Test 2: Deviant Behavior

A city in California has a population of approximately 300,000. If there are 152 deaths attributed to suicide in Los Angeles, what is the suicide rate? A.5 B.10 C.3 D.8

5

Economically speaking, the biggest cost associated with intimate partner violence is from the lost earnings over a woman's lifetime. True False

false

Federal and state laws share a single, uniform, legal definition of domestic violence. True False

false

Schizophrenia is the most disabling mental disorder suffered by person between the ages of 15 and 44 in the United States. True False

false

Caesar has been taking methamphetamines for a few weeks. When he tries to stop, he can't sleep, he experiences severe emotional distress, and he feels as though he has the flu. What is Caesar experiencing? A.substance use disorderB.withdrawalC.dependenceD.tolerance

withdrawl

The Center for Disease Control and Prevention identifies four types of intimate partner violence, physical violence, sexual violence, physical aggression, and ______. A.prenatal abuse B.marital rape C.stalking D.child abuse

stalking

Worldwide, the female suicide rate exceeds the male suicide rate. True False

False

______ is defined as a mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder resulting in serious functional impairment, which substantially interferes with or limits one or more major life activities.

"Serious mental illness"

Addiction refers to a physiological dependence on a substance. True False

True

The legal status of a drug is contingent on the social perception that its use ______. A.may impede an individual's ability to perform essential rolesB.can cause irreparable harm to the individualC.has no medical valueD.will result in harm to the society

A. may impede an individual's ability to perform essential roles

Identify distinct patterns of drinking behaviors found among college students.

According to the National Center on Addiction and Substance Use, problem drinking is common on college campuses. More than three quarters of college undergraduates drink at least occasionally, about half binge drink, and almost half drink specifically to get drunk. About half of undergraduate males and about a third of undergraduate female counterparts engage in binge drinking. Wechsler estimated that one in five undergraduates meet the diagnostic criteria for alcohol use disorder. Compared with their peers who are not students, undergraduates are more likely to drink and to binge drink. The more frequently an undergraduate binge drinks, the more likely the student will also smoke marijuana, use cocaine or other illicit drugs.

Distinguish between addiction and tolerance.

Addiction refers to a physiological dependence on a substance. It can also involve psychological dependence, which is a strong emotional need for the substance in the absence of a physical dependence on it. Tolerance refers to needing more and more of a substance to experience the desirable response. It can also refer to a noticeably diminished response when the amount of a substance is not changed.

Which statement accurately compares demographic groups on their illicit drug use? A.The Latinx population uses more drugs than Indigenous Americans.B.Asian Americans use more drugs than African Americans.C.The Latinx population uses more drugs than African Americans.D.African Americans use more drugs than the Latinx population.

African Americans use more drugs than the Latinx population.

In a study of Jewish drinking practices, four cultural processes reduced problematic drinking. Which response below is one of those cultural processes? A.Alcohol consumption is forbidden during the Jewish Shabbat.B.Alcohol abuse is linked with being a non-Jew.C.The Talmud forbids drinking to excess.D.Alcohol use is linked with being secular.

Alcohol abuse is linked with being a non-Jew.

Apply the social learning theory to alcoholism.

Alcoholism is a primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. It is characterized by continuous or periodic impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Social learning theory is considered an individual-level explanation of alcoholism and focuses on the psychosocial aspects of this disease. It was developed by Ronald Akers. There are four primary components; d ifferential association, definitions, differential reinforcement, and imitation. Differential association could refer to the extent of interaction with members of groups who regularly use alcohol to excess. Definitions of excessive alcohol use as justifiable, desirable, and pleasurable are learned in the context of primary group interaction. Differential reinforcement refers to the anticipation that the rewards of alcohol abuse markedly exceed any possible negative sanctions. Excessive drinking is differentially reinforced when the expected pleasure overshadows any adverse social or legal response. Imitation is simply modeling one's alcohol use after that of others using alcohol excessively.

Compare and contrast the cultural and subcultural approaches to explaining alcohol consumption.

Both the cultural approach to explaining alcohol consumption and the subcultural approach to explaining alcohol consumption are societal-level explanations. Robert Bales is primarily responsible for the cultural approach to excessive drinking behavior. He argues that cultures may generate various levels of stress and tension, which in turn create negative emotions of anger, resentment, and depression. Cultural norms define using alcohol as either an appropriate or inappropriate way to relieve stress. To the extent that a culture normalizes the use of alcohol to alleviate stress while failing to provide other effective methods of stress reduction, that culture will experience high rates of alcohol dependence. The subculture approach to alcohol consumption is credited primarily to Cloward and Ohlin. They would argue that subcultural opportunity structures may account for distinct patterns of alcohol use. The retreatist subculture, one of three identified in the subcultural approach, has particular relevance for understanding variations in alcohol dependence. Individuals who are unable or unwilling to access violent and/or criminal opportunities may gravitate to retreatist subcultures with existing access to alcohol. Retreatist subculture provides the opportunity and social supports necessary for the use of alcohol to the point of dependence and alcoholism.

What is one factor that accounts for variations in the prevalence of mental illness around the world? A.Doctors frequently misdiagnose mental illness. B.cross-cultural variation in religion from culture to culture C.The World Health Organization definition of mental illness is incomplete. D.cross-cultural variation in tolerance for mentally ill behavior

Cross-cultural variation in tolerance for mentally ill behavior

What is the relationship between culture and mental illness? A.Rates of mental illness are much higher in isolated cultures. B.Culture influences how mental illness is defined. C.Mental illness is present in overregulated cultures, not in underregulated cultures. D.Mental illness influences how culture is expressed.

Culture influences how mental illness is defined.

What is distinct about the third wave of drug overdose deaths in the United States? A.It occurred because doctors did not realize how addictive opioids were.B.It involved a sudden increase in heroin use.C.It involved more adolescents.D.It involved the use of synthetic opioids.

D. It involved the use of synthetic opioids.

According to Zinberg, which of the following is one of the five cultural practices that limits alcohol abuse? A.Drinking is associated with eating.B.Aggressive behavior is considered normal when drinking.C.Alcohol is accepted as a form of self-medication.D.Unmarried men and women are separated when drinking.

Drinking is associated with eating.

A culture-bound disorder can be described as a mental, behavioral, or emotional issue resulting in serious functional impairment, which substantially interferes with major life activities. True False

False

African Americans use more illicit drugs than Indigenous Americans. True False

False

Biological, psychological, and sociological definitions of mental illness align well. True False

False

Cultures that share common concepts of mental illness frequently have wildly different rates of mental illness. True False

False

In the United States, the rates of binge drinking are lowest in the northeast. True False

False

In the context of drug addiction, tolerance occurs when the physical effects produced by the substance can only be sustained through its continual use. True False

False

People identifying as LGBTQ are much less likely to use illicit drugs than the rest of the population. True False

False

The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual ( DSM-5) recognizes both substance abuse and substance dependency. True False

False

When drinking is associated with ritualistic feasting, rates of alcoholism tend to be higher. True False

False

Which statement accurately compares per capita alcohol use rates? A.Egypt has a higher per capita alcohol use rate than Belarus. B.Kuwait has a higher per capita alcohol use rate than Moldova. C.Hungary has a higher per capita alcohol use rate than Serbia. D.Pakistan has a higher per capita alcohol use rate than Russia.

Hungary has a higher per capita alcohol use rate than Serbia.

In the United States, how do men and women compare on rates of schizophrenia? A.Men are more likely to have undiagnosed schizophrenic disorders. B.More men than women are diagnosed with schizophrenic disorders. C.More women than men are diagnosed with schizophrenic disorders. D.Men and women are equally likely to suffer from schizophrenic disorders.

Men and women are equally likely to suffer from schizophrenic disorders.

How does male drug use compare to female drug use?

Overall, men use more illicit drugs than women do. Specifically, men use marijuana, amphetamines, nonprescription Adderall and Ritalin, and hallucinogenics more than women. Narcotic pain relievers, such as Vicodin, are less frequently used by men than women.

According to the text, which individual described below is at the greatest risk for committing intimate partner violence? A.Kevin has a high school education and is looking for a better job. B.William has anger management issues and was recently referred to Human Resources for sexual harassment training. C.David has antisocial personality disorder and was recently demoted from his managerial position. D.Peter is an alcoholic and cannot keep a job.

Peter is an alcoholic and cannot keep a job.

Summarize the conclusion of Rosenhan's "Being Sane in Insane Places" study. A.Patients often lie about their symptoms. B.Mentally ill people often voluntarily leave treatment. C.Mental treatments are not effective. D.Psychiatric diagnoses are often subjective.

Psychiatric diagnoses are often subjective.

What does research suggest about the effectiveness of corporal punishment?

Research suggests that, not only is corporal punishment an ineffective way to control the behavior of children, it has a negative mental and emotional impact on children.

What does the research indicate about the relationship between age of first alcohol use and alcohol use later in life?

Research supports that early onset of drinking is related to subsequent alcohol dependency. Those who begin drinking before the age of 15 are four times more likely to develop alcohol dependency at some time in their lives compared to those that wait until they are at least 20 to begin drinking. Research also suggests that the onset of drinking before the age of 16 is linked to four indicators of problem alcohol use later in life, with higher reported rates of frequency of drinking, binge drinking, issues related to cutting down alcohol, being annoying when consuming alcohol, feeling guilt over alcohol use, and needing alcohol first thing in the morning. Research also suggests that drinking from an early age and learning to drink enough to become drunk at an early age predicted binge drinking among high school students.

Distinguish between how each of the four concepts that make up Akers' social learning approach contributes to understanding illicit drug use.

Ronald Akers' social learning approach to understanding illicit drug use includes four interrelated concepts: differential association, definitions, differential reinforcement, and imitation. These concepts provide a framework for understanding why people use illicit drugs. Differential association refers to the extent of interaction with members of groups that engage in illicit drug use. Definitions of illicit drug use as justifiable, desirable, and pleasurable are learned through this differential association. Differential reinforcement refers to believing that the rewards of illicit drug use exceed any negative impact. Imitation refers to modeling personal illicit drug use on the illicit drug use of others.

How is any mental illness (AMI) different from serious mental illness (SMI)? A.SMI is a subset of AMI. B.AMI is defined biologically; SMI is defined medically. C.SMI is defined culturally; AMI is defined sociologically. D.AMI is a subset of SMI.

SMI is a subset of AMI.

Summarize the patterns of homicide-suicide outlined by Stack.

Stack identified an eight-step pattern that characterizes most homicide-suicides. The eight steps in the pattern are frustrated personal relationship, ambivalence, jealousy and morbid jealousy, separation, depression, helplessness, and guilt. Frustrated personal relationships refers to the chaotic nature of the personal relationship found between the victim and the offender in homicide-suicide cases. Ambivalence refers to an emotionally charged love-hate relationship between offender and victim. Jealousy refers to the fear that one's romantic partner is unfaithful. Morbid jealousy is a more extreme version of jealousy. Separation, when the victim leaves the offender, is a key precipitating event in a homicide-suicide. Depression typically follows separation and is closely linked to suicide. Helplessness, or the sense that no action one takes can improve the situation is followed by the actual homicide, followed by guilt over committing homicide and culminating in suicide.

Linda and Del live in a neighborhood in which it is normal to use violence to resolve disagreements. ______ theory suggests that Del is more likely to use violence to resolve family conflicts. A.Social exchange B.Routine activities C.Subculture of violence D.Strain

Subculture of violence

What instrumental goals motivate individuals to commit suicide by cop?

Suicide by cop refers to a victim provoking a police officer to shoot them, either through their actions or statements. Their actions or statements might indicate suicidal intention, or suicide letters found after the fact may reveal their suicidal intention. Individuals commit suicide by cop for the following reasons: to escape or avoid the consequences of criminal or shameful actions; to reconcile a failed relationship; hoping to avoid the exclusion clauses of life insurance policies; rationalizing that while it may be morally wrong to commit suicide, being killed resolves the spiritual problem of suicide; or seeking a certain death.

What is the self-fulfilling prophecy and how is it relevant to understanding mental illness?

The "self-fulfilling prophecy" is central to the social reaction approach to understanding mental illness. A self-fulfilling prophecy is label that reinforces itself, or a prediction that causes the behavior it purports to predict. In other words, when you call a person mentally ill, it causes them to exhibit behavior that indicates mental illness and also causes otherwise unremarkable behavior to be interpreted as a sign of mental illness.

Compare and contrast the cognitive association approach , euphoria approach , and the seduction of substance use approach to understanding illicit drug use.

The cognitive association approach , euphoria approach , and the seduction of substance use approach to understanding illicit drug use all address the onset and continuation of illicit drug use. They speak to the attraction of continued drug use. There are subtle differences. Lindesmith's view of substance dependency (cognitive association) came first. It focuses on the association of severe distress with the cessation of drug use. If an individual believes (this is the cognitive component) that physical or emotional disorder can only be averted (this is the association component) if he or she continues to engage in substance use, then continued drug use, leading to dependency, will result. McAuliffe and Gordon's euphoria approach followed Lindesmith. They focus on the intense good feelings associated with drug use, particularly heroin, as the key factor that induces users to begin and continue using illicit drugs. When individuals stop using the illicit drug, they experience an absence of euphoria, which is the source of symptoms associated with "withdrawal." Finally, Katz's seduction of crime approach, which is more similar to McAuliffe and Gordon's approach than to Lindesmith's approach, suggests that individuals use illicit drugs because they are inherently exciting. Their use provides an adrenaline "rush" or "high" apart from the effects of the substance itself.

What four additional risk factors add to the explanation of point cluster suicides?

The four additional risk factors are: (1) personal risk factors--personality/psychiatric disorders; (2) precipitating events, for example, traumatic experience and devastating social losses; (3) social isolation and absence of social support; and (4) the tendency to form relationships with people sharing similar characteristics.

Summarize the social integration approach to mental illness.

The main idea of the social integration approach to mental illness is that extremely high or low levels of societal integration can give rise to anxiety and mental disorders. When integration is too low, rates of mental disorders and levels of anxiety are high due to uncertainty in life and low social support. When integration is too high, stress, depression, and repressed aggression are increased because individuality is discouraged and emphasis is placed on group cohesion.

Summarize the exchange/social control theory of domestic violence.

The main premise of the exchange/social control approach is that when the perceived benefits for assaulting a family member outweigh the potential costs, then domestic violence is more probable. In addition, the absence of social controls to limit or prevent family violence increases the probability of domestic violence. Gelles also suggests that certain social and family structures serve to reduce social control in family relations and therefore reduce the costs and/or increase the rewards of being violent. Specifically, Gelles identifies three conditions that increase the likelihood of violence within the home: privacy, inequality, and the cultural link between violence and being a "real man." Domestic privacy limits the extent of social control over family interaction, because what occurs inside the home is considered a family matter, and those outside the family are subject to social norms discouraging their involvement. Men often have greater social and economic power than their wives and children. This greater power allows them more freedom to act violently toward their dependents without experiencing punishment. If women and children are dependent upon their abuser for food and shelter, they will tolerate domestic violence to a greater extent. Finally, our culture links violence and masculinity. The link between manliness and the willingness to use violence to establish dominance and control underlies much of domestic violence.

What role does the retreatist subculture play in illicit drug use?

The retreatist subculture can provide access to illicit drugs and a safe place to engage in illicit drug use. Participants in retreatist subcultures learn to use illicit drugs, are taught various justifications for their use and how to avoid notice by the police and other authorities.

According to Cloward and Ohlin, retreatist subculture provides the opportunity and social supports necessary for unhealthy alcohol use. True False

True

For men, binge drinking means consuming five drinks in a row. True False

True

Mental illness is the costliest medical disorder in the United States. True False

True

South America reports the lowest rate of cocaine use. True False

True

Distinguish between unipolar and bipolar depression.

Unipolar depression is also known as major depression. Symptoms of this serious mood disorder include dissatisfaction and anxiety; changes in appetite, sleep, and psychomotor functions; loss of interest and energy; feelings of guilt; thoughts of death; and diminished concentration. Bipolar depression is also known as manic-depression. It is similar to unipolar depression, in that there are periods characterized by the same symptoms. It is distinguished from unipolar depression by a rapid change from the depressed state to one of uncontrolled mania. The manic stage is characterized by elevated mood, increased psychomotor activity, and racing thought processes. Persons in the manic phase of their bipolar disorder experience a sense of omnipotence, coupled with a pronounced lack of judgment about the consequences of their actions.

In what region of the world is cannabis used most often? A.West AfricaB.CanadaC.the United States of AmericaD.the Netherlands

West Africa

In what region of the world is cannabis used most often? A.the NetherlandsB.CanadaC.West AfricaD.the United States of America

West Africa

According to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, how many Americans reported having at least one drink in the month prior to taking the survey? A.approximately 75%B.less than 20%C.about halfD.almost all

about half

When comparing adolescent drinkers to adult drinkers, on average ______. A.adolescents drink less during a single session than adults B.adolescents drink more frequently than adults C.adolescents are less likely to drink to intoxication than adults D.adolescents drink more during a single session than adults

adolescents drink more during a single session than adults

In the United States, in what age-group does drug use peak? A.age 12-17B.age 47-55C.age 29-35D.age 18-25

age 18-25

In cultures where drinking is ______ part of everyday life, alcohol dependency is typically lower. A.not aB.a casualC.an integralD.an occasional

an integral

What is the most prevalent form of mental illness in the United States?

anxiety

What is one factor that accounts for variations in the prevalence of mental illness around the world? A.cross-cultural variation in religion from culture to culture B.Doctors frequently misdiagnose mental illness. C.cross-cultural variation in tolerance for mentally ill behavior D.The World Health Organization definition of mental illness is incomplete.

cross-cultural variation in tolerance for mentally ill behavior

Which approach to mental illness suggests that deviance results from the clash of norms and values between different cultures over what is acceptable behavior? A.social reactionist theories B.anomie theories C.cultural conflict theories D.social integration theories

cultural conflict theories

Which of the following is a societal-level explanation of alcohol use? A.cultural integration B.social learning C.self-derogation D.social strain

cultural integration

What is the most disabling mental disorder suffered by person between the ages of 15 and 44 in the United States? A.anxiety B.schizophrenia C.depression D.bipolar disorder

depression

When defining alcoholism, ______ refers to the frequent inability to stop drinking once a person has begun. A.physical dependenceB.cravingC.toleranceD.loss of control

loss of control

When examining the demographic profile of alcohol users in the United States according to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, ______. A.divorced women drink more than divorced men B.single, never married, people drink more than married people C.women drink more than men D.men drink more than women

men drink more than women

oe suffered a back injury when deployed and became addicted to OxyContin. When he was unable to legally obtain this drug, he began injecting heroin. In order to find the heroin, he accessed what Cloward and Ohlin would call a ______ subculture. A.retreatistB.violentC.criminalD.drug

retreatist

Cloward and Ohlin would explain rates of alcohol use and alcoholism in society by studying the prevalence of ______. A.taboos against alcohol useB.cultural norms favoring alcohol useC.retreatist subculturesD.norms related to self-derogation

retreatist subcultures

Individuals with ______ may hear voices that are not there, exhibit disorganized speech and behavior, or seem to lose touch with reality. A.mood disorder B.schizotypal personality disorder C.schizophrenia D.borderline personality disorder

schizophrenia

Which of the following is an example of corporal punishment? A.time-out B.isolation C.spanking D.writing lines

spanking

According to Robert Agnew, what is a causal factor leading to mental illness? A.the stress caused by blocked opportunities to reach generally accepted goals B.unrealistic expectations that individuals conform perfectly to group norms C.an individual raised in one cultural failing to adapt to a new culture D.society seeking to control those that lack money and power

the stress caused by blocked opportunities to reach generally accepted goals

When comparing adults' alcohol drinking behavior based on whether their religious beliefs are important to them, ______. A.those who agree that religious beliefs are important to them are more likely to drinkB.those without any religious beliefs are less likely to drinkC.those who report having no religious beliefs are less likely to drink compared to those who deny that religious beliefs are important to themD.those who deny that religious beliefs are important to them are more likely to drink

those who deny that religious beliefs are important to them are more likely to drink

When comparing schizophrenia across cultures, cultural differences are found in symptom expression, tolerance, and course of the illness. True False

True

While symptoms and diagnoses vary, mental illness is a cultural universal. True False

True

Which statement summarizes the link between social status and mental health? A.Being middle class is associated with a higher risk of mental illness. B.Being lower social class is associated with more treatment options for mental illness. C.Being higher social class is associated with higher risk of mental illness. D.Being lower social class is associated with a higher risk of mental illness.

Being lower social class is associated with more treatment options for mental illness.

Summarize the prevalence of mental illness by gender, race/ethnicity, and class.

Compared to men, women are more likely to have some form of mental illness and more likely to suffer from serious mental disorder. A greater number of indigenous Americans suffer from mental illness compared to any other racial/ethnic group. By comparison, ethnicities grouped under the label "Asian" have the lowest rates of mental illness. Rates of mental illness are much higher among those living in poverty, while members of the upper class have higher rates of minor mental health disorders.

A "point cluster" is a relatively high number of suicides that occur soon after the broadcasting or publishing of an actual or fictional suicide. True False

False

Almost every person over the age of 18 in the United States has a diagnosable mental disorder. True False

False

Altruistic suicide occurs when a society is characterized by little social integration. True False

False

Intimate partner victimization has been steadily increasing over the past several decades. True False

False

What characteristics are most common in cases of homicide followed by suicide?

Homicide followed by suicide is relatively rare. The offender is typically a White, middle-aged or older male with a history of domestic violence and/or substance abuse. The victim is most often a female estranged spouse or romantic partner killed in a residence. In his study of homicide-suicide in England, West found that the homicide-suicide offenders are more likely to kill family members, to kill multiple victims, and to be less likely to have a criminal record than the homicide-only offenders. In his study of the United States, Wolfgang found that White homicide offenders are more likely to kill themselves than Black homicide offenders. Finally, homicide offenders who kill themselves soon after the murder are far more likely to be emotionally tied to their victims than are offenders who do not commit suicide.

Distinguish between the categories of suicide identified by Emile Durkheim.

In the book Suicide, Durkheim argued that the degree of social integration is related to the rates of suicide in a country or group. He offered a typography of suicide that eventually include four types. Altruistic suicide occurs in societies characterized by excessively high levels of social integration, in which individuality is lost to the collective interests. A person lives for the good of his or her society and is willing to sacrifice everything, even life itself, for the welfare of others. Egoistic suicide is associated with societies characterized by little social integration. When individuals are disconnected from each and social ties are weak or broken, individualistic behavior is more common. In the absence of involvement with others, life may lose meaning, resulting in suicide. Anomic suicide occurs when there is rapid change in the social integration. Individuals are thrown into disarray. Suicide then occurs because norms or guides for individual behavior that enable them to avoid seeing suicide as a viable option are either nonexistent or no longer applicable. Fatalistic suicide occurs under conditions of overregulation of individual behavior. When individual behavior is tightly controlled by others and personal autonomy is rendered impossible, a sense of powerlessness may ensue.

Discuss causes and consequences of learned helplessness?

Learned helplessness refers to the inability to predict the outcome of one's actions. According to Lenore Walker, learned helplessness results from the development of a "survival" strategy for victims of domestic violence. Rather than defining their situation as domestic violence, victims adjust their own behavior to minimize abuse, asking permission for the smallest action in an attempt to pacify their abuser. This adaption to an abusive relationship reinforces a victim's dependence on the will of their abuser.

What is the relationship between mental illness and suicide? A.Schizophrenics are less likely to kill themselves than people with no mental health issues. B.A mental health diagnosis reduces the likelihood of attempting suicide. C.Treating mood disorders with marijuana reduces suicide attempts. D.People with one or more psychiatric symptoms account for most suicides.

People with one or more psychiatric symptoms account for most suicides.

The definition of mental illness is influenced by the social and cultural context in which it occurs. True False

True

Thorsten Sellin would agree that an individual raised in one culture, but now living in another culture, may receive a diagnosis of mental illness because of a clash of norms and values between those cultures over what is acceptable behavior. True False

True

When a husband's preferences routinely outweigh the wife's preferences, the probability of domestic violence is higher. True False

True

Distinguish between three macroanalytic approaches to explaining suicide.

Varies. This essay will distinguish between three macroanalytic approaches to suicide: Gibbs and Martin's status integration/role conflict approach; Henry and Short's prestige-based approach; and Merton's anomie approach. Gibbs and Martin contend that status integration and the related concept of role conflict are key factors to understanding suicide. Status integration refers to the frequency that a set of statuses is found in a population. For example, it is easy to find female kindergarten teachers, but male kindergarten teachers are relatively rare. The absence of status integration leads to role conflict or clash of expectations of one role with another. The more unusual the status set, the greater the experience of role conflict and the more likely suicide becomes. Henry and Short suggest that rates of suicide are predicted by three key variables. The first variable is prestige (status), strength of the relational system (the extent of the interpersonal network enjoyed by each individual), and the level of external restraint (expectations that individuals conform). Individuals who are low in status, highly involved in the lives of others, and must meet the demands and expectations of many others have several external targets to blame for life's frustrations. In the absence of these external causes, individuals are left with only themselves to blame for disappointments and failures, increasing the likelihood of suicide. Finally, Merton's anomie theory of suicide, in which anomie refers to the disjunction between culturally approved goals and the institutionalized means for attaining them. It is assumed that persons within a given culture are socialized to strive for the same goals (i.e., wealth) but for many the means to reach these goals, such as higher education, may not be available or may not lead to the desirable goal. In this approach, suicide is an extreme form of retreatism, or the rejection of the culturally approved goals and the institutionalized means for pursuing them.

What is the single best predictor of a successful suicide? A.depression combined with anxiety B.keeping a gun in the house C.writing suicide letters D.a previous suicide attempt

a previous suicide attempt

During what period are mental disorders most common? A.adolescence B.childhood C.adults during retirement D.adults of working age

adults of working age

What is the best way to understand suicide notes? A.in the context of a suicidal act B.as idiosyncratic deviance C.as a component of the suicide process D.as evidence of serious mental health issues

in the context of a suicidal act

Which of the following is considered an individual-level explanation of suicide? A.the status integration approach B.anomie theory C.the phenomenological approach D.the social integration approach

anomie theory

What is the most prevalent form of mental illness in the United States? A.schizophrenia B.depression C.schizotypal mood disorder D.anxiety

anxiety

Women who have experienced intimate partner violence are more prone to ______. A.attempt suicide B.abuse their own children C.abuse their own parents D.file false police reports

attempt suicide

Kwame purchases a gun and plans to shoot himself in the head. He succeeds, but the bullet ricochets off his skull, leaving him in a coma. Which of the following terms applies? A.suicide B.the suicide process C.attempted suicide D.rational choice

attempted suicide

Straus's ______ theory suggests that in a family where the man has a greater ability to make decisions than his wife, the probability of domestic violence is higher. A.social exchange B.frustration-aggression C.routine activities D.balance of power

balance of power

What is the common goal of suicide, according to psychologist Edwin Shneidman? A.cessation of consciousness B.self-medication C.revenge D.to seek a solution

cessation of consciousness

Which approach to mental illness suggests that deviance results from the clash of norms and values between different cultures over what is acceptable behavior? A.social integration theories B.social reactionist theories C.cultural conflict theories D.anomie theories

cultural conflict theories

Which theory suggests that when perceived benefits for assaulting a family member outweigh potential costs, domestic violence is more likely? A.power theory B.exchange/social control theory C.feminist theory D.subculture of violence

exchange/social control theory

What is the common emotional element in suicide, according to psychologist Edwin Shneidman? A.hopelessness-helplessness B.revenge C.frustration-aggression D.anomie

hopelessness-helplessness

Domestic violence that involves aggression between persons who are in a close relationship is known as ______. A.family abuse B.dating violence C.domestic partner violence D.intimate partner violence

intimate partner violence

Following his divorce, Akbar experiences a near constant dissatisfaction with his life. He has overwhelming anxiety. He eats twice as much as he did when he was married and sleeps much less. He feels guilty about the end of this marriage and is unable to concentrate on even the simplest activity. Akbar ______. A.is schizophrenic B.has borderline personality disorder C.is depressed D.is bipolar

is depressed

When it comes to suicide, ______. A.most people who attempt suicide showed no risk factors at all B.preparing suicide letters is the most common warning sign C.it is rare for an individual to manifest all the warning signs D.it is common for individuals to give no warning signs of their plans

it is rare for an individual to manifest all the warning signs

Georgia tries to please her husband but is unable to predict how he will respond to her actions. She tends to ask permission for even the smallest behavior, such as checking her social media. This is an example of ______. A.religious violence B.frustration-aggression theory C.post-traumatic stress disorder D.learned helplessness

learned helplessness

Which of the following is a specific risk factor for intimate partner and sexual violence identified by the World Health Organization? A.low educational levels B.infertility C.schizophrenia D.suicide attempts

low educational levels

There was an increase in the number of suicides following the suicide of singer Kurt Cobain. What does this illustrate? A.point cluster B.domino cluster C.space-time cluster D.mass cluster

mass cluster

Which mental health issue most increases the risk of suicide? A.manic-depressive B.schizophrenia C.mood disorders D.anxiety

mood disorders

When it comes to the United States, ______. A.about half of all teenagers are spanked B.most toddlers are spanked C.only a quarter of infants are spanked D.very few toddlers are spanked

most toddlers are spanked

Which form of intimate partner violence is associated with the highest financial cost? A.rape B.stalking C.death D.physical assault

physical assault

Learned helplessness refers to the inability to ______. A.predict which potential partners are abusive B.please an abusive partner C.survive without your abusive partner D.predict the response of an abusive partner

please an abusive partner

According to the Center for Disease Control, ______ is a societal-level risk factor for intimate partner violence. A.belief in strict gender roles B.being isolated from other people C.economic stress D.population density

population density

What is the most common form of elderly abuse? A.psychological abuse B.physical abuse C.financial abuse D.sexual abuse

psychological abuse

Individuals with ______ may hear voices that are not there, exhibit disorganized speech and behavior, or seem to lose touch with reality. A.mood disorder B.schizophrenia C.borderline personality disorder D.schizotypal personality disorder

schizophrenia

Which term would describe the meaning and interpretations a victim of abuse attaches to the behavior of their abuser? A.learned helplessness B.social definition C.intimate partner communication D.cycle of violence

social definition

Which theories are based on the work of Emile Durkheim? A.social integration theories B.phenomenological theories C.social conflict theories D.microanalytic theories

social integration theories

When it comes to understanding patterns of suicide, it is important to remember that ______. A.attempted suicide is counted in the official suicide rate B.suicide is underreported C.suicide has increased for most demographic categories D.suicide is overreported

suicide is underreported

The legal definition of intimate partner violence ______. A.varies slightly by state B.includes elder abuse and child abuse C.does not account for emotional abuse D.does not account for stalking

varies slightly by state

When comparing suicide rates, ______. A.the highest suicide rates are found in young adults aged 21-30 B.the male suicide rate exceeds the female suicide rate C.the lowest suicide rates are found in those over 65 D.most suicides occur in high-income countries

the male suicide rate exceeds the female suicide rate

What is the primary focus of the phenomenological approach to understanding suicide? A.distinguishing between suicide, attempted suicide, and murder-suicide B.preventing suicide at the societal level C.the categorization of suicide into one of four categories D.the meaning that an individual attaches to their behavior

the meaning that an individual attaches to their behavior

Which of the following is a clear warning sign of suicide? A.threatening to commit suicide B.spending less time at work and more time with family C.expressing a sudden interest in religion D.buying large life insurance policies

threatening to commit suicide

The definition of sexual violence includes "sexting" without consent. True False

true

Suicide refers to death caused by self-directed injurious behavior ______. A.with intention to die B.that involves a weapon C.that occurs spontaneously D.without other variables

with intention to die

______ is defined as a mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder resulting in serious functional impairment, which substantially interferes with or limits one or more major life activities. A."Any mental illness" B.The legal definition of mental illness C."Atypical mental illness" D."Serious mental illness"

"Serious mental illness"

Compare and contrast the social and legal understanding of domestic violence.

Both the legal and social understanding of what domestic violence are based on the understanding that domestic violence encompasses physical, sexual, emotional, and/or psychological abuse. Socially and legally, domestic violence involves coercion through the use of intimidating, threatening, harmful, or harassing behavior. Legal definitions vary slightly by state and determine what sort of behavior a victim can seek police and court intervention for. Socially, individuals actively create meaning, both for their own behavior and the behavior of other people, including romantic partners. We interpret the motivations of others, for example, as kind or mean, helpful or harmful, appropriate or inappropriate. Victims of spousal assault construct a "definition of the situation" that takes into account their economic resources and social supports, religious beliefs, and access to legal assistance and protective programs. Victims who are economically dependent, who believe divorce is religiously prohibited, who do not gain emotional support from others, or who do not have access to police or legal assistance or protective shelters are less likely to see alternatives to their abusive situation. They tend to define their situation as hopeless and themselves as helpless to change it. Therefore, when abusive behavior occurs, it may fit into the legal criteria of domestic abuse, but the victim might not define the behavior that way. If the victim is unable to define their abuser as an abuser, justifying their behavior as the result of temporary conditions, they will find it much harder to seek legal intervention.

When a man's race differs from his partner, he has an elevated risk of experiencing intimate partner violence. True False

True

Apply frustration-aggression theory to domestic violence.

Dollard's frustration-aggression hypothesis states that frustration always leads to aggression. Family life is filled with frustrating experiences, in which one person's goals are impeded by another family member's activities or preferences. The aggression that follows a frustration may be verbal or physical. The intensity can escalate. When the aggression does not remove the frustration, that can also be frustrating, leading to more aggression.

Describe the various forms of domestic violence.

Domestic violence can be physical, sexual, emotional, and/or psychological. Socially and legally, domestic violence involves coercion through the use of intimidating, threatening, harmful, or harassing behavior. There are three forms of domestic violence. Intimate partner violence involves domestic abuse between current or former romantic partners. Child maltreatment and elder abuse can involve both deliberate harm and neglect. Specific kinds of child abuse include physical, sexual, and emotional abuse. The final form of domestic violence is elder abuse. In addition to physical, sexual, and emotional abuse, elder abuse can take the form of financial exploitation or abuse.

Distinguish between forms of elder abuse.

Elder abuse is a form of domestic violence. There are several forms of elder abuse. First, there is physical abuse, which refers to intentionally causing physical pain, illness, or death. Another category of elder abuse is sexual abuse. This form of elder abuse includes rape and sexual assault against an elderly victim. Abusers that intentionally cause anguish, mental pain, fear, or distress through verbal or nonverbal behavior are committing emotional/psychological abuse. Neglect is the deliberate failure by a caregiver to protect an elder from harm. It also refers to failure to meet reasonable needs for essential medical care, nutrition, and shelter, resulting in a serious risk to health and/or safety. The final category of elder abuse is financial abuse. This form of elder abuse refers to a caregiver stealing, or using under false pretensions, the money of an elderly person.

Most households in the United States do not spank children of any age. True False

False

Most research suggests that occasional use of corporal punishment is effective at changing behavior in children. True False

False

Those who suffer from mental illness do not have an increased risk for committing suicide. True False

False

When comparing suicide rates by social structural factors such as occupation, a teacher has a higher risk of suicide than a farmer. True False

False

Worldwide, depression is the best single predictor of suicidal death. True False

False

Identify the steps that provide rationalization for suicide described by Jacobs.

First, a person experiences a series of overwhelming problems they cannot find a way to resolve. These unresolved problems are viewed as part of a downward spiral, a progressively worse series of negative events that do not end. Death is seen as the only way to free one's self from the continual misery. Social isolation begets more social isolation. The individual strives to overcome strict social norms against suicide. Social isolation facilitates that process. The decision to commit suicide is rationalized as not a denunciation that life is sacred but its affirmation despite the desire to end the misery of one's life. The suicide victims tend to view life's problems as beyond their control, fixable only through self-inflicted death. Once suicide becomes inevitable, it is also viewed as beyond individual control, and the person no longer feels responsible or guilty for the decision to end his or her own life. To ensure they will not be condemned in the afterlife, they ask to be forgiven or that prayers be extended on their behalf.

Distinguish between the phases of the cycle of violence.

Lenore Walker called the process that characterizes the relationships between an abusive partner and their victim as a cycle of violence. The cycle of violence plays out in three phases. In Phase 1, there is a buildup of tension and hostility in the relationship. The eventual abuser becomes increasingly negative toward the victim. This avoidance can be interpreted as a threat to leave, which triggers increased oppressiveness, jealousy, and possessiveness. Phase 2 is when the actual battering occurs. Phase 3 is considered the "honeymoon phase" in which the abusive partner attempts to convince the victim of their remorse. In this phase, the abuser pleads for forgiveness and makes extraordinary efforts to be kind and solicitous. The help of friends or family members might be requested to convince the victim to stay with the abuser. This cycle of violence is the pattern of the abusive relationship because the abuser who successfully navigates the honeymoon phase, convincing their partner to return, will eventually experience the same buildup of tension that started the pattern.

Apply social learning theory to domestic violence.

There are four components of social learning theory: differential association, definitions, differential reinforcement, and imitation. A more recent addition to the components of social learning theory is differential identification. In the content of domestic violence, differential association means interaction with persons who favor the use of violence to control behavior in the home more frequently than with persons who advocate for nonviolent conflict resolution will increase the likelihood of domestic violence. Definitions refer to the meaning that is assigned to certain behaviors. When domestic violence is defined as normative, necessary, and justifiable, it will be routinely carried out in the home. Differential reinforcement of a given behavior is a consequence of the rewards received or anticipated. When domestic violence is positively rewarded by the compliance of the victim with the wishes of the perpetrator, or a sense of power, it is reinforced and repeated. Imitation means simply that individuals model or copy the behavior of others. People exposed to domestic violence have a higher likelihood of engaging in domestic violence. Differential identification refers to the fact that the domestic violence offender can identify with another offender, who is likely to condone their behavior. This explains why not all people exposed to domestic violence become offenders--not identifying with the offender makes them less likely to see violence as an acceptable strategy.

Summarize Henry and Short's approach to understanding suicide.

There are three primary components of Henry and Short's approach to understanding suicide: prestige, relational system, and external restraints. As the prestige, or status, becomes greater, the suicide rate increases. As the external restraints, or rules that limit behavior, decrease, the suicide rate increases. As the strength of the relational system, or the number of peers in an individual's social network, decreases, the suicide rate increases.

How do those who leave suicide notes compare to those who do not? A.They are very similar. B.They are very different. C.Those who leave suicide notes are more likely to have attempted suicide in the past. D.Those who leave suicide notes typically use more lethal means than those who do not.

They are very similar.

Which person below is most at risk for suicide? A.Jerome, a teenager raised in a single-parent home B.Lucia, a bisexual woman in her 30s who is married C.Beverly, a young Black female who has never married D.Tom, an older White male who recently went through a divorce

Tom, an older White male who recently went through a divorce

A sociologist using the medical model to explain depression would suggest that it results from a chemical imbalances or brain dysfunction. True False

True

Behavior considered normal in one culture can be a symptom of mental illness is another culture. True False

True

Both separation and divorce increase the risk of suicide. True False

True

Female survivors of intimate partner violence are more likely to use drugs and alcohol to excess. True False

True

Hannah's inability to predict how her abuser will respond to her actions is called learned helplessness. True False

True

Having more than one mental illness increases the risk of suicide. True False

True

If the self-injury does not involve the intention to die, then suicide/attempted suicide has not occurred. True False

True

Intimate partner violence refers to domestic violence that involves aggression between persons who are in a close relationship. True False

True

Most mental health professionals use the medical model for the diagnosis, treatment, and understanding of mental illnesses. True False

True

Suicide notes help researchers understand the underlying dynamics of suicide. True False

True

The "subculture of violence" is a major factor underlying the prevalence of domestic violence in the United States. True False

True

The biggest risk factor associated with intimate violence for men is childhood maltreatment. True False

True

The combination of physical illness and psychiatric illness increases the risk of suicide. True False

True

When comparing victimization rates for bisexual men and bisexual women, ______. A.bisexual women in heterosexual relationships are more likely to experience intimate partner violence B.bisexual men in same-sex relationships are more likely to experience intimate partner violence C.bisexual men are more likely to experience intimate partner violence D.bisexual women are more likely to experience intimate partner violence

bisexual women are more likely to experience intimate partner violence

Jakob believes that the use of violence against wives and children is acceptable and shows his manliness. According to routine activities theory, Jakob is ______. A.a frustrated aggressor B.a motivated offender C.experiencing unreciprocity D.part of a subculture of violence

motivated offender

How is the suicide rate calculated? A.the number of deaths caused by suicide divided by the total population B.the number of deaths attributed to suicide divided by the total number of deaths C.number of deaths caused by suicide per 100,000 persons D.number of deaths identified as suicide per demographic category

number of deaths caused by suicide per 100,000 persons

Ashley has withdrawn from her friends as she prepares to take her own life. Which step in the process of suicide does this illustrate? A.seeking a way to overcome social norms against suicide B.problems are perceived as never ending C.social isolation D.experiencing a series of overwhelming problems

social isolation

Age, race, and gender are all examples of the ______ level of increased risk for suicide. A.life circumstances B.demographic C.social structural positioning D.individual

social structural positioning