Test 1 Vocabulary
Diamond Necklace Affair
A "who done it story". Diamond necklace made by an important jeweler in Paris made to be bought by the King. The king did not buy it, so he negotiates to try and sell it, he finds someone and then the necklace disappears. He wants to buy back the cost of what it cost to make that necklace. The monarchy has contracted important loans and is in debt at this time. It is signifantt as Marie Antoinette found herself caught up in an elaborate scheme to steal an expensive diamond necklace. Though she was not involved in the plot, the Queen of France found herself taking much of the blame and damaging her reputation.
Oriental Despot
A particularly oppressive form of despotic government, thought historically to be characteristic of Asian politics, especially those of the Ottoman and Chinese Empires; (as a count noun) any regime operating through this form of government.
Peace of Augsburg
A settlement negotiated in 1555 among factions within the Holy Roman Empire, it formulated the principle "he who rules, his religion": meaning that the inhabitants of any given territory should follow the religion of its ruler, whether Catholic or Protestant. It officially ended the religious struggle between the two groups and made the legal division of Christendom permanent within the Holy Roman Empire.
"Doubling the Third"
Doubling the Third (Estate) the act that allowed the common people twice as many representatives as the nobility or clergy, which increased public influence over decisions made. It was a call by the people of the third estate who wanted more representation.
"Military Entreprenuers"
Early Modern Armies: soldiers as "military entrepreneurs. A state relies upon militias because there is no standing army. Soldiers are not regularly paid, supplied or fed. Armed forces (which are responsible for upholding the law) become involved in crimes themselves and cause disorder among society. Military does not respond to state interests, because they are not paid or supplied. Militias stole. They are involved in France 's religious wars. Significance is that the state did not have a monopoly on violence. They are the most fundamental ways in which states are forming their armies, without having to fund them. Warfare is a strategy towards economic gain aka why they are called entrepreneurs. It is also possible that they prolonged conflicts to make more money.
"Elizabethan Settlement"
Elizabeth's creation of an Anglican Church through the Act of Supremacy, Royal Injunctions, and Act of Uniformity allowed her to build a strong independent England by re-asserting the authority of the Crown and consolidating power away from outside influences. The framework for the Church of England had been laid and the sheer longevity of Elizabeth's reign allowed it to be a national institution. Doctrine established by Elizabeth, led her to be 1) supreme governor and 2) made all churches in England use a certain book. It is significant because it is Britain's response to political challenges that occurred after the Reformation, it is successful but they too will open up on decades of conflict and violence in the English civil war.
Montaigne, "Of Cannibals"
He met the real savages coming from the new world who ate human flesh. A savage is someone exists in nature who doesn't know any better. A barbarian is someone who knows civilization and knows better. He compares savages and barbarians of his own people.
"People of the Book"
Jews and Christians as regarded by Muslims.
"Tabula Rasa"
John Locke wrote the "Essay Concerning Human Understanding" and introduced "tabula rasa" (blank tablet) meaning the mind of an individual to have a blank slate. Everyone at birth has a blank slate, equal at birth. Humans are born good, independent, and equal. It is significant because it became the manifesto of the Enlightenment.
Versailles Palace
Louis XIV recognized more fully than any other modern ruler, the importance of theater to effective kingship. Louis's most elaborate staging of his authority took place at his palace at Versailles. The palace included tapestries and painting celebrated French military victories and royal triumphs, vast gardens and a statue of Apollo to reinstate Louis's claim to be the "Sun King". The use of the sun around the palace display his personal embodiment of sovereignty. The construction of the palace, with the symmetrical architecture and sculptured gardens, was a good demonstration that his power extended over the natural world as easily as it did over the lives of his subjects.
Flight to Varennes
Louis XVI had enough, he felt he was no longer the king of the country. He disguises himself and his family and leave secretly from the palace and go directly north to the armies of Austria who were setting to invade. He sneaks out of Paris successfully, and 50 km from safety, when the carriage is changing, a post master recognizes the king. They hold him by force and word is sent back to Paris and rules to send the King back. Writes of the constitution didn't know how to deal about this because they needed the support of the King. The king is still alive but the monarchy is dead.
What is Enlightenment?
One of the most important work in this era. Restructured Europe and the rest of the world. Established a notion of human rights. It doesn't just spring forth from geniuses, its embedded in a larger historical context. Urbanization, of demographic forces. Enlightenment led to democracy and human rights. It allowed the world to improve. For Kant, Enlightenment represented a declaration of intellectual independence.
Nostradamus
Physician who made a name for himself fighting the plague and also serves as a court for hardline Catholics. He saw himself not only as a doctor of the body, but of souls too. He traces a very fine line of preaching and prophesying*. <-- *which was sinful because people saw it as traveling with the devil.
Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre
Protestants and Catholics in France hold behind them 8 years of war. This would reunite the bourbon family with the guises family by a dynamic marriage to bring an end to conflict between Catholics and Protestants. The guise family was planning this marriage for its "reuniting" and they planned bringing into their families into Paris, then eventually to assassinate major Bourbon families. For Protestants this was a slaughter without justification. It announces to them a total war that was necessary. Battles between the Catholics and Huguenots continued for more than two decades. In 1589 Henry renounced Protestantism, converted to Catholicism and became the French king Henry IV. In 1598 he issued the Edict of Nantes establishing Catholicism as the official religion while allowing the Huguenots to worship, attend universities, and serve as public officials and reinforcing the regional autonomy of southwestern France. All of this religious turmoil is one reason why France joined the effort to gain Atlantic colonies relatively late in the seventeenth century.
The Republic of Virtue
Robespierre's attempt to erase all traces of the monarchy, nobility and the Catholic Church.
Louis Capet
San Culottes stormed the Palace for the arrest of the King. They invaded and passed the guards and found the King, where he found refuge behind locked doors. Some historians call this the second revolution. The king is arrested as a traitor. - Execution of "Louis Capet". Capet was first monarch of France, as this will be the last of France as well. "The King is Dead, Long Live the Republic"
Estates General
Summoned by Louis in summer 1788, the three estates elected delegates, and there were areas of disagreement. Estates General meeting was a huge opportunity for the poorest people of the Third estate to finally be heard by the King. The double representation was seen as a huge victory and a hope for a change was growing. The "Doubling the Third" gave rise. The delegates of the Third Estate declared themselves to be the National Assembly. The On the first days of the meeting, the King and his delegates announced the principles of the meeting and the Third Estate discovered that the double representation was in fact a sham. It was decided that the votes will be hold by orders, 1 vote for each estate and not by head. The double representation was a fallacy.
Oliver Cromwell
The Parliamentary party was divided and eventually a radical minority of Puritans who distrusted Charles and were led by Oliver Cromwell who commanded "the New Model Army" seized control of Parliament. Charles renewed the war but was forced to surrender. Cromwell is an English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War and called for the execution of Charles I. The Restoration of the Monarchy came when Cromwell's Puritan military dictatorship grew unpopular partly because it prohibited public recreation. When Cromwell died, the army prevented his son from taking power, a new Parliament was organized, and in 1660 the monarchy was restored with Charles II becoming king.
"The Old Regime"
The political and social system that existed in France before the Revolution. It was an old regime representative body that last met in 1614, which grouped together the three orders or estates of the kingdom: clergy, nobility, and everybody else. When the monarchy's fiscal problems left it with almost no other choices, Louis XVI called for the convening of the Estates-General in May 1789.
"Paris is Worth a Mass"
The reason of the state is superior to any other reason in the political field. You have to put the interest of the state above your own personal faith. Divide between religious and political field. Despite victories, Henry remained unable to take control of Paris. That's when, on July 25, 1593, Henri declared that "Paris vaut bein une messe" ("Paris is well worth a Mass") and renounced Protestantism. That was not the first time - he had converted to Catholicism twice before, only to return to Protestantism later; however, that was his last conversion. His entrance into the Roman Catholic Church secured for him the allegiance of the vast majority of his subjects, and he was crowned King of France at the Cathedral of Chartres on 27 February 1594. To secure peace in the Kingdom, torn by religious differences, he declared the Edict of Nantes, which gave circumscribed toleration to the Huguenots. The Edict was later to be cancelled during the reign of his grandson, Louis XIV.
The Healing Touch
The touch of a reigning monarch's hand was thought imbued with healing powers, and for centuries. The implicit belief in the supernatural healing powers of sovereigns is a relic of the ancient doctrine of the divinity of kingship.
Nobles of the Robe
Under the Old Regime of France, the Nobles of the Robe or Nobles of the Gown were French aristocrats whose rank came from holding certain judicial or administrative posts. A class of hereditary nobles who acquired their rank through holding a high state office. It is significant because the nobles of the robe largely replaced the nobles of the sword at the Palace of Versailles.
Physiocrats
a member of an 18th-century group of French economists who believed that agriculture was the source of all wealth and that agricultural products should be highly priced. Advocating adherence to a supposed natural order of social institutions, they also stressed the necessity of free trade. They urged the government to simplify the tax system and free the economy from mercantilist regulations. They advocated to end to price controls in the grain trade
Peace of Westphalia
an agreement reached at the end of the Thirty Years War that altered the political map of Europe. France emerged as the predominant power on the Continent, while the Austrian Habsburgs had to surrender all the territories they had gained and could no longer use the office of the Holy Roman Emperor to dominate central Europe. Spain was marginalized and Germany became a volatile combination of Protestant and Catholic Principalities.
Mercantalism
an economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought. M ercantilism allows countries to improve their economic standing by exporting more goods than they import, enabling them to gain more money in relation to other countries.
Madame Goeffrin
became an important patron of the Encyclopedia and exercised influence in placing scholars in academies. One of the most famous salons was that of Madame Geoffrin, the unofficial godmother of the Encyclopedia. She gave generous financial aid and helped save their enterprise from collapse. Madame Geoffrin remained her own woman. The salons seemed to have functioned as informal schools where establish hostesses bonded with younger women and passed on skills to them.
Deism
believe in God that acted as a "divine watchmaker" who at the beginning of time constructed a perfect universe and left it to run with predictable regularity. It is significant as Enlightenment inquiry proved compatible with very different stances on religion.
Enlightened Despotism
described the kind of government they felt was necessary to break through the complex of laws, attitudes, and habits that maintained a society of unjust privilege, stunted economic growth, and perpetuated governmental inefficiency and waste. System of government in which absolute monarchs ruled according to the principles of the Enlightenment.
Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen
first part of the Constitution after the French Revolution. It locates sovereignty in the nation, not in God nor the King nor the constitution itself but the nation overall. A general will. All members of the nation can serve in the government. Men remain equal in rights. "Social distinction can be founded only on the common good"
Republic of Haiti
in 1802, Napoleon sought to reassert French control of Saint Domingue, but stiff resistance and yellow fever crushed the French army. In 1804 Dessalines, a general in the army of former slaves, declared the independent state of Haiti. It is significance because it was the only successful slave revolution in history and by far the most radical of the revolutions that occurred in this age. It suggested that emancipatory ideas of the revolution and Enlightenment might apply to non-Europeans and enslaved people.
"First Baker of the Kingdom"
in France, the King safeguarded the supply of bread to the peasantry and was named "first baker of the kingdom" by his subjects. However, in 1775, bread prices rocketed as grain was in short supply and severe hardship was the result. The consequence of this was the so-called Flour War - a series of riots due to the lack of bread. This is seen as a harbinger of the French Revolution as the first popular uprising against Louis XVI and specifically the "laissez-faire" free trade in grain.
Edict of Nantes
issued by Henry IV of France in an effort to end religious violence. The edict declared France to be a catholic country but tolerated some forms of Protestant worship. It is significant because
A Vindication of the Rights of Women
noted work of Mary Wollstonecraft, English republican who applied Enlightenment political ideas to issues of gender. It was penned during the revolutionary debate over national education. Should girls be educated? Wollstonecraft argued strongly that reforming education required forging a new concept of independent and equal womanhood.
Tennis Court Oath
oath taken by representatives of the Third Estate in June 1789, in which they pledged to form a National Assembly and write a constitution limiting the powers of the king. It was significant because it was the first step in the Third Estate of France forming an organized protest of the French government in the lead-up to the French Revolution.
Generalkreigkommissariat
part of an army reform, they were the administration.
Divine Right of the Kings
the doctrine that kings derive their authority from God, not from their subjects, from which it follows that rebellion is the worst of political crimes. It was claimed in Britain by the earlier Stuarts and is also associated with the absolutism of Louis XIV of France.
San Culottes
the working people, that were burdened greatly by new economic freedoms, were greatly opposed to social inequality, wealth, and advocated a republic; the group that was banned from political life after the revolution ended. They are significant as they were a new emerging working class groups, just like the aristocracy, expect more radical. that incorporated both a political stance and a social condition.
The Great Fear
these riots were caused by economic concerns, rural panic and the power of rumour. It was a period of panic and riot by peasants and others amid rumors of an "aristocratic conspiracy" by the king and the privileged to overthrow the Third Estate.
Intendants
various government officials, especially administrators serving under the French monarchies, it was part of bureaucracy, usually associate it with a absolutist king. It is significant as it expanded the king's authority in the provinces through the use of royal agents called intendants.
The Wealth of the Nations
was a classic expression of laissez faire economics, written by Adam Smith where he disagreed with physiocrats on the value of agriculture, but he shared their opposition to mercantilism. He said that Mercantile restrictions such as high taxes and imported goods, did not encourage the productive deployment of labor and thus did not create real economic health. Laissez- Fair "let nature take its course", letting wealth and goods circulate without government interference. Also was responsible for powerful images and phrases which were cited during the French Revolution.
The Encyclopedia
was part of the Enlightenment project. It summarized all the most advanced contemporary philosophical, scientific, and technical knowledge, making it available to any reader. It demonstrated how scientific how scientific analysis could be applied in nearly all realms of thought, and it further aimed to encourage critical reflection of an enormous range of traditions and institutions. Denis Dierot was in charge of this.
Junkers
were nobility and serfdom. The foundations for Prussian expansion were laid by Fredrick William who gave powerful nobles of his territories (known as Junkers) the right to enserf their peasants and guaranteed them immunity from taxation. In exchange, they staffed the officer corps of his army and supported his highly autocratic taxation system. Secure in their estates and made increasingly wealthy in the grain trade, the Junkers surrendered management of the Prussian state to the Electors newly reformed bureaucracy, which set about its main task: increasing the size and strength of the Prussian army.
The Social Contract
written by Rousseau. "Man was born free, and everywhere he is in chains" It had the origins of government, the legitimacy of government, social inequality and private property, legitimate authority arises from the people alone. Have an innate innocence and immorality Thought about humans as chimpanzees, not intentionally mean but very limited and selfish Rousseau agreed about the state of nature because he believes that man is limited and that if humans enter a social contract, it will eliminate human nature. We gain something more precious: political freedom and civil equality.