbringing. He was claimed to be a victim of "affluenza" where wealth brought privilege
#katrinagirl
A guy rescued a girl from hurricane Katrina, but when he was sent to Iraq he hadn't seen her for a long time. He used the internet (gofundme) and was able to reunite with her
Rhetor
A person or institution that addresses a large audience. For example, a rhetor could be a person, like Donald Trump, or an institution, such as Facebook. It could be the originator of a message, but not necessarily the one delivering it
Anthony Weiner
A politician who was caught sexting via email
Equal Rights Amendment
A proposed amendment to the constitution that was supposed to make everything equal between men and women. However, it only reached 35/38 of the states, so it wasn't passed
Roman Orator
A public speaker
Social movements to prompt social change
A social movement is a large, organized body of people who are attempting to create social change. They only happen through mass-mobilization, not individual change. Social movements depend on the culture and era. For example, the women's social movement happened when women had limited rights
Abolitionist Movement
Abolish slavery. The people used different strategies to achieve their goal, such as force
Technocapital
Access to technology, skills, and resources --> "digital exclusion"
Rhetorical event
An event that generates a lot of public discourse. Usually, events that desperately need response arise
Inartistic proofs
Appeals that are factual and uncontrollable, such as data. There are an unlimited number of inartistic proofs
Artistic proofs
Appeals that influence effectiveness, such as ethos, pathos, and logos. Aristotle said to combine all 3
Susan B. Anthony
Arrested for voting (women at the time were not allowed to vote)
MANAA
Asian-Americans
Standard information
Basic information that you don't mind being public on social media
Anonymity
Because you are able to hide your identity online, you are going to act in a different manner
New Flanders (Flemish) Movement
Belgian region separate from Flanders region
Congressman Steve King
Black people have contributed nothing, it is the White people who have done everything. He wants White to have sex with Whites to make White babies to 'Make America Great Again'
Breastfeeding Movement
Breastfeeding in public
Rhetoric
Communication that influences the attitudes or behaviors of others; it is also called the art of persuasion
Self-esteem
Confidence in one's own worth or abilities. It arises out of how one perceives and interprets reflected appraisals and social comparisons
Culture industries
Culture industries are mass media businesses that produce various contents (cultural products) in order to make money. Money is the main concern. It relates to the business model because culture industries will invest a lot of money in these cultural products to receive an investment. They try to guess which topics/actors/etc. will bring in the most amount of money
David and Susan Smith Case
David and Susan had 2 children together. When they divorced, Susan started a relationship with a man who didn't want children. She thought that her 2 children would be a threat to the relationship so she rolled her car into a river and drowned her children. The prosecuting lawyer retold the story to the judge, and by using pathos, made the judge see how horrible of a person Susan is
Pathos
Emotional appeals. Narration is often effective because telling a story makes the audience feel a certain way.
Civil Rights Movement
End racial segregation and discrimination against African Americans. There were unjust laws such as the Jim Crow Laws and the "Separate but Equal" law. The first response to this movement was the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and then it was the Civil Rights Act of 1968
Anti-Vietnam War Movement
End war with Vietnam. A lot of American lives were being lost and a lot of students were protesting because a lot of them or their friends were going to war
Media events
Events that disrupt regular programming. They shape the understanding of important occurrences. Some can create powerful responses, and others are staged
Meryl Alper
Examines how school-aged children with disabilities use media for social and recreational purposes, with a focus on media use at home
Revenge porn
Exposing your SO's nudes as revenge
Pizza Delivery Man, F&R Autosales
F&R Autosales harassed a pizza delivery man when he accidentally took $7 from them which he thought was the change
Deliberative rhetoric
FUTURE - What a society should do in the future. This type of rhetoric is heard in state legislatures, Congress, city councils, and the democratic process (raising taxes for new roads, funding education) because it focuses on what future actions to take
Anonymity
Faceless, nameless, genderless. You don't know anything about the other person. There are increasingly less opportunities for anon online. Anon has the capacity to liberate speech and make people more irresponsible communicators. We cannot make judgments with anon people because we know nothing about them.
What are the uses of interactive media?
First, interactive media helps us connect with others. People develop and maintain relationships through social media. A study has shown that the most common use of mobile phones is to send text messages and then to check social media. Second, interactive media helps us consume visual and verbal content. There are opportunities for political activism and civil engagement. However, critics say that most people "skim" posts like these and are unwilling to take into account all of the opinions presented online
Why should we learn about interactive media?
First, interactive media is pervasive in our daily lives. We are tethered to gadgets, basically addicted. Second, we need to know how to appropriately use interactive media to help us with our professional selves. We need to know how to behave on social media, especially if we have jobs
Agenda-setting research
Focus on how certain issues are identified as important and how they are shaped by the media. For example, media is trying to shape how we view refugees. Another example is Trump not speaking out about the White man who came to NYC solely to kill Black people
Political economy research
Focus on understanding economic relations in the media industry and also government regulations
Independence Movements
For one country to become independent from another country's regime. For example, Greece gained independence from Turkey and Scotland gaining independence from U.K.
Diffusion of innovations
For people to accept new technology, they must see it as useful and compatible with their daily living. Example in Peru
Getting past the gates
For romantic relationships, meeting in person and achieving intimate exchanges
GLAAD
Gays, lesbians, bisexuals, transgenders
Will Lynch
He punched a Priest out of an argument. It turned out that the Priest sexually abused him and his brothers. Lynch wanted justice and argued that he shouldn't get punished for punching a man that abused him. He was acquitted (not charged for punching priest)
Owen Jones
He was a British journalist who spoke to the public about the Orlando shootings and tried to help the audience understand what happened in a particular way. He used the example of the bombing of a gay pub in London to argue that anti-LGBT actions will not succeed
Textual analysis
How are women portrayed in this show?
Spreadability
How easily someone can be spread on social media. When you post something, you lose control of what you posted. Burger King example
Superior-subordinate communication
How employers communicate with their bosses. Technology is changing the way employers communicate with their bosses. Technology changes status leveling because subordinates can communicate more easily → gap is not as big. There are areas of concern, such as status and boundary issues, surveillance issues, and confidentiality issues
Content analysis
How many X and how many Y are in this show?
Media richness theory
How much information you're getting (comparing different ways you can commutate → how "rich" a medium is → the one you get the most information is the most rich)
Social presence theory
How much social presence; engagement; feeling of connectedness there is when you are communicating with someone (people can multi-task on Skype, obviously higher FtF)
Self-presentation
How people present themselves to control or shape how others view them. For example, you act differently in front of your sibling as opposed to in front of your boss
Peer communication and interactive media
If colleagues were to just interact online, there would be a lack of information. Thus, it would increase uncertainty and there are more disagreements and misunderstandings. Therefore, it's better if colleagues meet in person to do a big project
Cat fishing
In romantic relationships, people assume another identity to get in a relationship with another person, typically a person who is out of their league. Thomas Gibson example
Collapsing contexts
In social media, not knowing who is reading one's posts. Not having any context when reading someone's post online. Thus, that post is confusing
Potentially stigmatizing information
Information that could potentially have bad results. For example, posting a racist status on your Facebook. Potential employers can look you up and see this information you posted, and then won't want to hire you. It's how you present yourself to your friends and your future employer
Dialectical view
Interactive media both strengthens and weakens relationships. It can strengthen relationships because there is continuity regardless of distance. It can weaken because there is a lack of nonverbal cues and no asynchronicity
Mediated
Intervening system
Media/Medium
It is the plural form of medium. Media are channels of communication. Media create social bonds, because people can discuss things that they saw on TV, or talk about TV shows they like or dislike. Many people also turn to media to find out about things that are going on in the news. Therefore, media are used for both entertainment and information TV is by far the most used, followed by the radio. It's hard to create shows that everyone likes because people have different tastes, and tastes change
Rhetorical critic
Know how to analyze rhetorical texts
Westboro Baptist Church
Known for its hate speech, especially against LGBT people, Catholics, Orthodox Christians, Muslims, Jews, American soldiers and politicians. Mainly protests that the US shouldn't be accepting of Gays and Lesbians. "It's good that soldiers died because they are the ones who are defending a country that supports gays and lesbians"
LULAC
Latinos/as
How does the media confirm social identities?
Media help socialize individuals. This is done through content analysis and textual analysis
Linear model
Media message --> audience. It's usually linear like this, but critics argue that it doesn't take into consideration the multiple ways people respond to media messages
Mass media
Mediated communication intended for large audiences. "Mediated" means to "bring to an agreement". Culture industries are mass media
Interactive media
Mediated communication that relies on technologies such as the internet and devices such as mobile phones. It uses digital, electronic storage. Digital refers to the fact that it is transmitted in numerical format based on only 2 values, 0 and 1. It is mediated, opposite of FtF. Interactive media can be sent to many people it is social media, and nonverbal cues are eliminated. The keyword is CHANGE, because interactive media is changing our relationship with society and the world, our sense of who we are, and the fundamental nature of communication
Sensitive personal information
More private than standard information
MPAA
Motion picture association of America
Countermovements
Movements that strive maintain the status quo; no change
Michael Fassbender & James McAvoy
On their TV show, they reviewed fan art together
Mass media effects
One effect was established through the "beautiful bodies" study. In this study, they tested how societal norms and images of how men and women should look impacts people's self-esteem. As a result, they would work out a lot, take pills, and diet. Many of these images of beauty are unattainable and they are largely used against women. Another effect is media violence and its impact on children. It studied children younger than 8 years old. When these children were exposed to violence: Increased aggressiveness and antisocial behavior Increased fear of becoming victims Decreased sensitivity to violence and to victims of violence Increased appetite for more violence in entertainment and in real life
Friendships online (relational development)
Online relationships can be both durable and fragile and they can overcome limits of time and space
Forensic rhetoric
PAST - Used in courts of law to bring about justice. This type of rhetoric is heard in courtrooms and congressional inquiries because it sets things right after an injustice occurs
Epideictic rhetoric
PRESENT - Reaffirms cultural values through praising and blaming. An example would be a vigil
Minute-Men Movement
People (volunteers) sit at the border to stop illegal immigrants from coming into the US
Final Four (March Madness) for Christians
People are "worshiping false idols," which goes against the Bible
Uses and gratification theory
People seek out media to satisfy their own needs and find gratification. Information, personal integration, social interaction, and entertainment
Selective exposure theory
People seek out specific media that confirm their own beliefs. We are active agents because we decide which media to consume or avoid
Hyperpersonal relationships
People self-disclose a lot of information online with others and that is how relationships are form. Some people are homebound, so that is how they make friendships
Posters
People who are more active and posts things
Lurkers
People who just read other's posts and information online
Nudism Movement
Pro-nudist movement
Eikos
Probability
Pseudoanonymity
Projecting a false identity. An avatar is a digital alter ego
Field of availables
Range of people that you may meet or possibly be friends with/be in a relationship with. You meet much more people on the web
Logos
Rational, logical appeals
St. Agustine
Rhetoric appropriateness connected to Christianity. The purpose of rhetoric is to spread the word of God and to persuade those who are not Christians to get on the side of God. Their approach was absolutist (right/wrong, good/evil), like Plato. He promoted the idea that rhetoric could pass on the divine truth
Middle Ages
Rhetoric established as a liberal art. Rhetoric focused on flattery, aesthetic ways of communicating. People tried to advance their own interests through kissing up
Aristotle
Rhetoric is the art of discovering all available means of persuasion in a given situation. He sought to create general rules of rhetoric that could be applied to a variety of circumstances and occasions. He used eikos and thought that ethos was the most important artistic proof.
Active agents
Seekers of various media messages and resisters of others. We are active agents on how we consume media
Asynchronous
Sent and received at different times (an email). A text message can be either or. You can choose to make asynchronous, like putting your cellphone on silent
Synchronous
Sent and received at the same time (a Skype call)
Ernesto
She is a cancer victim who got to meet Brady and other Patriots players
Melissa Arrington
She killed a man in DUI accident, laughed about it with a friend, and had her sentence extended because this showed that she had no sympathy for what she did
Marianna Theresa Johnson-Reddick
She was known to abuse and torment her children, so when her obituary was written up when she died, it used epideictic rhetoric to establish what a horrible mother she was (blaming her). The obituary came under tremendous criticism because an obituary needs to celebrate the person who passed away
Social position
Someone's place in the social hierarchy. The rhetor's authority comes from a combination of her or his social position and the audience members' expectations. We expect certain people to speak in certain situations (we expect the President to speak out on behalf of a tragic event, i.e. we expected President Bush to speak out after 9/11). Moreover, there are influences due to culture and social institutions (women in certain cultures cannot speak)
Media violence
Study with violence imposed on children younger than 8 years old. Some parents place a v-chip in their TV sets to block out TV shows that have inappropriate ratings
Tay Tweets
Tay was an artificial intelligence chatterbot that was originally released by Microsoft. She was meant to be a fun bot to chat with, however, people caused it to go out of hand. She began to post racist Tweets on her Twitter. This was caused by trolls
Technology in the work place
Technology in the work place has improved the way people do their job. For example, cloud storage
Cultural capital
The acquisition of things that have value, what things have value, and those with power determine what is valuable. Knowledge and skills that isn't only with technology (the "haves" have more cultural capital)
Public sphere
The arena in which decision making occurs through the exchange of ideas and arguments. Democracy focuses on public sphere
Media sensitivity
The awareness that media possesses characteristics that affect their appropriateness and effectiveness in specific contexts. Know how to use media accordingly. For example, you would formally mail out wedding invitations as opposed to sending out emails
Netiquette
The correct and appropriate way to present yourself on social media. Many people have lost their jobs because of the inappropriate things they would post on social media
Sophists
The first group to teach persuasive speaking skills in Ancient Greece. They had a relativistic + practical approach. Their main goal was to persuade, especially on matters of urgency. They taught speakers to adjust their notions (of right/wrong, good/evil) depending on their speaking situation, their audience, and their goals. Because they used deception, invented "facts," to persuade others, sophistry is seen as unethical today
Cicero
The greatest Roman orator and the most influential theorist. He believed that speakers should use rhetoric for the public good and that eloquence without wisdom is dangerous. "Good man speaking well." He was a master of style and believed that rhetoric served 3 purposes: to instruct, to please, to win over
Polarization
The idea that it's easy to find people online that reinforce your ideas; fueling and resisting negative ideas
Reflected appraisals
The idea that people's self-images primarily arise from the ways that others see them and from the many messages they have received from others about who they are. The "looking-glass self" states that a person's self grows out of a person's social interactions with others. On social media, we build a looking-glass self through our profile and internalize the way others see us
Mobilization
The idea that we have easier access to information; so much easier to find information; easier to find cybermobs (like the ones that attacked Sacco)
Media hegemony
The process by which we consent to social constructions rather than having them imposed on us. What do "bad characters" look like? Focus on hegemonic male and female beauty. In the Christian Rudder study, Asian-men were deemed less attractive
Multimodality
The range of breadth of internet activities
Ethos
The speaker's credibility and the identity they convey to their audience. A person's private identity can be different than their public one. Someone with a good identity has good sense, moral character, and good will. Someone who's interests are in all of us (uber example). The persona the rhetor projects (being confident or shy) and the persona the audience sees (male talking about childbirth) are vital to ethos. How do institutions create ethos and what hurts their ethos? (Volkswagen example)
Self-concept
The understanding of one's unique characteristics as well as similarities and differences from others
Social self
The way others see you
Social comparison
The way we evaluate ourselves against others
Self-identity
The way you see yourself. It is often built on social media profiles to validate your self-worth
Plato
There is a single correct truth regardless of what people say about it. He adopted an absolutist mindset which stated that there is a single correct moral standard that holds for everyone, everywhere, every time
Hays code
They were rules for Hollywood media on what was acceptable and not acceptable content; goal of creating "wholesome content"
Phoebe Prince
This was an incident that happened in 2010. Phoebe was being cyberbullied by 6 students, so she committed suicide. The commonwealth charged the 6 students and they had to do community service
Physical audience
Those people who can take the appropriate action in response to a message. For example, only citizens of the US can vote for a candidate for US presidency
Rhetorical audience
Those people who cannot take the appropriate action in response to a message. For example, even though non-US citizens cannot for presidency, they can watch/observe the election
Should we always trust the President, just because he has a lot of information and has a high social position?
Trump did not shake Angela Merkel's (Chancellor of Germany) hand
Gorgias
Truth is defined by whatever we are persuaded is the truth. He adopted a relativistic mindset which stated that moral behavior varies among individuals, groups, and cultures and across situations. He was a sophist
Digital divide
Unfairness of technology access between the "have" and "have nots"
Zach Wahls
University of Iowa student who was raised by 2 women and argued that same-sex marriage should be legal. When the House voted, they voted against it (he lost). Is it still a good speech?
Cultivation theory
We are immersed in media, and media immersion enculturates us to share beliefs about the world
Fan Fiction/Art
When people create their own stories and art about various characters and actors
"No erasers on the Internet"
When you post something on the internet, you cannot take it back
Cultural values in media consumption
Why people seek specific media texts is important from an economic perspective. Which age groups watch which TV shows, etc.
NOW
Women
Women's Suffrage Movement
Women's right to vote. The main goal was to get an amendment passed to the constitution to allow women to vote
Online presence
You cannot lie about what you're doing or where you're going because other people can post that about you online
