TEST 1

Chronological Patterns

A chronological pattern of organization arranges information according to a progression of time, either forward or backward. When a topic is best understood in terms of different segments of time, a chronological format works well. For example, topics of an historical nature are best organized using this pattern. When using a chronological pattern, each main section of information represents a particular period of time, and the sub-points contained within each main section refer to significant events that occurred within that time frame. A variation of this organizational pattern involves dividing a topic into "past-present-future" or" before-during-after" segments.

Compare-Contrast Patterns

A compare and contrast pattern arranges information according to how two or more things are similar to or different from one another (or both). This is an effective pattern to use when the reader can better understand one subject when it is described in relation to another. If the reader is familiar with one topic, the writer can compare or contrast it with another topic to shed insight on it.

Sequential Patterns.

A sequential pattern of organization is similar to a chronological pattern, but arranges information according to a step-by-step sequence that describes a particular process. Using a sequential pattern, each main section of information represents a main step that one would follow in the actual process. The points included within each main section represent the sub-steps one would follow. When one wishes to describe a process that follows a specific series of steps in a particular order, then, a sequential pattern works well.

iscuss methods of controlling nervousness and of making it work for, rather than against, a speaker.

Acquire speaking experience Prepare,Prepare,Prepare Think positively Use the power of visualization Know that most nervousness is not visible Dont expect perfection

Explain why a certain amount of nervousness is normal—even desirable—for a public speaker.

Healthy sign that you are getting yourself psyched up for a good effort Body is producing extra adrenaline

Explain the difference between hearing and listening.

Hearing is the vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain Listening paying close attention to and making sense of what we hear.

Identify the four major causes of poor listening.

Not concentrating Listening too hard Jumping to conclusions Focusing on delivery and personal appearance

Identify the major similarities and differences between public speaking and everyday conversation.

Similarities... Organizing your thoughts logically Tailoring your message to the audience Telling a story for max impact Adapting to listener feedback Differences.. Public speaking is more highly structured Public speaking requires more formal language Public speaking requires a different form of delivery Meaning word choices

Identify the basic elements of the speech communication process.

Speaker The person who is presenting an oral message to a listner Message Whatever the speaker communicated to someone else Channel The means by which a message is communicated Listener The person who recieves the speaker's message Feedback The message usally non verbal, sent from a listner to a speaker Interference Anything that impedes the communication of a message interference can be external or internal listeners Situation The time and place in which the speach occurs

Discuss the seven ways to become a better listener presented in the text/class.

Take listening seriously Be an active listener Resist distractions Don't be diverted by appearance or delivery Suspend Judgement Focus your listening Note-Taking skills

Discuss the long tradition of studying public speaking.

The orator to designate someone with special skills in public speaking Greece and Rome public speaking played a huge role in education and civic life. Created methods such as rhetoric and language used today

speaking to inform

This is one of the most important skills you can learn. Information needs to be communicated accurately, clearly, and be made interesting and meaningful to the audience. Informative speeches can be classified into 4 types: Objects Process Events Concepts

Topical Pattern

This pattern is the most commonly used format, and will typically work when the other patterns do not. A topical pattern arranges information according to different sub-topics within a larger topic, or the "types" of things that fall within a larger category. Using this pattern, each "type" represents a main section of information.

Persuade- you act as

advocate to change the attitudes or actions of your audience and try to get your listeners to believe something or to do something.

Signposts

are often the numerical indications of the main body points. Many speakers utilize "first, second, third" type numbering to indicate where they are in their speech. Signposts allow an audience to remember the key points and follow along in the speech. They serve to clearly distinguish main body points from each other and also from the introduction and conclusion.

Cause-Effect Patterns.

cThis pattern is used to show the different causes and effects of various conditions. This pattern is particularly effective when writing a persuasive document in which the writer advocates some action to solve a problem, because it demonstrates important relationships between variables. There are two major variations to this pattern; (a) dividing the outline into two major sections: compromised of causes and effects; or (b) dividing the outline according to the different causes with the effects of each cause contained within the larger "causes" section.

Figurative language

creates pictures in the mind of the reader or and listener. These pictures help convey the meaning faster and more vividly than words alone.

The central idea

further refines and sharpens the specific purpose statement.

Appreciative listening

listening for pleasure or enjoyment, as when we listen to music, to a comedy routine, or to an entertaining speech.

Critical listening

listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it, as when we listen to the sales pitch of a car salesperson or the campaign speech of a political candidate.

Empathic listening

listening to provide emotional support for the speaker, as when a psychiatrist listens to a patient or when we lend a sympathetic ear to a friend in distress.

Comprehensive listening

listening to understand the message of a speaker, as when we attend a classroom lecture or listen to directions for finding a friend's house.

Internal Previews.

more detailed than simple transitional phrases, but serve a similar function. While the preview in the introduction discloses to the audience the general points to be made in the speech, the internal preview outlines the critical points to be made within the body of the speech. Internal previews cue the audience to listen for the key elements within major points. Examples of internal previews include statements like "there are a couple of points I would like to make here," "there is both a problem and a solution to propose," or "there are several items to note in this section." Each of these statements might be followed by more detailed, though brief, explanations of what is to come in the speech.

Internal Summaries

review the key points a speaker just made. These regular summaries help the audience to remember the key points just articulated by the speaker. Examples of internal summaries include statements like "I have reviewed...," "Now that I have talked about a couple of the key points," or "to summarize briefly what was just discussed..." Each of these statements would be followed by more specific but still brief summaries. Internal summaries reinforce the key issues in the speech.

Transitional Phrases

signal the conclusion, or perhaps addition to, an idea. Examples of these transitions include "also," "as well as," "in addition to," "for example," "which raises another interesting point," "the next point I would like to make," "perhaps you are not yet convinced," etc. The use of transitional phrases marks a real difference from much written material--orally delivered speeches often have more of these transitional phrases.

To Inform - you act as a ...

teacher so you can communicate information clearly, accurately, and interestingly to enhance the knowledge and understanding of their listeners.

The specific purpose

the speaker wants the audience to know or believe after the speech. It needs to focus on a specific aspect of the topic and it should include the audience