test 2 public health 303

cognitive factors

"personal factors" knowledge expectations attitudes

Five important theories

-diffusion of innovation -the health belief model -the transtheoretical model/stages of change -social cognitive theory -the social ecological model

main elements of diffusion of innovation theory

-innovation -social systems -time -communication process and channels

Theory can guide the search to:

-understand why people do or do not practice health promoting behaviors -help identify what information is needed to design an effective intervention strategy -provide insight into how to design a program so it is successful

stages of change when people change behavior

1: precontemplation no recognition of need for or interest in change 2: contemplation thinking about changing 3: preparation planning for change 4: action adopting new habits 5: maintenance ongoing practice of new healthier behavior

Two groups of theory

Explanation theory Change theory both types are rooted in and understanding of the social determinants of health and health behavior

Which of the following is correct about the social cognitive theory?

It can be readily applied to counseling interventions to prevent and manage diseases

social marketing

P's of marketing PRODUCT PRICE PLACE PROMOTION

Diffusion of innovation works better with adoption of good behaviors rather than cessation or prevention of bad behaviors.

True

counter-conditioning

a health behavior substitutes an unhealthy behaviors

self-efficacy

a person's confidence in his or her ability to successfully perform a behavior

perceived barriers

a person's feelings on the obstacles to performing a recommended health action

perceived severity

a person's feelings on the seriousness of contracting an illness or disease (or leaving the illness or disease untreated)

perceived benefits

a person's perception of the effectiveness of various actions available to reduce the threat of illness or disease (or to cure illness or disease)

perceived susceptibility

a person's subjective perception of the risk of acquiring an illness or disease

what is a theory

a theory is a set of interrelated concepts, definitions, and preposition that explains or predicts events or situations by specifying relationships among variables helps explain behavior can suggest ways to achieve behavior change

self-liberation

commitment to change behavior based on the belief that achievement of the health behavior is possible

self-efficacy sct

confidence or belief in one's ability to perform a given behavior

self-control sct

controlling oneself through self-monitoring, goal setting, feedback, self reward, self-instruction, and enlistment of social support

One day, John's best friend said to him: "Hearing about the flu from experts like you reminds me to go for a flu shot." What John's best friend said describes which of these constructs of the Health Belief Model?

cues to action

social system

defined as a set of interrelated units that are engaged in joint problem solving to accomplish a common goal the members or units of a social system may be individuals, informal groups, organizations, and or subsystems

HBM

developed to help understand why people did or did not use preventive services offered by public health departments in the 1950's, and has evolved to address newer concerns in prevention and detection

dramatic relief

emotional arousal about the health behavior whether positive or negative arousal

S. cognitive theory

explains human behavior in terms of a three-way, dynamic, reciprocal model in which personal factors, environmental influences, and behavior continually interact readily applied to counseling interventions for disease prevention and management started as social learning theory

helping relationships

finding supportive relationships that encourage the desired change

interventions should not only be targeted at individuals but should also affect interpersonal, organizational, and environmental factors influencing health behavior. ecological perspective***

health interventions

TTM 10 process how people change behavior

help us understand when people change behavior the processes of change help understand how change occurs people DO NOT always move through the stages in a linear manner often recycle and repeat certain stages for example individuals may relapse and go back to an earlier stage depending on their of motivation and self efficacy

health behavior

includes all of those things we do that influence our physical mental, emotional, psychological, and spiritual self

consciousness raising

increasing awareness about the behavior

key constructs social ecological model

individual- knowledge, attitude, skills interpersonal- social network organizational- environment, ethos community- cultural value, norms public policy emphasize idea that behaviors both shape and are shaped by the social environment

adopter categories

innovator-2.5 early adopters-13.5 early majority- 34 late majority-34 laggards-18

adopter catergories

innovators- first to want to try the innovation; take risks early adopters- represent opinion leaders. they enjoy leadership roles, and embrace change opportunities early majority- are rarely leaders, but they do adopt new ideas before the average person late majority- are skeptical of change, and will only adopt an innovation after it has been tried by the majority laggards- are bound by tradition and very conservative. they are very skeptical of change and are the hardest group to bring on board

time

involved in the innovation-decision process affects the innovativeness affects rate of adoption

environmental reevaluation

it is looking at the behavior in light of its impact or effect on the physical environment

social liberation

it is the process whereby options or alternatives are sough that support the new behavior

observational learning sct

learning by watching others and copying their behavior

Two years after Bernice had tried to persuade John to stop smoking in vain, she met John at a friend's wedding. To Bernice's surprise, John said to her: "Thank you very much. I have stopped smoking. I now want to remain in my current position as a non-smoker!" Which of the following stages of change of the transtheoretical model illustrate the term "I now want to remain in my current position as a non-smoker"?

maintenance

reciprocal determinism

means that a person can be both an agent for change and a responder to change dynamic interplay among personal factor environment and behavior. changing one of this factors may affect the others a core construct also central to social ecological models

DOI limitations

most of the evidence did not originate in public health and was not developed to apply to adoption of new behaviors or health innovations does not foster a participatory approach to adoption of a public health program works better with adoption of behaviors rather than cessation or prevention of behaviors it does not take into account an individuals resources or social support to adopt the new behavior/innovation

According to the diffusion of innovation theory, which of the following is a NOT a characteristic of innovation?

observational learning

theory, research, and practice

part of a continuum for understanding the determinants of behaviors, testing strategies for change and disseminating effective interventions

social cognitive theory

people learn not only through their own experiences but also by observing the actions of other and the results of those actions there is a dynamic interplay among personal factors, the environment, and behavior developed by albert bandura

In the Health Belief Model, what is the construct that describes the degree people deem a particular diseases or condition to be serious?

perceived severity

HBM core constructs

perceived susceptibility perceived severity perceived benefits perceived barriers cue to action self-efficacy

diffusion of innovation theory

process by which innovation is communicated among members of a social system over time through certain channels

When public health professionals became convinced that smoking could harm the health of the smoker and another person nearby who may inhale the smoke, they issued laws to prevent smoking in designated places. Such laws reflect what type of construct of the social ecological model?

public policy

stimulus control

removing the cues that leads to the unhealthy behavior

reinforcement management

rewarding the positive behavior and reducing the rewards that come from negative behavior

self-reevaluation

self reappraisal to realize the healthy behavior is part of who they want to be

Which of the following constructs is present in both the Health Belief Model and the Social Cognitive Theory?

self-efficacy

key constructs of social cognitive theory

self-efficacy self-control observational learning reinforcement

behavioral factors

skills practice self-efficacy

environmental factors

social norms access in community influences on others (ability to change own environment)

factors influencing health behavior

socioeconomic status skills culture belief: series of beliefs=attitudes values religion gender

Social ecological model

suggest that creating an environment conducive to change is important making it easter to adopt health behavior helps to understand factors affecting behavior and also provides guidance for developing successful programs through social environments

process

takes time -knowledge (exposed, but lacks info) -persuasion (interested, actively seeks info) -decision (weighs pros/cons, decides to accept/reject) -implementation (employs, then determines usefulness) -confirmation (finalized decision, considers full use)

Change theory

the "how" suggest how change occurs and are used to develop more effective ways to influence and change behavior -THE TRANSTHEORETICAL MODEL

Explanatory theory

the ''why'' help explain behavior -HEALTH BELIEF MODEL

rigorous tests of theory-bases innovations

the building blocks of the evidence base in health behavior change

innovation compatibility

the degree to which an innovation is perceived as being consistent with existing values, past experiences, and needs of potential adopters

innovation relative advantage

the degree to which an innovation is perceived as better than the idea it supersedes

innovation complexity

the degree to which an innovation is seen as difficult to understand and use

innovation observability

the degree to which results are viewable to others

innovation trialability

the degree to which the innovation may be experimented with on a trial basis

reinforcement sct

the rewards or punishments for doing something. behaviors occurs because people either want the reward or want to avoid the punishment

cue to action

the stimulus needed to trigger the decision-making process to accept a recommended health action

Health Belief Model

theorizes that people's beliefs about whether or not they are at risk for a disease or heath problem, and their perceptions of the benefits of taking action to avoid it, influence their readiness to take action

Transtheoretical model/Stages of Change

was developed in early 1980s as a way to understand behavior change in particular changes associated with addictive behaviors ttm proposed that behavior changes is a process that occurs in stages