Test #3 (Chapter 15)

Statebuilding increases authority and leads to...

Greater taxation, armed forces, bureaucracies, obedience from subjects Centralized power neared sovereignty

John Locke believed in

Constitutionalism, freedom/trust/choice within nation, witnessed the Glorious revolution, English Bill of Rights, saw rule of Charles II and James II

Janissary Corps

Core of sultans army; made of non-muslim slaves and gave Ottoman empire advantage in wars of West Europe. After no new recruits, it then took volunteers of Christians and Muslims.

What factors led to the rise of the French absolutist state under Louis XIV?

Councils of state Louis took a personal role in, Versailles, buying of royal offices, Jean-Baptiste Colbert, claiming of territories of French, Louis kept France at war

Declaration of Rights

1689 - A document produced by the English Parliament that laid out the wrong committed by James II, the rights of English citizens, and the obligations of their monarch to them.

Decline of Spain

60% drop in trade because of struggling local industries and power taken from Dutch and English traders (Indian and African slaves in mines have epidemic of disease. Mines run dry). High rent and heavy tax but low wage for workers Aristocrats live fancier than they can afford Spain ignored new tech opportunities to improve agriculture/manufacturing Revolts in Catalonia and Portugal

Republicanism

A form of government in which there is no monarch and power rests in the hands of the people as exercised through elected representatives.

Peace of Utrecht

A series of treaties, from 1713 to 1715, that ended the War of the Spanish Succession, ended French expansion in Europe, and marked the rise of the British Empire

Fronde

A series of violent uprisings during the early reign of Louis XIV triggered by growing royal control and increased taxation

Mercantilism

A system of economic regulations aimed at increasing the power of he state based on the belief that a nation's international power was based on its wealth (supply of gold and silver)

Millet System

A system used by the Ottomans whereby subjects were divided into religious communities, with each millet (nation) enjoying autonomous self-government under its religious leaders.

What were the common crises and achievements of seventeenth-century European states?

Achievements: Statebuilding, Growth of Army Size Crises: Population loss from recurrent famines due to bad harvests, Bubonic plague, smallpox, and typhus (malnutrition/exhaustion weaken the immune system) (AGE OF CRISIS), economic decline, social/political unrest,

How did the nature of armed forces change in the latter half of the seventeenth century?

Army officers became obedient to monarchs instead of serving their own interests

Russian Westernization

Built St. Petersburg as his modern western capital Treaty of Nystad (1721) - gave Russia access to the Baltic Sea Table of Ranks - social status determined by service to the state and not hereditary Peter encouraged westernization: shave beards, choose spouses, wear western clothes, use western technology

Restoration of the Stuart

Cromwell is killed and the Stuart family is restored to the throne Charles II (merry monarch) brought back fun and recreation that was banned under the Puritan rule Parliament passes test act: required oath against transubstantiation to vote, hold office, attend university, or assemble Anti catholic → not enforced by Charles II Pro-French policies worried many in Parliament

Dutch Golden Age: Art

Dutch Golden Age of Art, artists, and consumers took a special interest in paintings. Artists focused on painting scenes of ordinary tasks and ordinary life within Dutch society. They painted everything from group portraits to breakfast tables in the explosion of culture.

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

Economic advisor/control general to Louis XIV (Financial Genius) Thought that wealth and economy of France should serve the state Mercantilism: To get wealth, the country must sell more goods abroad than buy France makes everything subjects need and support old industries, make new ones, and focus on textiles

Danish Phase of the Thirty Years' War

Edict of Restitution (Catholic properties lost to Protestantism restored, only Catholics and Lutherans may practice their faiths

Cossacks

Free groups of outlaw armies made from runaway peasants living on the borders of Russian territories from the 14th century onward, then formed an alliance with Russian state at the end of the 16th century

Swedish Phase of the Thirty Years' War

Gustavus Adolphus (King of Sweden) arrives in Germany with his army, Gustavus supports Protestants, Cardinal Richelieu subsides to Swedes in attempt to weaken Habsburg power

How did Frederick William of Prussia, the Great Elector, persuade the Junker's nobility to accept taxation without consent in order to fund the army?

He confirmed the Junkers' privileges, including their authority over the serfs

How did Cardinal Richelieu increase the power of the centralized French state?

He extended the use of intendants, commissioners for each of France's thirty-two districts

Boyars

Highest ranking members of Russian (Moscow) nobility

Russian Absolutism

Ivan brings segments of Russian society into state service which causes revolts, Peter the Great expansion of Russian territory that laid foundations for a huge multi ethnic empire Peter le Great modernized/westernized Russia's traditional absolutism

John Locke & Social Contract

John Locke's Social contract: argued the government should protect life, liberty, and property. Used the claim that men are naturally free. By "natural" rights Locke meant rights basic to all men because all have the ability to reason.

Test Act

Legislation, passed by the English Parliament in 1673, to secure the position of the Anglican Church by stripping Puritans, Catholics, and other dissenters of the right to vote, preach, assemble, hold public office, and teach at or attend the universities.

Stadtholder

The executive officer in each of the United Provinces of the Netherlands, a position often held by the princes of Orange

Councils of Louis XIV

Louis ruled realms through several councils of state and took a personal role in many of their decisions The selected councilors from recently entailed and upper-middle-class so they were loyal because they owed their power to him (Sold royal office rather than raising taxes)

Louis kept France at war and...

Made private army where state, not nobles, employed soldiers Devised a rational system of training and promotion Expanded borders to Spanish Netherlands, Flanders, and province of Franche-Comte Charles II left Spain to live with Louis

Puritans

Members of a sixteenth-and seventeenth-century reform movement within the Church of England that advocated purifying it of Roman Catholic elements, like bishops, elaborate ceremonials, and wedding rings.

Growth of Army Size

Monarchs recruit forces and maintain permanent standings armies Professionalization = Explosive growth Glory and honor outshine concerns for safety and materials Army officers now required to be loyal and obedient to state

Statebuilding

Monarchs tried to restore order and rebuild states b/c wars, economic crisis, and demographic decline States shared: protected and expanded frontiers, raised new taxes, consolidated central control, and competed for new world colonies

Short Answer: What role did Oliver Cromwell play in the English Civil War and in the Protectorate that followed?

Oliver Cromwell led the new model army (army formed by Parliament in response to Charles I forming an army) during the English civil war. He then essentially became a dictator in the "republic" that was established afterward. He imposed strict puritan values on England.

What were the social conditions of eastern Europe, and how did the rulers of Austria and Prussia transform their nations into powerful absolutist monarchies?

Ottoman subjects were divided into religious communities ("Millets") each with its own autonomous self-government under its religious leader

Act of Settlement

Passed in 1701 and settled the succession of English and Irish crowns to protestants only

Short Answer: How did Peter the Great reorganize Russia so that it was able to defeat Sweden and become a major European power in the early eighteenth century?

Peter the Great reorganized Russia by enacting new measures such as requiring nobles to serve in the army or civil admin for life, creating new schools and universities, requiring all noblemen to spend five years minimum getting education away from home. He also created a civilian bureaucracy with fourteen ranks in the military that required everyone to start at the bottom. Peasant soldiers were drafted for life and commanded by nobles.

Thomas Hobbes believed in

Powerful absolute monarch, interested in military and war, saw rule under James I and Charles I (absolutists)

William of Orange and Mary II

Prince of Denmark and oldest daughter of James II who took the English throne after James was forced to abdicate. William and Mary were crowned king and queen of England.

Thirty Years' War

Protestant rebellion against the Holy Roman Empire ends with Peace of Westphalia. A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a battle between France and their rivals the Hapsburgs', rulers of the Holy Roman Empire. Peace of Augsburg: Shaky, deteriorating peace Protestent Union by Lutheran princes of the Holy Roman Empire, Catholic league in retaliation Bohemian, Danish, Swedish, and French phases

French Phase of the Thirty Years' War

Richelieu concerned about Habsburg rebound following death of Adolphus, war on Spain, Peace of Westphalia, Augsburg agreement permanent = Calvinism allowed

Sultan

Ruler of the ottoman empire; owned all agricultural land and served by an army & bureaucracy of trained slaves

English Bill of Rights

Said Parliament must be called a minimum of once every three years, laws must be made in Parliament, and the Judiciary must be separate from the crown. It also protected free speech.

Protectorate

The English military dictatorship (1653-1658) was established by Oliver Cromwell following the execution of Charles I

Treaty of Pyrenees

Spain surrenders to France without a fight Madrid took royal expenditures, which exceeded income, so Crown had to devalue coinage and declare bankruptcy

Why did absolutist Spain experience decline in the same period as Louis XIV's absolutist state?

Spain's foriegn trade dropped 60% because of struggling local industries and power taken from Dutch and English traders Indian and African slaves in mines have epidemic of disease Mines run dry Workers leave due to high rents and heavy taxes but low wages Revolts in Catalonia and Portugal make Spain unstable Treaty of Pyrenees: Spain surrenders to France without a fight Spain gives Portugal back independence

After his victory in 1709 at Poltava, Peter the Great built a new, Western-style city on the Baltic called

St. Petersburg

Ottoman Absolutism

Sultans developed distinct political and economic systems that allowed all land to belong to sultan, who was served by a slave corps of administrators and soldiers Relatively tolerant on religious matters and served as a haven for jews etc

Bohemian Phase of the Thirty Years' War

The Battle of White Mountain (Catholics defeat Protestants)

Short Answer: What was the outcome of the events of 1688 and 1689, the Glorious Revolution?

The English Bill of Rights was passed as a result of the Glorious Revolution. It stated that Parliament must be called every 3 years, laws must be made in and by Parliament, free speech is a right of the people, and the Judiciary is independent of the crown.

Short Answer: Why was the Netherlands "an island of plenty in a sea of want"?

The Netherlands was known as "an island of plenty in a sea of want" because of their thriving economy in a time when the rest of Europe still saw crippling poverty among of its citizens

Absolutism

The absolute power of the king→ King complete over their area/country/empire/nation

"Convention Parliament"

The assembly of English Parliament that transferred the crown from James II to William III and Mary II.

Peace of Westphalia

The name of a series of treaties that concluded the Thirty Years' War in 1648 and market the end of large-scale religious violence in Europe

Junkers

The nobility of Brandenburg and Prussia, they were reluctant allies of Frederick William in his consolidation of the Prussian state.

This chapter has argued that, despite their political differences, rulers in absolutist and constitutionalist nations faced similar obstacles in the mid-17th century and achieved many of the same goals. What evidence for this argument do you find in the chapter? Do you think that absolutist and constitutionalist rulers were, on the whole, more similar or more different?

They all just wanted money and power and trade Fought over East indies trade company/spice trade Constitutionalism didn't have kings (no monarchs) while absolutists have one main king with all the power

"Bloodless Revolution"

They called it the glorious revolution because they believed it replaced one king with another with barely any bloodshed.

Proponents of absolutism in western Europe believed that their form of monarchical rule was fundamentally different from and superior to what they saw as the "despotism"of Russia and the Ottoman Empire. What was the basis of this belief and how accurate do you think it was?

They thought that the king had divine right so the fact that some rulers gave their subjects/others some power seemed beneath them "Divine right": monarch was appointed by God so had to answer to God alone (but limited by the "Laws of God")

Short Answer: In Thomas Hobbes's view, why was government necessary? What kind of government did he endorse?

Thomas Hobbes endorsed absolutism because it could centralize power and in doing so, centralize the call for power in government. He believed it was necessary because people were incapable of collectively governing themselves. To keep industry and security strong, they must give up their power to one man who would theoretically act for the good of all.

Obstacles in statebuilding

Unable to communicate orders from central government to provinces and distant colonies (no modern technology like no paved roads, no telephones) Lack of reliable info about realms, making it impossible to police and tax population effectively Local power structures fought against and held legal privileges that weren't easy to erase (Ex. nobles, church, provincial/national assemblies, town councils, guilds, etc), language barrier

Cardinal Richelieu

Wanted to strengthen royal council/royal power Suppressed Protestantism even though Louis was fairly tolerant Extended use of intendants

Constitutionalism

a form of government in which on one hand power is limited by law and balance between the authority and power of the government and on the other hand, the rights and liberties of subjects. (have a constitution)

Little Ice Age

a period of colder weather through Europe that meant shorter farm seasons with lower yields (causing the famines)

Commonwealth

an independent country or community, especially a democratic republic.

Intendant

commissioners in each French district that took orders from only the monarch that recruited soldiers, supervised taxing, presided over local law, clenched on local nobility, and regulated economy in districts

Political power in the Dutch Republic was

controlled by an oligarchy of wealthy businessmen

Absolutist and Constitutionalist governments...

create new levels of power and national unity. Transformed emergency measures of wartime to permanent structures of government, subdued privileged groups by force and economic/social incentives

Mercantilist theory postulated that

economic activity should be regulated by and for the state

State of Nature

in moral and political philosophy, religion, social contract theories and international law, is the hypothetical life of people before societies came into existence

French became the language of...

polite society and international diplomacy & then replaced Latin as the language of scholarship and learning

Sovereign state allows monarchs to...

possess a monopoly over instruments of justice and use of force within a clear defined boundaries No system of courts cause those compete with state courts in dispensation of justice Private armies are no threat to a central authority

Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet...

sailed down Mississippi river and claimed a bunch of territories for France

Leviathan

sea serpent noted in theology and mythology. It is referenced in several books of the Hebrew Bible, including Psalms, the Book of Job, the Book of Isaiah, and the Book of Amos; it is also mentioned in the Book of Enoch.

Law of Nature

system of law based on a close observation of human nature, and based on values intrinsic to human nature that can be deduced and applied independent of positive law. According to natural law theory, all people have inherent rights, conferred not by act of legislation but by "God, nature, or reason."

Dutch Golden Age: Politics

the Dutch rebelled against the French and separated into provinces. These provinces were run by the States-General made of representatives from each province. There was no King or Prince, just a republic of seven provinces all in correspondence.

Dutch Golden Age: Economics

the Dutch were a major power in the overseas and marine trade. They formed routes and companies to prosper in both imports and exports, unlike the mercantilist's plan of the English which focused mainly on exports with little imports.

Louis XIV selected councilors from

the newly ennobled or upper middle class

What did easy access to Louis XIV at Versailles mean for nobles?

they could earn favored treatment for government officers, military, religious posts, state pensions, honorary titles, etc.