Test 1
What are the primary characteristics of the male reproductive system?
1) testes 2) accessory ducts 3) accessory glands 4) external genitalia
Name Two Main Functions of the Ovary.
1) to house and mature oocytes 2) to produce estrogen and progesterone
What are the three layers of the uterus?
1. Endometrium 2. Myometrium 3. Parametrium
What are the secondary characteristics of the female reproductive system?
1. Mammary glands
What are the primary characteristics of the female reproductive system?
1. Ovary 2. Uterus 3. Oviducts (May also include the vagina and the external genitalia)
What are the layers of the oviduct which move the oocyte through?
1. Oviduct serosa 2. Oviductal muscularis 3. Internal layer
How many chromosomes does each human sperm cell contain?
23 chromosomes
How long does the human reproductive cycle last?
25-30 days
When asked to relate the terms "sperm," "scrotum," "testes," and "zygote," a student wrote the statements below. (A) They all contain homologous pairs of chromosomes. (B) The location of the testes within the scrotum aids in the production of sperm needed for zygote formation. (C) Mitotic cell division is involved in the formation of the testes and scrotum, and meiosis is involved in the production of sperm, which is involved in the formation of a zygote. (D) Formation of the testes, scrotum, and sperm occurs in human males; zygote formation occurs in females. Which statements are correct?
B, C, and D
What gene mutation causes breast cancer?
BRCA1/BRCA2
What is the name for the extra genetic material present when X chromosomes must be silenced?
Barr bodies
What common fatty acid are the hormones estrogen, progesterone, and androgen derived from?
Cholesterol
What pathway allows the formation of progesterone? A. Delta 4 B. Delta 5
Delta 4
What pathway allows for the formation of testosterone and estrogen? A. Delta 4 B. Delta 5
Delta 5
What pathway is mostly found in tertiary follicles? A. Delta 4 B. Delta 5
Delta 5
What is the difference between the endocrine and paracrine systems?
Endocrine is long distance and travels through the bloodstream; paracrine is short distance
What are the adult stages of follicle formation supported by?
FSH and LH
True/false: The protein cascade exists in steroid hormone signaling.
False
What is the HPG axis? A. Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal B. Hypoplasmic-pituitary-gonadal C. Hypothalamic - poster - gonadal
Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal
If a woman is pregnant, the corpus luteum (progesses/dies) and (continues /stops) producing progesterone
If a woman is pregnant, the corpus luteum progresses and continues to produce progesterone
What role does FSH play in the two-cell model?
It helps the granulosa cell produce estradiol
What role does LH play in the two-cell model?
It induces hormone production
Which statement does not correctly describe an adaptation of the human female reproductive system? a. It produces gametes in ovaries. b. It provides for external fertilization of an egg. c. It provides for internal development of the embryo. d. It removes excretions produced by the fetus.
It provides for external fertilization of an egg.
Which statement describes the reproductive system of a human male? a. It releases sperm that can be used only in external fertilization. b. It synthesizes progesterone that regulates sperm formation. c. It produces gametes that transport food for embryo formation. d. It shares some structures with the excretory system.
It shares some structures with the excretory system.
what labro-scrotal swellings form into either _____ or ______
Labia majora or scrotum
At what meiotic stage does meiosis arrest? What follicular stage is it in when it arrests?
Meiosis arrests at Prophase II when it is in the pre-ovulatory/tertiary follicular stage
Condition in which the gonads are consistent with the sex designation but the external genitalia or secondary sex characteristics are of the opposite sex
Pseudohermaphroditism (PH) OR Androgen-insensitivity syndrome (AIS)
What compound causes oocytes to arrest at prophase II?
Retinoic acid
What gene represses other genes that are used in ovarian development?
SOX9
What is the testes-determining gene?
SRY
A vasectomy is a permanent method of birth control in which each vas deferens is cut and sealed. Explain why this operation would prevent pregnancy, even though sperm will still be produced in the testes.
Sperm would not be able to transport out of the body
In which structure would the male gametes normally be deposited? A. Urethra B. Vagina C. Bladder D. Uterus E. Ovary F. Oviduct
Vagina
Which structure is also known as the birth canal? A. Urethra B. Vagina C. Bladder D. Uterus E. Ovary F. Oviduct
Vagina
sex-linked traits come from which chromosome?
X chromosome
Removal of one ovary from a human female would most likely A. affect the production of eggs B. make fertilization impossible C. make carrying a fetus impossible D. decrease her ability to provide essential nutrients to an embryo
affect the production of eggs
what nutrients are released for sperm?
alkaline which then turns into viscous fluid
What hormone causes male genitalia to form?
androgen/testosterone
When does follicular development occur?
between the follicular and luteal phases
In gonadal differentiation, what is the structure called before differentiation?
bipotential gonad
What regulates heat on the testes?
blood --> comes through testicular artery
What structure's function is to secrete milk for breastfeeding and aid in sexual response for both males and females?
breasts
What secretes mucus to lubricate the urethra for ejaculation? A. Vas deferens B. Epididymis C. Seminal vesicles D. Prostate gland E. bulbourethral glands
bulbourethral glands
What phallus forms into either ____ or ____
clitorus or penis
What enzyme converts cholesterol?
cytochrome P450
What pathway is mostly found in pre-ovulatory follicles? A. Delta 4 B. Delta 5
delta 4
What secretes products to be absorbed by surrounding tissues and tissue spaces?
endocrine system
What is oocyte and sperm development dependent on?
environmental factors
After the male gamete is produced, where does it mature?
epididymis
What secretes substances to help sperm mature and survive? A. Vas deferens B. Epididymis C. Seminal vesicles D. Prostate gland E. bulbourethral glands
epididymis
(Progesterone/ Estrogen) is most prevalent during the follicular phase
estrogen
What hormones effect the speed at which the the cilla and muscles carry the oocyte to the uterus?
estrogen and progesterone
True/False: Steroid hormones do not diffuse into the cell, but need a mediator to get in.
false
True/false: Sperm transport is active
false- it is passive. sperm are moved through the ducts by cilla
true/false: The corpus luteum forms even if oocyte ejection never happens
false- the oocyte must exit the stigma in order for the corpus luteum to form
The inability of sperm cells to move normally could prevent the production of offspring by interfering with... a. meiosis b. fertilization c. mitosis d. differentiation
fertilization
Heightened development of follicles A. Menstrual cycle B. Follicular phase C. Luteal phase
follicular phase
Where does the time variation in the menstrual cycle occur? (i.e. what part of the cycle will increase/decrease if it is 25 days one month and 30 days the next month)
follicular phase
increased FSH in system A. Menstrual cycle B. Follicular phase C. Luteal phase
follicular phase
Is the oocyte haploid or diplod?
haploid
The neurohypophysis is the... A. Pituitary gland B. Hypothalamus
hypothalamus
What are the sections of the oviduct?
infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus
Where are the receptors for steroid hormone response located?
inside of the cell, floating in the cytoplasm or the nuclear membrane
The urogenital folds form into either ____ or ____
labia minora or spongiosum
At what follicular stages is recruitment gonadal-dependent, meaning FSH pushes it through?
late tertiary to corpus luteum
What are the embryonic stages of follicle formation supported by?
local factors
LH plays a large role, producing progesterone through the corpus luteum A. Menstrual cycle B. Follicular phase C. Luteal phase
luteal phase
Thick lining of uterus and secretion of nutrients for embryo (if conceived) A. Menstrual cycle B. Follicular phase C. Luteal phase
luteal phase
The sloughing off of the lining of the uterus A. Menstrual cycle B. Follicular phase C. Luteal phase
menstrual cycle
corpus luteum regresses A. Menstrual cycle B. Follicular phase C. Luteal phase
menstrual cycle
What makes up the external gentalia?
mons pubis, labis majoria, labia minora, hymen, clitoris
The (mullerian/wolffian) duct develops into the oviduct, uterus, cervix, and upper vagina
mullerian
What send signals by producing hormones? A. Neurotransmitter B. Neurohormone
neurohormones
How can nerves carry messages in the brain?
neurons
What push forward signalling in the hypothalamus towards the pituitary gland?
neurons
What send electrical signals to one another? A. Neurotransmitter B. Neurohormone
neurotransmitter
Where is the SRY gene present?
on the Y chromosome
What are the three cell types of the ovary?
oocyte, somatic/granulosa cells, and theca cells
What is the name of the female gamete?
oocyte/egg cell
What is the name of the process that produces the female gametes?
oogenesis/ meiosis
Which structure produces the female gamete?
ovary
Which structure produces hormones that influence secondary sex characteristics during puberty? What are the names of these two hormones? A. Urethra B. Vagina C. Bladder D. Uterus E. Ovary F. Oviduct
ovary; estrogen and progesterone
In which structure would the male gamete and female gamete normally unite? A. Urethra B. Vagina C. Bladder D. Uterus E. Ovary F. Oviduct
oviduct
What anatomical structure helps transport the oocyte from the ovary to the uterus?
oviduct
What anatomical structure serves as the fertilization site?
oviduct
A surge in LH is indicative of...
ovulation
Name two examples of neurohormones
oxytocin and vasopressin
The only hormones that come from the posterior pituitary gland are...
oxytocin and vasopressin
What is made up of three spongy massed filled with blood sinuses?
penile shaft
Which response needs a receptor in order to enter the cell? A. Steroid hormone signaling B. Peptide response
peptide- receptor response
The adenohypophysis is the... A. Pituitary gland B. Hypothalamus
pituitary gland
What anatomical structure regulates and controls many hormonal mechanisms?
pituitary gland
At what follicular stages is recruitment gonadal-independent?
primordial to early tertiary
1. The primary function of the human male reproductive system is to a. provide a site for fertilization b. produce and transport gametes c. protect and nourish the embryo d. prevent urine from leaving the body
produce and transport gametes
(Progesterone/ Estrogen) is most prevalent during the luteal phase
progesterone
What two hormones induce milk secretion?
prolactin and oxytocin
What Meiotic Stage does the Oocyte Arrest at?
prophase II
What secretes substances for sperm development? A. Vas deferens B. Epididymis C. Seminal vesicles D. Prostate gland E. bulbourethral glands
prostate gland
What are hormones and paracrines derived from?
proteins, amines, and fatty acids
One of the functions of the female reproductive system is to... A. supply essential nutrients to the offspring in the form of milk B. provide nutritional support for the embryo C. provide a structure that allows the mixing of maternal and fetal blood D. produce specialized proteins used in the production and release of sperm
provide nutritional support for the embryo
What is the protective pouch that regulates temperature>
scrotum
Which suspends the testes outside of the male body? Why must the testes be held outside outside of the male body?
scrotum; heat regulation
What releases nutrients for sperm? A. Vas deferens B. Epididymis C. Seminal vesicles D. Prostate gland E. bulbourethral glands
seminal vesicles
What houses multiple stages of mature and immature sperm?
seminiferous tubule
What type of cell aids in sperm maturation?
sertoli cells
where are sperm embedded during spermination?
sertoli cells
Baldness is an example of...
sex-influenced traits
hemophilia, color blindness, and muscular dystrophy are all examples of...
sex-linked traits
What holds the testes up?
spermatic cord
What is the overall production of sperm? A. Spermatogenesis B. Spermiogenesis C. Spermination
spermatogenesis
What divide mitotically in order to continuously keep an abundance of immature sperm?
spermatogonium
What is the continued maturation of spermazoa as they leave the tubule? A. Spermatogenesis B. Spermiogenesis C. Spermination
spermination
What is the maturation of sperm where heard and tail form/when spermatids form into spermazoa? A. Spermatogenesis B. Spermiogenesis C. Spermination
spermiogenesis
Which reproductive structure is correctly paired with its function? a. vas deferens —usual site of fertilization b. testis—usual location for egg development c. epididymis —delivers nutrients to the embryo d. sperm—transports genetic material
sperm—transports genetic material
Which response is more long-term? Why? A. Steroid hormone signaling B. Peptide response
steroid hormone signaling; it "builds" the equipment based on what is already in the cell
What structure produces sperm and keeps them viable?
testes
Which structure is used to deposit sperm into the female reproductive tract?
testes
State the name of each structure, in sequence, the male gamete passes through from the location it is produced through when it leaves the body.
testes --> epididymis --> vas deferens --> urethra
Which structure produces a hormone that controls secondary sex characteristics of the male? What is the name of this male hormone?
testes; testosterone
What part of the female reproductive system houses and matures follicles?
the ovary
What part of the female reproductive system is responsible for producing oocytes?
the ovary
What structure is the male reproductive system centered on?
the testis
What happens to follicles not selected for growth?
the undergo atresia (follicle death)
What types of cells house the enzymes (cytochrome P450) needed to convert cholesterol to progesterone and estrogen?
theca cells and granulosa cells
What happens to the spongy masses of the penile shaft during sexual response?
they fill with blood
True/false: meiosis progresses all the way in sperm development
true
True/false: the oocyte is just a structure within the ovary
true
true/false: The maturation of the oocyte happens concurrently with the growth of the follicle
true
true/false: The HPG axis uses both paracrine and endocrine systems to induce sexual functions.
true
Condition in which both gonadal tissues are present (ovotestes)
true hermaphroditism (TH)
What are the two layers of the testes?
tunica albuginea and tunica vaginalis
In which structure does the fetus usually develop? A. Urethra B. Vagina C. Bladder D. Uterus E. Ovary F. Oviduct
uterus
What structure is the frontline of the interior female reproductive system?
vagina
what has natural defense team that maintains its environment?
vagina
What is the ejaculatory duct for sperm? A. Vas deferens B. Epididymis C. Seminal vesicles D. Prostate gland E. bulbourethral glands
vas deferens
What are the parts of the spermatic cord?
vas deferens, testicular artery, and testicular nerve
When is sex determined?
when the egg and sperm merge (fertilization)
When does meiosis resume?
when the oocyte is fertilized
The (mullerian/wolffian) duct develops into the vas deferens, epididymis, seminal vesicles, and ejaculatory ducts
wolffian
