Test 2 Chapter 9 physiology

All preganglionic fibers release the neurotransmitter __________, while most postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system release__________. A. dopamine; acetylcholine B. acetylcholine; dopamine C. norepinephrine; acetylcholine D. acetylcholine; norepinephrine

D

The two major categories of motor neurons include __________. A. skeletal and somatic B. somatic and visceral C. autonomic and skeletal D. somatic and autonomic E. visceral and skeletal

D

The parasympathetic preganglionic fibers of the ....... nerve synapse at terminal ganglia within the innervated organ.

Vagus

(sympathetic) preganglionic neurons exit the spinal cord in the ventral roots of the spinal nerves, then branch off into the white rami communicantes, are a. myelinated b. unmyelinated

a

A defect in nitric oxide synthetase gene may result in reduced ________ of cerebral arteries since nitric oxide production would be impaired. a. vasodilation b. arterial pressure c. compliance d. vasoconstriction

a

ACh from postganglionic neurons of the .....division a. parasympathetic b. sympathetic

a

Alpha and Beta (G-protein) receptors beyond to a. adrenergic b. cholinergic

a

Cholinergic receptor that: found in autonomic ganglia1) Stimulated by Ach from preganglionic neurons 2) Serve as ligand-gated ion channels for Na+ & K+ 3) Blocked by curare a. Nicotinic b. Muscarinic

a

Example - Salivary gland secretion: Parasympathetic division stimulates the secretion of watery saliva; sympathetic constricts blood vessels so the secretion is thicker a. Complementary Effects b. Cooperative Effects c. Antagonist Effect

a

Name the brain stem area that directly regulates motor output for the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. a. Medulla oblongata b. Pons c. Cerebellar cortex d. Midbrain

a

Nitric oxide can be a neurotransmitter for ______ fibers. a. nonadrenergic noncholinergic b. adrenergic preganglionic c. adrenergic postganglionic d. cholinergic postganglionic

a

One preganglionic neuron synapses on several postganglionic neurons at different levels a. Divergence b. Convergence

a

Preganglionic neurons come from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord. (thoracolumbar division) for what system? a. Sympathetic b. Parasympathetic

a

Preganglionic neurons transmit ..... while post ganglion transmission in parasympathetic system a. ACh anc ACh b. NE and ACh c. ACh and NE

a

Response to Adrenergic Stimulation: epinephrine in the blood or norepinephrine from sympathetic nerves. What affects on bronchioles in lungs, other blood vessels;i a. Inhibit b. Stimulate

a

Sympathetic division Adrenal -- T10 and T11 a. Not applicable b. Lumbar and upper sacral (paravertebral) ganglia c. Celiac and interior mesenteric (collateral) ganglia d. Celiac and superior mesenteric (collateral) ganglia

a

Sympathetic postganglionic neurons release a. Norepinephrine b. Acetylcholine

a

The adrenal medulla secretes ......... when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system as a part of mass activation a. epinephrine and norepinephrine b. ACh and epinephrine c. ACh and norepinephrine

a

The cranial nerve responsible for the majority of visceral innervation is the __________ nerve. a. Vagus (X) b. Glossopharyngeal (IX) c. Facial nerve (VII) d. Oculomotor (III)

a

The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system ________. a. has cholinergic preganglionic, and adrenergic postganglionic neurons b. has adrenergic receptors on the postganglionic cell body c. releases acetylcholine from the postganglionic neuron d. promotes intestinal secretion and motility

a

What causes ligand-gated sodium channels to open on the postsynaptic membrane? a. Acetylcholine binding to its receptor on the channel b. The action potential c. Calcium ions d. Acetylcholinesterase

a

What causes the release of acetylcholine from the synaptic vesicles? a. Influx of calcium ions b. Influx of sodium ions c. Efflux of potassium ions d. An action potential

a

Which of the following describes how parasympathetic responses differ from sympathetic responses? a. Parasympathetic responses would not be dominant in an emergency situation. b. Parasympathetic responses are enhanced by the release of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla. c. Parasympathetic responses are always inhibitory, while sympathetic responses are always excitatory. d. Parasympathetic responses are often summarized as "fight-or-flight".

a

Which of the following is NOT one of the three functional categories of corticosteroids? a. Eiocsanoids b. Glucocorticoids c. Sex steroids d. Mineralocorticoids

a

Which of the following is a result of parasympathetic stimulation? a. Secretion of tears b. Increased blood flow to working skeletal muscles c. Dilation of the bronchioles d. Increase in heart rate and myocardial contractility

a

Which of the following is responsible for cholinergic transmission? a. Acetylcholine b. Epinephrine c. Epinephrine and norepinephrine d. Acetylcholine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine

a

drugs that promote the process stimulated by the NT a. Agonist b. Antagonist

a

motor system has two sets of neurons in the PNS. The first has cell bodies in the brain or spinal cord andsynapses in an autonomic ganglion 2) The second has cell bodies in the ganglion and synapses onthe effector a. Autonomic b. Somatic

a

neurons: originate in the midbrain or hindbrain or from the thoracic, lumbar, and sacralspinal cord a. Preganglionic b. Postganglionic

a

paravertebral ganglia = a. sympathetic ganglia b. parasympathetic ganglia

a

sympathetic division Eye - C8 and T1 a. Cervical ganglia b. Upper thoracic (paravertebral) ganglia c. Lower cervical and upper thoracic(paravertebral) ganglia d. Celiac and superior mesenteric (collateral)ganglia

a

sympathetic division Head and neck -- T1 to T4 a. Cervical ganglia b. Upper thoracic (paravertebral) ganglia c. Lower cervical and upper thoracic(paravertebral) ganglia d. Celiac and superior mesenteric (collateral)ganglia

a

Which of the following are considered to be catecholamines? (Check all that apply) (MULTI) A. Epinephrine B. Acetylcholine C.NorepinephrinE D. Dopamine

a,c,d

List several structures that are innervated only by the sympathetic nervous system, thus lacking dual innervation. (Multiple) a. adrenal medulla b. gallbladder c. smooth muscle of intestines d. sweat glands e. arrector pili muscles

a,d,e

......motor neurons have cell bodies in the spinal cord and just one neuron traveling from spinal cord to affect (skeletal muscle) a. Autonomic b. Somatic

b

Atropine will block __________. a. alpha adrenergic receptors b. ACh muscarinic receptors c. ACh nicotinic receptors d. beta adrenergic receptors

b

Bright light would stimulate a decrease in pupil diameter through ________ nerves. a. sympathetic b. parasympathetic c. sensory d. somatic

b

Cholinergic receptor that: found in visceral organs and stimulated byrelease of Ach from postganglionic neurons 1) Five types identified; can be stimulatory or inhibitory (openingK+ or Ca2+ channels) 2) Use G-proteins and second messenger system 3) Blocked by atropine a. Nicotinic b. Muscarinic

b

Cocaine is a(an) ________ drug, meaning that it promotes sympathetic nerve effects. a. adrenergic b. sympathomimetic c. cholinergic d. parasympathomimetic

b

Example - Erection and ejaculation: Parasympathetic division causes vasodilation and erection; sympathetic causes ejaculation a. Complementary Effects b. Cooperative Effects c. Antagonist Effect

b

Mass activation is an important ability of the sympathetic nervous system because ________. a. it allows for simultaneous increases and decreases in the activity of postganglionic sympathetic axons to maintain homeostasis. b. it allows for enhancement of sympathetic effects throughout the body during the "fight-or-flight" response. c. All of the choices are correct. d.it allows the parasympathetic nervous system to remain active during the "fight-or-fight" response.

b

Most postganglionic parasympathetic neurons are classified as _____ neurons. a. adrenergic b. cholinergic

b

Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons release a. Norepinephrine b. Acetylcholine

b

Postganglionic axons of the sympathetic system are ..... and rejoin spinal nerves through the gray rami communicates a. myelinated b. unmyelinated

b

Preganglionic neurons synaps on terminal ganglia on .... system a. sympathetic b. parasympathetic

b

Response to Adrenergic Stimulation: epinephrine in the blood or norepinephrine from sympathetic nerves. What affects on heart, dilatory muscles of the iris, and smooth muscles of many blood vessels (causes vessel constriction)? a. Inhibit b. Stimulate

b

Several preganglionic neurons at different levels synapse on one postganglionic neuron a. Divergence b. Convergence

b

Sympathetic division Heart and lungs -- T1 to T5 a. Cervical ganglia b. Upper thoracic (paravertebral) ganglia c. Lower cervical and upper thoracic(paravertebral) ganglia d. Celiac and superior mesenteric (collateral)ganglia

b

Sympathetic division Lower extremities --- T9 to L2 a. Not applicable b. Lumbar and upper sacral (paravertebral) ganglia c. Celiac and interior mesenteric (collateral) ganglia d. Celiac and superior mesenteric (collateral) ganglia

b

The _____ of the brain stem directly regulates autonomic fiber activity. a. corpora quadrigemina b. medulla oblongata c. cerebellum d. pons

b

The adrenal medulla, sweat glands of the skin, and most blood vessels are only innervated by the _____ system. a. parasympathetic b. sympathetic

b

Water-soluble hormones differ from lipophilic hormones, in that ________. a. lipophilic hormones utilize second messengers to impact protein synthesis within the cell b. water-soluble hormones never enter the cell c. water-soluble hormones require transport proteins to reach their target cells d. water-soluble hormone secretion is always under hypothalamic control

b

What type of receptors does norepinephrine bind to? a. Cholinergic b. Adrenergic c. Both adrenergic and cholinergic

b

Which of the following organs receives dual innervation of the ANS? a. Adrenal medulla b. Heart c. Arrector pili muscles in the skin d. Sweat glands

b

craniosacral division = a. sympathetic b. parasympathetic

b

drugs that block the action of the NT a. Agonist b. Antagonist

b

neurons: originate in ganglion a. Preganglionic b. Postganglionic

b

List examples of cholinergic neurons. (multiple) a.sympathetic postganglionic neurons b.all somatic motor neurons c.parasympathetic preganglionic neurons d.parasympathetic postganglionic neurons e.sympathetic preganglionic neurons

b,c,d,e

The "fight-or-flight" response involves the release of ______. (Multiple) a. acetylcholine from the parasympathetic fibers b. epinephrine from the adrenal medulla c. epinephrine from the sympathetic fibers d. norepinephrine from the sympathetic fiber

b,d

Cholinergic receptors bind neurotransmitters released from ________. a. the adrenal medulla b. postganglionic sympathetic neurons c. preganglionic parasympathetic neurons d. adrenergic neurons

c

Example: Heart rate - sym increases, para decreases. Digestive functions - sym decreases, para increases. Pupil diameter - sym dilates, para constricts a. Complementary Effects b. Cooperative Effects c. Antagonist Effect

c

Explain the decreased fertility commonly found in males with anabolic steroids use. a. The adrenal cortex will increase production of endogenous testosterone, therefore decreasing sperm production. b.Positive feedback will occur as a result of exogenous testosterone, leading to reduced sperm production. c. Exogenous testosterone will trigger a decrease in GnRH.

c

Increased circulating concentrations of testosterone would cause decreased secretion of ________. a. growth hormone c. thyroid-stimulating hormone c. luteinizing hormone d. adrenocorticotropin

c

Over-secretion of growth hormone in children causes ________. A) acromegaly B) pituitary cachexia C) gigantism D) myxedema

c

Preganglionic neurons transmit ..... while post ganglion transmission in sympathetic system a. ACh anc ACh b. NE and ACh c. ACh and NE

c

Sympathetic division Upper extremities -- T2 to T9 a. Cervical ganglia b. Upper thoracic (paravertebral) ganglia c. Lower cervical and upper thoracic(paravertebral) ganglia d. Celiac and superior mesenteric (collateral)ganglia

c

Sympathetic division Urinary and reproductive systems -- T12 to L2 a. Not applicable b. Lumbar and upper sacral (paravertebral) ganglia c. Celiac and interior mesenteric (collateral) ganglia d. Celiac and superior mesenteric (collateral) ganglia

c

Testosterone receptors would be ________ in response to anabolic steroid abuse. a.primed b.upregulated c.downregulated d.inhibited

c

The ________ can control autonomic function, such that under some emotional states, visceral reactions like blushing, fainting, etc., can occur. a. medulla oblongata b. reticular activating system c. limbic system d. cerebrum

c

The higher brain center responsible for regulating cardiopulmonary and reproductive systems through autonomic control is the __________. a. midbrain b. temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex c. medulla oblongata

c

Thyroid hormone receptor proteins are found ________ of their target cells. a. on the plasma membrane b. in the cytoplasm c. in the nucleus d. All of the choices are correct.

c

What is meant by dual innervation? a. An organ receives input from both preganglionic and postganglionic fibers. b. An organ receives input from both somatic and autonomic systems. c. An organ receives input from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

c

Which of the following directly initiates the release of calcium ions from the endoplasmic reticulum? A. G-proteins B. phospholipase C C. inositol triphosphate (IP3) D. calmodulin

c

Growth would be inhibited by increasing ________ secretion. a. somatomedin b. prolactin c. thyroid hormone d. somatostatin

d

If autonomic motor neurons are severed, which of the following would occur? a. Skeletal muscle spasms b. Denervation hypersensitivity c. Flaccid paralysis of skeletal muscle d. Flaccid paralysis of smooth muscle

d

Physiological responses to stress would NOT include ________. a. increased secretion of ACTH b. increased secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine c. increased secretion of glucocorticoids d. increased immune response

d

Sympathetic division Upper abdominal viscera --T4 to T9 a. Cervical ganglia b. Upper thoracic (paravertebral) ganglia c. Lower cervical and upper thoracic(paravertebral) ganglia d. Celiac and superior mesenteric (collateral)ganglia

d

The neurotransmitter released at terminal ganglia is ________. a. norepinephrine b. dopamine c. epinephrine d. acetylcholine

d

Thyroid hormone receptors form a(n) ________ on their DNA half-sites. a. pseudodimer b. autodimer c. homodimer d. heterodimer

d

What would occur if the ACh receptors are damaged or destroyed? a. The effector will not respond without getting a stimulus b. ACh will have nothing to bind to c. A new action potential will not be generated on the postsynaptic membrane d. All of the choices are correct. Correct

d

Which of the following is true of autonomic innervation of effectors? a. Ganglia may or may not be present along ANS pathways. b. The specialized motor end plates at ANS effectors are the same as the PNS effectors. c. Smooth and cardiac muscle cannot contract without ANS stimulation. d. ANS stimulation can be excitatory or inhibitory.

d

Which of the following most accurately describes how the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems differ? a. The origin of preganglionic fibers differs between the divisions. b. The location of the ganglia differs between the divisions. c. The postganglionic neurons of the divisions release different neurotransmitters. d. All of the choices are correct.

d

Which of the following types of muscle tissue can contract in the absence of stimulation by a postganglionic neuron? a. Cardiac muscle only b. Skeletal muscle only c. Smooth muscle only d. Both cardiac and smooth muscle are correct. e. Both skeletal and smooth muscle are correct.

d

The most abundant hormone that the adrenal medulla secretes into the blood upon neural stimulation is

epinephrine

Sympathetic stimulation can be inhibitory or ....

excitatory

Muscarinic antagonists stimulate _____________ pupillary diameter.

increase

Allows the sympathetic division to act as a single through......., to be tonically active, and increase "fight or flight"

mass activation

Which neurotransmitters must be present in a pharmaceutical drug intended to increase blood flow to a particular organ?

nitric oxide

The axons that extend from the autonomic ganglion to the effector organs are called __________.

postganglionic

Instead of sympathetic neurons that exit the spinal cord to synapse in the sympathetic chain of ganglia, they form ..... nerve to synapse in collateral ganglia

splanchnic

Which ganglia are associated with the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

terminal

Preganglionic neurons synapse on ganglia located near or in effector organs called

terminal ganglia

What form "synapses en passant"?

varicosities

The ability for the sympathetic nervous system to activate many effector organs simultaneously is due to __________. A. mass activation B. lateral inhibition C. dual innervation D. denervation hypersensitivity

A

The parasympathetic division of the automatic nervous system is also classified as the..... division A. Craniosacral B. Craniothoracic C. Thoracosacral

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are released from the adrenal medulla in response to: A. Parasympathetic B. Sympathetic

B

Sympathetic preganglionic fibers that pass through the paravertebral ganglia to synapse in the collateral (prevertebral) ganglia form......... nerve as they travel between these ganglia. A. Spinal B. Splanchnic C. Ventral D. Visceral

B

All preganglionic axons secrete ... as their neurotransmittes a. glutamate b. Glycine c. Acetylcholine d. Glucose

C

The autonomic nervous system is responsible for the innervation of... A. The brain and spinal cord B. Skeletal muscle C. Glands

C

The hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla include.... and.... A. Epinephrine and domapine B. Epinephrine and seratonin C. Epinephrine and norepinephrine D. Norepinephrine and dopamine

C