Test 2 Notes

Testosterone

reduces oxytocin

Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)

studies reaction between stress and the immune system, endocrine system, and our nervous system

Positive Reappraisal

taking a second to look back at a stressful event and look for the positive things

Displacement

taking anger out on another person or thing ex. slamming the door

Reaction Formation

taking opposite belief because true belief causes anxiety

3 Strategies of Direct Coping

Confrontation, Compromise, and Withdrawal

Withdrawal

avoiding a situation can be effective when compromise is not possible

Three students, Fred, Alice and Carl, were all preparing for an important exam. Fred was not at all stressed about the exam and chose to see a movie instead of studying. Fred failed the exam. Alice was somewhat stressed about the exam, so she studied each day for two weeks. Alice passed the exam. Carl was extremely stressed about the exam. Although he'd originally planned to study for four hours each day, each time he sat down to study, Carl had an anxiety attack. Like Fred, Carl ultimately failed the exam. Which student in the above scenario was experiencing eustress, as defined by your textbook? a) Fred b) Alice c) Carl d) None of the students experienced eustress.

b) Alice Alice experienced eustress, defined as the optimal amount of stress that people need to promote health and well-being. Fred was not stressed enough about the exam; whereas, Carl was too stressed.

Stress causes cancer. a) True b) False

b) False As stated in the textbook, "...stress itself cannot give a person cancer." However, stress can have a suppressing effect on the immune system, which makes the unchecked growth of cancer more likely.

Which personality type is most likely to strongly agree with the following statement: "I can relax without guilt"?. a) Type A b) Type B c) Type C d) Type F

b) Type B According to your textbook, Type B personalities are most likely to strongly agree with this statement.

Which of the following is an example of an avoidance-avoidance conflict? a) a person who enjoys the ocean has to choose between retiring in the Bahamas or in Tahiti b) a student has to decide whether to turn in an unfinished paper and receive a failing grade or hand it in late and lose many points c) someone wanting to eat some cake but not wanting the calories d) a person who loves chocolate must choose between chocolate cake or chocolate ice cream

b) a student has to decide whether to turn in an unfinished paper and receive a failing grade or hand it in late and lose many points Avoidance-avoidance conflicts involve having to choose between two undesirable outcomes.

Trying to decide on whether to take a trip to the Bahamas, which would be very enjoyable but would severely limit the amount of money you would have to spend on other items, is an example of a(n) a) approach-approach conflict. b) approach-avoidance conflict. c) avoidance-avoidance conflict. d) multiple approach-avoidance conflict.

b) approach-avoidance conflict. Approach-avoidance conflicts focus on one decision that has both positive and negative aspects to it.

Research shows that ____________lowers blood pressure in adolescents and adults. a) sensory deprivation b) concentrative meditation c) sublimation d) acculturation

b) concentrative meditation Concentrative mediation places one in a state of relaxation and lowers blood pressure

The Type A behavior pattern is a significant predictor of a) mental illness. b) coronary heart disease. c) cancer. d) respiratory illnesses .

b) coronary heart disease. The original development of the idea of Type A personality was in order to describe and predict the individuals who were at high risk for heart disease.

When stress levels are elevated, the amount of natural killer cells in the body tends to a) increase. b) decrease. c) stay the same. d) There are not enough data to say at this point.

b) decrease Natural killer cells are important cells in the body that serve to limit the growth of cancerous cells. During times of stress, the level of natural killer cells tends to decrease, thus increasing the chances of tumor growth.

The response an individual might have to an unpleasant stressor, such as losing his job, would be called a) eustress. b) distress. c) stress appraisal. d) negative stressors.

b) distress The response to negative stressors is called distress and the response to positive stressors or the optimal level of stressors is referred to as eustress.

Asian Americans

enjoy big and close contact with others but don't disclose reason for stress

Internal Locus of Control

you believe you are responsible for your own actions

Type D

"disstressed personality" depression, shyness, pessimistic, sarcastic, cornary heart disease, too much cortizol (can cause heart attack

Over ____% of marriages end in divorce

50

Extreme stressors in order

1 unemployment 2 divorce/separation 3 Bereavement 4 Catastrophes 5 Combat and other threatening attacks

5 Sources of Frustration

1. Delays 2. Lack of resources 3. Losses 4. Failures 5. Discrimination

____ Americans live with extreme stress

1/3

Approach/Avoidance Conflict

2 possibilities, each have good AND bad qualities, attracted and repelled at the same time

__-__% of the effect of any biological cure is caused by the placebo effect

30-50

Over ____% of children under 18 are a product of a divorce

40

GAS

Alarm Reaction---> Resistance----> Exhaustion

4 ways to a healthy lifestyle

Diet, exercise, quit smoking, avoid high risk behaviors

9

__ out of 10 drivers have experienced road rage toward them

1500-2000

____-____ injuries and fatalities due to road rage

The Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) measures stress related to a) positive and negative life events. b) only negative life events. c) only positive life events. d) internal stressors.

a) positive and negative life events. The SRRS assumes that any change (either positive or negative) will serve as a stressor in an individual's life.

The term used to describe the physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to events that are viewed as threatening or challenging is a) stress. b) stressors. c) uncontrollability. d) pressures.

a) stress The response itself is called stress and the event that causes the response is called a stressor.

Sublimation

act out unacceptable impulses in socially acceptable ways ex. working out when angry

Adjustment

any effort to cope with stress

Stressor

any environmental demand that creates a sense of tension requires that we adapt and adjust

Confrontation

attack problem head on and find solution, anger can be effective if expressed with restraint

Her mother is ill and Vanna is feeling overwhelmed and sad. To cope with this stress of her mother's illness, Vanna has been writing her feelings down in a journal. Vanna is using a) problem-focused coping. b) emotion-focused coping. c) distraction. d) reappraisal.

b) emotion-focused coping. Vanna is coping with her stress by focusing on and thinking about her emotions.

Arnold was repeatedly passed up for a promotion. In reaction to this frustration, Arnold quit his job. Which of the following best describes Arnold's approach to dealing with frustration? a) displaced aggression b) escape or withdrawal c) downward social comparison d) projection

b) escape or withdrawal Arnold's approach to dealing with frustration is to escape or withdrawal by leaving his job, the perceived source of his frustration.

Which of the following is an example of a stressor that would be classified as a hassle according to Richard Lazarus? a) getting married b) locking your keys in the car c) losing your house due to a flood d) the death of a family member

b) locking your keys in the car Lazarus focused on the minor daily annoyances, such as losing your car keys, as a significant source of stress in our lives.

Gloria is a tax accountant and is very busy from January to April 15, which is the tax return filing deadline. She feels that she must work long hours during this time to meet the April 15 deadline for her clients. Gloria is experiencing a) anxiety. b) pressure. c) overload. d) cognitive dissonance.

b) pressure Although anxiety may be a result of pressure, Gloria is experiencing pressure as a result of her need to work longer hours to meet a deadline.

After we have decided that a certain event is a stressor, we must decide how we will deal with it and what resources are available for coping with the stressor. This process is called a) primary appraisal. b) secondary appraisal. c) stress-related decision. d) hassle-related decision.

b) secondary appraisal. Secondary appraisal involves deciding how to deal with a stressor and estimating the resources available for coping with it, while primary appraisal is the first step we take when facing a potential threat; it involves estimating its severity and determining whether it is a challenge or a threat.

Proactive Coping

be proactive, anticipate stressful events and take stepsto avoid them or minimize impact

Alarm Reaction

began when body realized danger

Resilience

bounce back and can let things go easily

According to your textbook, which personality type may have the highest risk for developing cancer? a) Type A b) Type B c) Type C d) Type F

c) Type C Type C people tend to have difficulty expressing negative emotions. They may internalize their anger and are often lonely. These characteristics have been associated with a higher risk of developing cancer.

A woman who had an unpleasant confrontation with her boss and then goes home and yells at the dog would be displaying a) uncontrollability. b) pressure. c) displaced aggression. d) catastrophe.

c) displaced aggression. Displaced aggression often occurs when the person or object that a person is really angry at is not an accessible target.

According to Selye, some people may develop illnesses such as high blood pressure or weakened immune system during the ______ stage of the general adaptation syndrome. a) alarm b) collapse c) exhaustion d) resistance

c) exhaustion During the resistance stage, the body uses its resources to fight off the stressor. It is not until the next stage, exhaustion, that bodily resources are so depleted that stress- related diseases can develop.

Pepe moved from Argentina to France. He chose not to learn to speak and write French, continues to maintain his old culture's styles of dress and customs, and lives in a neighborhood where only people from Argentina live. Pepe has used which method of entering the majority culture? a) integration b) assimilation c) separation d) marginalization

c) separation Separation occurs when a person tries to maintain his or her original cultural identity. Assimilation occurs when a person completely gives up his or her old cultural identity and adopts the majority culture's ways.

4 proven ways to reduce stress

calm down, reach out, religion and alturism, learn to cope effectively

HD EEG

cap with 256 electrobes while going through a [usually monotonous] virtualbuilding

Conflict

causes: incompatible demands, opportunities, and needs or goals

Hans Selye

coined General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Exhaustion

completely exhausted after a period of chronic stress ineffective coping mechanisms synical belief that nothing is worth it leads to Stockholm Syndrome

According to the cognitive-mediational theory of emotions proposed by Richard Lazarus, which of the following would be the best way to reduce the stress of losing a job? a) Try to ignore the problem. b) Try to understand all the negative implications of the loss. c) List all the resources that you do not have available and will need to acquire. d) View the loss as a challenge and opportunity to explore a new career.

d) View the loss as a challenge and opportunity to explore a new career. The cognitive-mediational theory of emotions suggests that the way we think about or interpret a stressor is the biggest factor in determining our response.

You are a psychologist working with a new client, an immigrant from China, who is experiencing adjustment problems due to stress. Which of the following are you first going to consider when assessing your client's ability to cope? a) use of meditative strategies b) use of psychological defense mechanisms c) ability to use biofeedback equipment d) cultural background

d) cultural background Psychological defense mechanisms are significant but would not be as important in your initial assessment as would cultural background, especially since the client is from a country with a very different culture.

Stress has been shown to be related to a) increased resistance to environmental threats. b) decreased efficiency of the reticular formation. c) increased galvanic skin response. d) decreased efficiency of the body's immune system.

d) decreased efficiency of the body's immune system. Stress is related to decreased efficiency of the immune system.

Someone who would be classified as having a Type C personality would be likely to a) openly express his or her anger at someone. b) try to always look on the bright side of a situation. c) display a great deal of hostility when things don't go his or her way. d) internalize his or her anger so that no one can see his or her true emotion.

d) internalize his or her anger so that no one can see his or her true emotion. Type C personalities tend to internalize their emotions.

Which method of acculturation would tend to lead to the greatest degree of stress? a) integration b) assimilation c) separation d) marginalization

d) marginalization Marginalization occurs when an individual is not a part of his original culture, nor is he a part of the new culture. This method of acculturation has been found to create the greatest amount of acculturative stress.

The general adaptation syndrome proposed by Hans Selye describes how we respond to stress with regard to our a) psychological reactions. b) emotional reactions. c) social reactions. d) physical reactions.

d) physical reactions. The general adaptation syndrome describes our body's physical reactions to stress.

Bereavement

death of a loved one

Compromise

deciding on a more realistic solution or goal when the ideal solution or goal is not practical

Charles G. Morris

developed 5 sources of frustration

Kurt Lewin

did a study on conflict in 1935 and developed the 3 basic types of conflict

Walter Cannon

discovered fight or flight

Pessimists

dwell on failure, expect to fail, probably will fail

Religion and Alturism

elderly people who pray more are less sick and are happier

Type A

everything HAS to be perfect, deal with life with patience and hostility, constantly striving for stress, everything has to be in order, never late ----high blood pressure, higher heart rate, more likely to get coronary heart disease

Calm Down

exercise, excessive writing, relaxation training

Hypocretes

father of modern medicine; 60 different ways of living

Frustration

feeling that occurs when we are prevented reaching a goal

Pressure

feeling that you need to speed up, intensify, or change the direction of your behavior

Optimists

happy about life and see life as a challenge and not a threat

Avoidance/Avoidance Conflict

have to choose 1 but you don't want to do either of them

Approach/Approach Conflict

have to make a choice of 2 equally appealing things but must do only 1

Alturism

help other peple

Type C

introvertive, sensitive, thoughtful, perfectionist

External Locus of Control

it's everyone else's fault, or due to luck/destiny causes less stress

Oxytocin

linked to by the tend and befirend response causes you to be more loving

Maslow

made hierarchy of needs (know them for the test) believed well adjusted people seek to actualize themselves, are unconventional, and creative thinkers

Rationalization

making up excuses for your behavior ex. "I was fired because i didn't kiss up to the boss"

Compromise is the...

most common and effective way of coping directly with stress

3 things that help people with PTSD

need to be at sight of trauma, emotional support from family and friends, and expectation that the person will return back to normal life

Type B

nothing bothers them, little annoyances of life are whatever, no test anxiety-- who cares?

Stockholm Syndrome

people who have been kidnapped have identified with the captors and want to please them

Resistance

physical symptoms and other signs of strain appear as we struggle against increasing psychological disorganization use of inappropriate coping techniques

Projection

placing unacceptable impulses in yourself onto somone else ex. losing an argument and saying "you're stupid"

Denial

refusing to accept the reality of a situation

Women

report that they are far more stressed

Direct Coping

see stress, hit it head on, see stress as being problem oriented, need to make some changes, immediate issues

European Americans

seek explicit social support

3 stages of dealing with catastrophes

shock stage, suggestible, recovery stage

Learn to Cope Effectively

sometimes we make things worse than they are

Richard Lazarus

specialized in stress, life's petty annoyances, and frustrations things that bother you everyday

Stress

state of psychological tension or strain

Reach Out

to friends and family

Hardiness

tolerate stress exceptionally well, THRIVE on stress

Repression

too painful to deal with; push them into the unconcious

Intellectualization

trying to avoid unacceptable emotions by focusing on intellectual aspects

Suppression

trying to forget something that causes you anxiety

Regression

turn to a previous stage of development and be immature