Test 4
Water is starting to become more and more finite as we pollute our sources. What percentage of water do U.S. buildings (including landscaping) use? 25% 12% 25% 5% 20%
12% Question 76 Explanation: US buildings use 12% of water
Green buildings try to reduce the amount of emissions from out buildings and transportation systems which produce about a combined ____ of global emissions? 1/4 2/3 1/2 3/4 2/4
2/3 Question 52 Explanation: 66.6%
How many LEED rating systems, including their market adaptations, are there in LEED v4? 5 21 19 10
21 Question 63 Explanation: BD+C = 10 ID+C = 3 O+M = 6 ND = 2 - Total: 21
The total land area of a project site covered by buildings, streets, parking areas, and other typically impermeable surfaces constructed as part of the project is the: LEED project boundary Development Footprint Building footprint Restored Area LEED Footprint
Development Footprint
Buildings are associated with what percentage of all carbon dioxide emissions in the U.S.? 50% 72% 14% 38%
38% Question 12 Explanation: For conventional buildings: 14% of potable water consumption 30% of waste output 40% of raw materials use 38% of carbon dioxide emissions 24% to 50% of energy use 72% of electricity consumption According to a survey by the GSA for 12 of their green buildings: 26% less energy usage 33% lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) 13% lower maintenance costs 27% higher levels of occupant satisfaction
A building automation system can monitor and help the facility manager reduce impacts from the following except: Automobile engines Lighting Heating Cooling Water heating
A building automation system can monitor and help the facility manager reduce impacts from the following except: Automobile engines
Location location location is a very important item for LEED in multiple credit categories and unexpectedly can reduce the demand for new materials by opting to build in: A dense, mixed-use neighborhood A multi-building office project with single-story buildings A mixed-use development built on a greenfield A sprawled single-home residence
A dense, mixed-use neighborhood Question 59 Explanation: The greater the density of a project, the more environmentally friendly it is. Putting more people into a building compared to building more buildings is better. Mixed-use projects such as putting apartments on top of retail stores reduce materials because the project isn't building separate buildings for residential and retail. Less buildings means less new materials. Finally, more dense building requires less roads and infrastructure, saving more materials
Which of the following statements is true regarding a stakeholder meeting? A meeting where engineers work together to discover new synergies An intense workshop to solve a problem or plan the design of something that includes the project team and stakeholders A meeting with everyone that has a vested interest in the outcome of a project A meeting where research is conducted about materials
A meeting with everyone that has a vested interest in the outcome of a project Question 44 Explanation: If you do not know what a stakeholder meeting is - go back to the definition of a stakeholder alone as someone who has a vested interest in the project
What site should be selected to maximize LEED points? A site with optimal connectivity and located near 15 diverse uses A contaminated and decommissioned gas station A site located in an existing LEED for ND certified area A site that is connected to mass transit
A site located in an existing LEED for ND certified area Question 9 Explanation: Although you need not know points per credit for the LEED GA exam it is important to understand that the first credit in this category is worth the most and the other cannot be pursued if the first one is achieved.
What was missing in the green building industry which the USGBC along with LEED has filled? A certification award to encourage interest in the real estate industry A standard measurement and definition of green building A system and organization to spread green building information An oversight organization to bring together all parts of the green building industry
A standard measurement and definition of green building Question 53 Explanation: After the formation of the USGBC it was determined that the industry was lacking a way to define a green building through a third-party verification system.
Donald Sterling only cares about the economic return of a building, so why would he certify it as LEED? In hopes of getting the LA Clippers back Certified buildings have guaranteed incentives in all jurisdictions Certified green office buildings rent for 2% more than comparable buildings Certified green properties receive 0% loans Certified buildings cost less than conventional buildings
Certified green office buildings rent for 2% more than comparable buildings Question 68 Explanation: Studies show on average a green building can charge higher building rents (2% on average) and have less empty tenant spaces than non-green buildings
Temperature, air speed, and humidity are addressed by which standard? ASHRAE 90.1-2010 ASHRAE 52.2-2007 ASHRAE 55-2010 ASHRAE 62.1-2010
ASHRAE 55-2010 Question 10 Explanation: ASHRAE 55-2010 establishes the six factors that affect thermal comfort: air temperature; radiant temperature; air velocity; humidity, clothing insulation, and metabolic heat. ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2010: ventilation (minimum rates) ASHRAE Standard 52.2-2007: ventilation (air filters) ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010: energy efficiency
Select one low / no cost structural incentive that a municipality can make to a developer to encourage green building? Allowing increases in the floor area ratio Permit Fee waivers Green Building Grants Tax credits
Allowing increases in the floor area ratio Question 100 Explanation: This is what local zoning codes have jurisdiction over and thus could be set by municipalities. The rest are financial incentives. For more information about different incentives please read here: http://leadinggreen.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Green-Building-Incentive-Strategies.pdf Structural incentives include: • Expedited review / permitting process • Density and height bonuses Financial incentives include: • Tax credits • Fee reductions / waivers • Grants • Revolving loan funds (low-interest loans) Non-financial incentives include: • Technical assistance • Marketing assistance
Minimum Program Requirements and Prerequisites must be followed if a building wants to eventually become LEED certified. Which of the following situations would not be eligible? (CHOOSE 2) An existing building project that uses CFC-based refrigerants without having a CFC phase-out plan A new building project that uses hydrocarbons (HCs) as refrigerants A building that has a phase out place for CFCs within 5 years of completion at a maximum of 5% leakage A building that specifies only benign refrigerants A new building project that uses CFC-based refrigerants An existing building with strictly natural refrigeration
An existing building project that uses CFC-based refrigerants without having a CFC phase-out plan A new building project that uses CFC-based refrigerants Question 95 Explanation: Existing buildings must have CFC phase-out plans for LEED certification and new buildings cannot use CFC-based refrigerants. This is called Fundamental Refrigerant Management in LEED.
LEED for Neighbourhood Development has two rating systems within it. It also has some unique credit categories, which one of the following is not one of them: Smart Location and Linkage Green Infrastructure and Buildings Neighborhood Pattern and Design Awareness and Education Innovation & Design Process
Awareness and Education Question 16 Explanation: In the commercial building rating systems the topics of Awareness and Education are covered under the Innovation category
Which of the following can a project do to ensure its certification review fees are minimized? Become a USGBC corporate member Involved a LEED AP at the early stages of the project Achieve all the LEED credits Ensure that a LEED Fellow acts as the project administrator
Become a USGBC corporate member Question 49 Explanation: USGBC corporate member receive certification discounts
The triple bottom line is a pillar of LEED. Which of the following options reflects the backbone of LEED? A green building built in a habitat of endangered pandas Building renovation in a federal empowerment zone A building with renewable energy technologies but is not energy efficient Environmentally preferable material sourced .
Building renovation in a federal empowerment zone Question 7 Explanation: Reusing a building in a high priority designated area supports all aspects of the triple bottom line.
A team is trying to decide between two different products for an office desk. One is made from overseas bamboo and another in local maple. How can the environmental attributes of the products be compared? By a life-cycle assessment Material-quality testing By a review of the manufacturer's corporate social responsibility policy
By a life-cycle assessment Question 8 Explanation: A Life-cycle assessment is 'an evaluation of the environmental effects of a product from cradle to grave, as defined by ISO 14040-2006 and ISO 14044-2006.' - USGBC. The LCA would indicate attributes to compare between the products
The material specification team requires information on the environmental impact of a manufacturer's extraction operations and the product's supply chain? How can this be found? By reviewing the product's health product declaration By ensuring that the product is LEED approved By conducting a life-cycle assessment of the product By reviewing the manufacturer's corporate sustainability report By ensuring that the manufacturer's company is a USGBC member
By reviewing the manufacturer's corporate sustainability report Question 71 Explanation: A CSR report is a third-party verified report that includes information on how the manufacturer extracts or sources materials
Rabinowitz Development wants to certify their 9 story multi-family residential project but needs to determine a baseline to compare itself to by: Selecting a green rater and a LEED for Homes provider Using the EPA's target finder Obtaining an ENERGY STAR for Homes rating Calculations made using ASHRAE 90.1
Calculations made using ASHRAE 90.1 Question 75 Explanation: In LEED BD+C projects use ASHRAE 90.1 to determine the baseline building performance, which this project fits under because of its height
San Diego went through many forest fires and a project located nearby wants to provide financial support for reforestation through investing in: Carbon Offsets On-site renewable energy Green-e certified renewables Green Power
Carbon Offsets Question 33 Explanation: Purchasing carbon offsets helps fund projects that decrease carbon emissions or remove carbon from the atmosphere. Examples of these types of projects include reforestation, changing land-use, and methane abatement.
A new tenant is taking over a floor in an old historic building. How does LEED recognize sustainable flooring products? (CHOOSE 2) Carpet certified to EPA standards Green-e certified carpet Ceramic tile that a manufacturer takes back after its end of life and recycles Wood flooring that a manufacturer takes back after its end of life and refinishes Ceramic tile that a manufacturer takes back after its end of life and incinerates for energy
Ceramic tile that a manufacturer takes back after its end of life and recycles Wood flooring that a manufacturer takes back after its end of life and refinishes Question 24 Explanation: Environmentally preferable products have known end-of-life scenarios for when the product needs to be replaced to keep them out of the landfill. These are frequently called take-back programs. In LEED credit, the take-back program is a type of extended producer responsibility
Standards are an integral part to LEED as they avoid the need of reinventing the wheel. What are Green Seal and Environmental Choice used for? Carpet Flooring Cleaning Products Renewable Energy Furniture and Furnishings
Cleaning Products Question 77 Explanation: Green cleaning products have several standards depending on the type of cleaning product. Green Seal, EPA, Environmental Choice, California Code of Regulations are a few.
What process uses heat recovery to capture heat from the process of generating electricity and then turns the recovered heat into thermal energy that can be used to heat a building? Sedimentation Commissioning Tertiary Treatment Evapotranspiration Cogeneration
Cogeneration Question 96 Explanation: Combined heat and power (CHP) is an electricity generation technology, also known as cogeneration, that recovers waste heat from the electric generation process to produce simultaneously other forms of useful energy, such as usable heat or steam. On average, two-thirds of the input energy used to make electricity is lost as waste heat. In contrast, CHP systems are capable of converting more than 70 % of the fuel into usable energy
Refrigerant management is a large factor which detrimentally affects the environmental side of the triple bottom line by: Erosion and Sedimentation of adjacent streams Groundwater contamination Carbon Dioxide emissions indoors Contributing greenhouse gas emissions
Contributing greenhouse gas emissions Question 61 Explanation: Refrigerants have ozone depletion potential (ODP) and global warming potential (GWP) due to greenhouse gas emissions. Low values of each are best for refrigerant choices
A project team ensures that 50% of its materials have a locational value factor and are thus worth 200% of their normal cost. Select the option which doing the aforementioned generally would not help: Infringement of indigenous people's rights Depletion of the ozone layer Deforestation Threats to rare and endangered species Degradation of water sources
Depletion of the ozone layer Question 97 Explanation: Ozone depletion is primarily addressed by a building's energy use and choice of refrigerants. The remaining choices are what can occur when raw material extraction is not done responsibly
The LEED Integrative process has three phases crucial to the project's ongoing success. What are they? (CHOOSE 3) Design and Construction (Implementation) Occupancy, Operations, and Performance Feedback Value Engineering Charrette Discovery
Design and Construction (Implementation) Occupancy, Operations, and Performance Feedback Discovery Question 84 Explanation: Discovery - This is the most important phase of the integrative process; it can be thought of as an extensive expansion of what is conventionally called 'Pre-Design.' It is unlikely that a project's environmental goals will be achieved cost-effectively if this phase is not rigorously engaged as a discreet phase of the design process. Discovery work needs to be accomplished before 'putting pencil to paper' . . . in other words, before schematic design begins. Implementation - This phase begins with what is conventionally called 'Schematic Design.' It resembles conventional practice in its structure, but integrates all of the work and collective understanding of system interactions reached during the Discovery Phase. Feedback - third stage focuses on implementing performance measurement and creating performance feedback mechanisms. Such feedback is critical for informing building operations, so the degree to which established performance targets have been met can be assessed and so corrective actions can be taken
When calculating the baseline water usage of a building, the EPAct of 1992 does not include which one of the following: Faucets Water closets Showerheads Dishwashers
Dishwashers Question 70 Explanation: Dishwashers are not within the scope of the EPAct 1992/2005 and are covered by ENERGY STAR
What standard must a projects ESC plan comply with? Green Seal GS-42 The USGBC standard for Erosion and Sedimentation Green-e Certified ESC plan EPA Construction General Permit or the local equivalent If it has a civil engineer's professional stamp it automatically complies
EPA Construction General Permit or the local equivalent
LEED v4 took a new approach to the water efficiency credit category and requires which strategy/approach: Capture and treat rainwater Water Conservation only Efficiency first Conservation first
Efficiency first Question 45 Explanation: For both energy efficiency and water efficiency, LEED requires an efficiency-first approach. Efficiency is doing the same with less. After efficiency, the focus should then be placed on other ways to reduce demand.
Natural ventilation is a very effective strategy when the climate allows for it but can also result in many issues if implemented improperly. Which credit categories does this technology effect? (CHOOSE 2) Sustainable Sites Materials and Resources Energy and Atmosphere Indoor Environmental Quality Location and Transportation
Energy and Atmosphere Indoor Environmental Quality Question 1 Explanation: Indoor Environmental Quality & Energy and Atmosphere are the credit categories most effected by this technology.
A site assessment is a key part of the integrative design and must include the investigation of: (CHOOSE 3) Existing cars driven to/on the site Existing Physical Structure Surrounding density Hydrology and Vegetation Geology Walkability
Existing Physical Structure Hydrology and Vegetation Geology Question 87 Explanation: They evaluate an area's above ground and subsurface characteristics, including its structures, geology, and hydrology. Site assessments typically help determine whether contamination has occurred and the extent and concentration of any release of pollutants. Remediation decisions rely on information generated during site assessments
The Building Information Gateway (GBIG) is a great tool to find information about buildings across America. What would a LEED Green Associate use the GBIG for? Submitting LEED documentation Exploring and comparing the green dimensions of the built environment Communicating with regional USGBC chapter to determine Regional Priority credits Finding the regional priority credits to pursue on a specific project Updating a project's public information
Exploring and comparing the green dimensions of the built environment Question 3 Explanation: LEED Online would be used to find RP credits, submit LEED documentation and update project information. One of the tasks of a LEED Green Associate is to create project profiles/case studies/press releases. Part of the public relations guidelines for LEED-certified projects may be to utilize the Green Building Information Gateway (GBIG). http://leadinggreen.ca/?p=3053
What defines the cost or benefit that affects a party who did not choose to incur that cost or benefit? Externalities Ponzi schemes The Prius Effect The Butterfly Effect
Externalities Question 48 Explanation: In economics, an externality is the cost or benefit that affects a party who did not choose to incur that cost or benefit. With regard to the environment, it could be the building of a dam that prevents the fish from swimming upstream, thus destroying the fishing industry in towns upstream. Or the production of smoke from a factory that may create clean-up costs to reduce air pollution by nearby residents. However, over the past few years, since the idea of the Triple Bottom Line has gone mainstream, businesses are also looking at providing environmental and social stewardship information to all its stakeholders. The idea of a Green Bottom Line will create a win-win for both the environment and the profits. Ponzi scheme: a good example of a positive feedback system because its output (profit) is fed back to the input (new investors), causing rapid growth toward collapse. Feedback systems are part of Systems Thinking. Butterfly Effect: In chaos theory, which is also part of Systems Thinking, the butterfly effect is the sensitive dependency on initial conditions in which a small change at one place in a nonlinear system can result in large differences in a later state. The name of the effect, coined by Edward Lorenz, is derived from the theoretical example of a hurricane's formation being contingent on whether or not a distant butterfly had flapped its wings several weeks earlier
How is Floor Area Ratio (FAR) defined? FAR is the measure of the density of non-residential land use on all land within the project boundary FAR is the measure of the density of residential and non-residential land use on all land within the property FAR is the measure of the density of non-residential land use on buildable land FAR is the measure of the density of residential and non-residential land use on buildable land .
FAR is the measure of the density of non-residential land use on buildable land Question 32 Explanation: The Floor Area Ratio (FAR) is an important factor in LEED as it's one of the metrics used to establish density requirements for credits such as Surrounding Density. Density is a ratio of building coverage on a given parcel of land relative to the size of that parcel. FAR is the density of nonresidential land use measured as the total nonresidential building floor area divided by the total buildable land area available for nonresidential buildings. Buildable land is the portion of the site where construction can occur, including land voluntarily set aside and not constructed on. When used in density calculations, buildable land excludes public rights-of-way and land excluded from development by codified law (e.g., set-backs).
When conducting a site assessment to show compliance with LEED which of the following does not need to be included? Financing Instruments Solar Exposure Climactic conditions Historical/blighted structure
Financing Instruments
When is a project allowed to show their LEED certification plaque? After successful registration and prerequisite compliance When the project is approved by a LEED AP Following the acceptance of a final certification review After the substantial project completion phase
Following the acceptance of a final certification review
Green Cleaning used to be a commonly used Innovation in Design point for LeadingGreen's Canadian projects. Now it is a real credit. What standard can projects outside the United States use for green cleaning products? EcoWise Global Ecolabeling Network Green Seal SMACNA EN 15251:2007
Global Ecolabeling Network Question 22 Explanation: EcoWise is for pest management contractors. EN 15251:2007 is one of the international indoor air quality standards projects outside of the U.S. may use. Previous versions of the credit used ASHRAE 62.1 as the reference standard. In LEED v4, projects outside the U.S. may use European standards when ASHRAE 62.1 is not available or suitable. Green Seal is used for life cycle assessments of products or services. Global Ecolabeling Network is for any projects outside the U.S., the ISO standard developed by the Global Eco-Labeling Network may be used instead of Green Seal Environmental Choice. SMACNA standards are for construction activity pollution prevention
A new project is being built in an area with a high Dwelling Units per Acre and as a result is within walkable proximity to a number of diverse uses which mitigates environmental impacts from: (CHOOSE 2) Water pollution and sedimentation of nearby streams Greenhouse gas Bicycle pollution Groundwater pollution due to construction Air Pollution
Greenhouse gas Air Pollution Question 38 Explanation: Locating a project near diverse uses helps promote walkability, transportation efficiency and reduce vehicle distance traveled while improving public health
Health Product Declaration (HPD) lead to the purchase of what kind of materials? Are certified by ISO 14021 Are verified to have been responsibly source Are more durable Are Cradle-to-Cradle Have less negative health effects
Have less negative health effects Question 62 Explanation: Health Product Declaration (HPDs) provide a full disclosure of the potential chemicals of concern in products by comparing product ingredients to a wide variety of 'hazard' lists published by government authorities and scientific associations. The HPD itself does not indicate if a product is healthy, it merely reports on the material ingredients. Armed with this information project teams can compare the materials in different products and see if any of the products contain unhealthy materials or in what quantities
LEED for NC, C&S, Schools, and EBOM evaluate what type of buildings? (Choose 3) Community development High-rise residential buildings Commercial buildings Interior spaces Institutional buildings
High-rise residential buildings Commercial buildings Institutional buildings
The city of Toronto is attempting to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through its municipally owned buildings and should encourage: (CHOOSE 2) Maximizing daylighting without modelling energy loss Improving the energy efficiency of buildings Developing on a contaminated historical site Implementing a waste-to-energy program Improving the energy efficiency of communities Using only single pane glass
Improving the energy efficiency of buildings Improving the energy efficiency of communities Question 5 Explanation: The city of Toronto should encourage Improving the energy efficiency of communities and buildings
How can encouraging bicycles not positively contribute to sustainability? Reduced congestion Increase weather impact on commuting habits Reduced GHG emissions Increased worker health
Increase weather impact on commuting habits Question 86 Explanation: Cycling will make it difficult for commuters to bike in the rain.
How can a higher level of occupant comfort due to task lighting, thermostats and adjustable air diffusers positively benefit the triple bottom line? Less Ozone depletion potential Increased occupant performance Increased maintenance requirements Increased initial costs
Increased occupant performance Question 64 Explanation: Strategies that improve employees' health and productivity over the long run have a large return on investment. Studies show happier employees are more productive. The other options are negative or unrelated to controllability of systems
A new office tower decides to increase its floor to area ratio (FAR) which in turn can help which of the following? Increasing open space Construction activity pollution prevention Increasing the Heat Island Effect Increase surrounding density and promoting diverse uses Promoting diverse uses
Increasing open space Question 39 Explanation: Reducing the building footprint could result in more open space around the building, assuming it wasn't then paved over.
Looking at water metering in more detail which of the following subsystems may be 80% metered to earn a point? (CHOOSE 2) All water using devices Cooling Towers Indoor Plumbing Fixtures Domestic Hot Water End energy consumption of water fixtures
Indoor Plumbing Fixtures Domestic Hot Water Question 36 Explanation: Cooling towers must be 100% metered while the other 2 only need to be 80% metered
LeadingGreen has almost completed all LEED documentation for their new office tower. They believe that they have found an error in the LEED rating system. How should USGBC address this error? Issue out a LEED Interpretation LEED Interpretation LEED Addenda LEED TAG review the issue and save it for the release of the LEED v5 rating system
LEED Addenda Question 89 Explanation: LEED Interpretations and CIRs are technical answers to clarifications. The USGBC publishes clarifications (also called addenda) to address errors in the LEED rating systems and reference guides
What is the primary reason for performing energy audits? Inspect, survey and analyze energy flows To monitor energy consumption related to potable water use To capitalize on renewable energy options Energy audits are required by one of the MPRs
Inspect, survey and analyze energy flows Question 15 Explanation: An energy audit is an inspection, survey and analysis of energy flows for energy conservation in a building, process or system to reduce the amount of energy input into the system without negatively affecting the output(s). When the object of the study is an occupied building, then reducing energy consumption while maintaining or improving human comfort, health and safety are of primary concern. Beyond simply identifying the sources of energy use, an energy audit seeks to prioritize the energy uses according to the greatest to least cost effective opportunities for energy savings.
How can you as a LEED consultant make a suggestion that would lower operating costs and increase energy efficiency in a new school? Install all LED lighting Ensure that triple-paned glass windows instead of double-paned glass windows are used Maximize the ventilation of outdoor air Place a PV array on the schools roof
Install all LED lighting Question 92 Explanation: For both energy efficiency and water efficiency, LEED requires an efficiency-first approach. Efficiency is 'doing the same with less'. After efficiency, the focus should then be placed on other ways to reduce demand. For example, with outdoor water irrigation, if the design only calls for using rainwater irrigation, that doesn't improve the efficiency of the irrigation system, resulting in less water use. First design the landscape to use less water, than look at ways to reuse water to further reduce demand. For building energy use, you can increase efficiency by using LED lighting, ENERGY STAR appliances and equipment, high-efficiency HVAC systems, and high-efficiency boilers
One way of discouraging the use of conventional gas operated vehicles is to encourage the use of alternative green vehicles by: Installing a PV array to shade the parking footprint Reducing the Building footprint and increasing the projects FAR Installing solar car ports Ensuring the project is a mixed-use development Install preferred parking spots for specified vehicles
Install preferred parking spots for specified vehicles Question 79 Explanation: Preferred parking (parking closest to the building) for green vehicles promotes their purchase. The other options do not provide enough information or are just wrong
It is understood that parking only leads to a variety of negative environmental effects. How can a project minimize its amount of parking spaces? (CHOOSE 3) Providing ACEEE vehicles for building occupants Instituting transportation demand management strategies Excluding preferred parking spaces from the LEED project boundary Selecting a site in a dense and diverse area Discouraging off-site parking Building in places near transit
Instituting transportation demand management strategies Selecting a site in a dense and diverse area Building in places near transit Question 18 Explanation: Transportation demand strategies can reduce single-occupancy vehicle use through telecommuting, compressed workweeks, or providing shuttle service between the site and commercial/residential centers. Mixed use areas with high density are usually served by mass transit
ASHRAE, MERV, FSC and ISO are some of the standards embedded in the LEED rating system. While MERV defines the amount of particulates allowed to pass through a filter, what helps teams with engaging in a comprehensive integrative process? ENERGY STAR Integrative Process (IP) ANSI Consensus National Standard Guide 2.0 for Design and Construction of Sustainable Buildings and Communities LEED IP Help I-Codes for Integrative Processes ASHRAE Hollistic Design Guide
Integrative Process (IP) ANSI Consensus National Standard Guide 2.0 for Design and Construction of Sustainable Buildings and Communities Question 69 Explanation: The ANSI standard provides project teams with step-by-step guidance on the integrative process. The other options are fake or irrelevant to IP.
LeadingGreen owns 100% of the LEED boundary. The project includes a major HVAC renovation, significant envelope modifications, and core plumbing renovation but may also allow for future tenant fit-outs. Which LEED rating system should be selected based on the 40/60 rule? LEED O+M: Existing Buildings LEED ID+C: Commercial Interiors LEED BD+C: Core and Shell LEED BD+C: New Construction
LEED BD+C: Core and Shell Question 57 Explanation: The key terms here are envelope and core renovations. LEED Building Design and Construction: Core and Shell is for the exterior shell and core mechanical, electrical, and plumbing units, but not a complete interior fit-out. • LEED BD+C: Core and Shell is the appropriate rating system to use if more than 40% of the gross floor area is incomplete at the time of certification • LEED O+M: Existing Buildings is used for buildings that are undergoing improvement work or little to no construction • LEED BD+C: New Construction requires more than what is completed on this project • LEED ID+C: Commercial Interiors is for interior spaces that are a complete interior fit-out. As the owner of the building, we would not be completing these fit-outs
RioCan just purchased the Yonge-Sheppard center. They plan to retrofit the envelope, HVAC, domestic hot water and electric systems. Tenants will still control their own space and not be upgraded. Which LEED rating system adaptation should be used? LEED O+M: Existing Buildings LEED BD+C: Schools LEED ID+C: Commercial Interiors LEED BD+C: Core and Shell LEED BD+C: New Construction
LEED BD+C: Core and Shell Question 67 Explanation: LEED for CI would be changed by the tenant and LEED for NC would also include the tenant spaces as well as the other aforementioned renovations in the credit
TD Bank is not very pleased with their year-over-year energy consumption in their headquarters and thus wants to reduce consumption. What LEED rating system would be applicable to minor renovations in a building? LEED for New Construction LEED for Schools LEED for Homes LEED for Existing Buildings: Operations & Maintenance LEED for Core & Shell
LEED for Existing Buildings: Operations & Maintenance Question 60 Explanation: The key term here is minor renovations
A developer cannot determine how many buildings he wants to locate on a large site. What LEED rating system extends into its local and regional communities? LEED for Homes LEED for Schools LEED for Neighborhood Development LEED for Retail
LEED for Neighborhood Development
The Regional Priority credit category is specific to: The state the project is in depending on its zip code LEED BD+C and O+M only LEED CIRs All LEED Rating systems LEED project type (schools, healthcare, data centers, etc.)
LEED project type (schools, healthcare, data centers, etc.) Question 72 Explanation: Each LEED project type may have different impacts so each rating system has its own RP credits. E.g. a healthcare facility needs higher IAQ than a warehouse
A project owner in Colorado is hoping to reduce the amount of potable water used for irrigation through rainwater harvesting and should first look at: The grading of the site The volume of rainfall The pollutants in the rain water runoff Local/State regulations The Annual consumption of potable water on the project
Local/State regulations Question 99 Explanation: Regulations and rules/codes are always the first item to be looked at. For example, some water in Colorado is owned by Texas.
A project team is holding their first LEED Charrette and wants to brainstorm water efficiency improvements. What legal requirements would they be researching during the integrative process? Nonpotable water sources Site Assessment Fixtures and Fittings Renewable energy sources Metering possibility
Nonpotable water sources Question 41 Explanation: Early in the design process, project teams need to establish a water balance and see what is legal within the project for reclaimed water, black water, graywater collection, and rainwater harvesting
James cannot determine if his new office project will comply with a specific credit and submit a CIR which should include: Drawings Plans Cut-sheets One specific inquiry
One specific inquiry Question 4 Explanation: No attachments, cut sheets or drawings are allowed within a CIR request except for LEED ND where a site plan can be attached.
How does LEED address the demands of different geographic and climactic regions? MPRs Innovation credits CIRs Regional priority credits Through the 7 impact categories and consensus based decisions
Regional priority credits Question 19 Explanation: LEED address the demands of different geographic and climactic regions through Regional priority credits
What should an indoor air quality plan during construction entail? Protect materials from moisture damage, monitor carbon dioxide and monitor outdoor airflow Flush-out the building before occupancy, Use low VOC materials and monitor carbon dioxide Calibrate sensors and monitors and conduct an occupant survey Conduct custodial training, use fans to blow out construction dust, orient the building properly Protect materials from moisture damage, flush-out the building before occupancy and restrict entry of dust
Protect materials from moisture damage, flush-out the building before occupancy and restrict entry of dust Question 85 Explanation: Housekeeping during the construction process keeps dust and dirt from collecting in the building and it's installed systems. Protecting materials from moisture damage can prevent rot and mold. Protecting equipment from dust and dirt by capping and covering intakes and openings protects the systems. A flush-out runs the mechanical systems with 100% outside air to remove contaminants. Flush-outs are usually done after construction is complete and prior occupants moving in. The other options deal with occupant health after construction.
A project team decided to increase the building floor to site area ratio by building up as opposed to out. In doing so which impact category would be targeted: Promote Sustainable and Regenerative Material Resources Cycles Reverse Contribution to Global Climate Change Protect, Enhance and Restore Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Enhance human health and well being GHG Emissions Reduction from Materials and Water Embodied Energy Use
Protect, Enhance and Restore Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
How can a project site prevent pollution and sedimentation due to construction? Providing natural buffers around the property Ensure light fixtures are completed shielded Pave over adjacent streams to prevent sedimentation Use bio-based fertilizers only Protect on-site materials from moisture damage
Providing natural buffers around the property Question 13 Explanation: Buffers help prevent rain water from carrying pollutants off of the site and into adjacent streams. The other options are strategies for other credits or none at all.
Construction and demolition debris are responsible for a large amount of waste in our landfill. How can a project team reduce the energy use and waste associated with demolition? (CHOOSE 3) Re-building a historic project Building an off-site waste-to-energy plant Selecting a blighted building Restoring existing buildings Building an on-site waste-to-energy plant Orienting a building properly to maximize daylight and solar heat gain
Re-building a historic project Selecting a blighted building Restoring existing buildings Question 14 Explanation: Restoring existing buildings Selecting a blighted building Re-building a historic project
A project is trying to source sustainable fertilizer for its landscaping. What can a composting fixture help with? Outdoor water use reduction Integrated pest management Protect or Restore Habitat using the compost Reduce indoor water use
Reduce indoor water use Question 83 Explanation: Composting toilets use no potable water and thus save from the baseline. You cannot use that compost for anything....gross.
A project utilizes an on-site wastewater treatment plan and then takes the treated water and replenishes the aquifer below which helps by: (CHOOSE 2) Reducing the amount of wastewater from the building Reducing the demand for wastewater treatment infrastructure Reducing energy required to treat wastewater Reducing irrigation requirement of on-site rain gardens Reducing the demand for on-site potable water
Reducing the demand for wastewater treatment infrastructure Reducing energy required to treat wastewater Question 88 Explanation: Both of these reduce GHG and other pollutants created by water transportation and treatment facilities, which in turn improves quality of life for humans and lessens environmental burdens. Whereas irrigation is not effected nor is the wastewater coming from the building reduced as this is strictly a treatment facility.
What should the project team do if they changed their mind and decided not to pursue a credit initially attempted? Contact GBCI by phone Mark the credit as pending Attempt a different credit Remove the credit
Remove the credit Question 34 Explanation: The Project Administrator or project manager can add and later remove credits from the project, even if previously awarded.
A delivery truck had a leak in its roof and as a result some building materials got wet. How should these materials be handled when they get to the site? Recycle the material Install it immediately Wait for them to dry before installing Replace the materials
Replace the materials Question 91 Explanation: A general contractor is responsible for keeping building materials dry so that no mold is introduced into the building
A project is focused on maximizing its floor to area ratio and minimizing rain water runoff. Which of the following demonstrates systems thinking? Building a parking structure Reviewing the schedule for the timing of the HVAC system installation Building up as opposed to out Commissioning all building systems to reduce energy usage over time Researching how occupants will travel to the project
Researching how occupants will travel to the project Question 66 Explanation: Systems thinking is a process of understanding how each part of the built environment affects every other part. It is the belief that the component parts of a system can best be understood in the context of relationships with each other and with other systems, rather than in isolation. These parts include project materials, building systems, site, people, and information. In this choice the people are considered and the relationship to the transportation options and/or parking at the site.
LEED incorporates existing strategies and sustainable practices into its holistic rating system including open and closed systems. Which of the following is false in regards to a closed system in the built environment? This can be accomplished through a waste to energy facility if there is no waste Materials in a closed system are used for other purposes at the end of their useful life There is absolutely no waste Resources that have been fully used are then allowed to be released outside the system
Resources that have been fully used are then allowed to be released outside the system Question 65 Explanation: All aspects of a closed ecosystem are highly integrated to ensure maximum efficiency.
After substantial completion and occupancy, how can the project team maintain ongoing energy efficiency? Comparing the performance against ENERGY STAR Portfolio Manager Purchasing Renewable Energy Credits (RECs) Monitoring building automation systems Retrocommissioning
Retrocommissioning Question 17 Explanation: Building automation systems (BAS) collect data about a building's systems and track it over time. The data can be used to determine trends or anomalies, which can then serve to help fix or update the systems. Retrocommissioning is a commissioning process that can be performed on existing buildings to identify and recognize system improvements that make the building more suitable for current use
There are many ways to fight the damages caused by refrigerants but this is not one of them: Design the building to use natural refrigerants Specify refrigerants with low ozone depletion potential Ensure ventilation rates meet ASHRAE 62.1 Select refrigerants that have long atmospheric lives
Select refrigerants that have long atmospheric lives Question 74 Explanation: A high ODP is directly correlated with a long atmospheric life and thus this choice would hinder environmental performance
LEED certifications can add over $50 000 on top of traditional building costs. Which of the following has the lowest associated soft cost? Self-guided education program on the green features of a project Labourers Masonry used for the first floor Renewable energy certifications
Self-guided education program on the green features of a project Question 25 Explanation: The education program can result in an IN point. RECs and legal fees can be expected. A soft construction cost is one that is not directly related to building, construction, etc. These include building permit fees, architect fees, legal, financing, engineering fees, commissioning, and other costs incurred before and after construction. Hard costs: By far the largest portion of the expenses in a construction budget, the hard costs are mostly comprised of the actual construction costs incurred to build the project
Credit interactions and synergies are key to reducing the cost of LEED certification. Protecting greenfields can lead to benefitting which of the following 2 items: (CHOOSE 2) Site assessment Open space Construction activity pollution prevention Water and energy submetering Habitat conservation and restoration Designing for flexibility
Site assessment Construction activity pollution prevention Question 37 Explanation: Both of these are intended to preserve and protect greenfields during the construction process. A project team may be able to share strategies between them and achieve synergy.
Which of the following statements is not true regarding environmental tobacco smoke control? Smoking is not permitted in residential projects Signage prohibiting smoking must be posted 25 feet from all operable windows Signage prohibiting smoking must be posted 25 feet from all entry locations Smoking is not permitted outside the building except in designated smoking areas
Smoking is not permitted in residential projects Question 42 Explanation: Prohibiting indoor smoking is the only way to fully eliminate the health risks associated with ETS. For this reason, designated indoor smoking rooms are not allowed in LEED-certified buildings. Only residential projects are exempt because of legal ownership issues. For LEED BD+C: Homes Multifamily projects, prohibit smoking in all common areas of the building. Prohibit smoking outside the building except in designated smoking areas located at least 25 feet from all entry locations, outdoor air intakes, and operable windows. Signage must be posted within 10 feet (3 meters) of all building entrances indicating the no-smoking policy.
There are numerous ways to reduce solid waste leaving your site as listed by the Environmental Protection Agency. Which is the priority? Source Reduction Reuse Recovery Recycling
Source Reduction Question 21 Explanation: Source reduction, also known as waste prevention or pollution prevention, is the elimination of waste before it is created. It involves the design, manufacture, purchase or use of materials and products to reduce the amount or toxicity of what is thrown away. An example of source reduction is using less packaging to ship a product or material or using dimensional lumber of the exact size needed. The four preferred strategies of the EPA for reducing waste are, in order: 1. Source reduction 2. Reuse 3. Recycling 4. Waste to energy
A project engineer is responsible for signing off on a number of LEED credits but is missing the legally binding documents which describe the quality of the materials to be used on the project. What are these called? Cradle-to-Cradle Analysis Material Safety Data Sheets Specifications Health Product Declaration (EPD) documents Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) documents
Specifications Question 81 Explanation: Specifications are created by architects and given to the contractor for the purposes of purchasing the right quantity and type of materials. Specifications include drawings of what is to be built. They are legally binding documents. Specifications are detailed and might include: Use #2 salvaged oak flooring in the main lobby, along with the dimensions and layout of the lobby. Purchase the oak flooring locally
There are 6 main LEED Credit Categories that make up 100 points. Some of the points are awarded for minimizing the impact on ecosystems and water resources under what credit category? Materials and Resources Energy and Atmosphere Location and Transportation Sustainable Sites Water Efficiency
Sustainable Sites Question 58 Explanation: Sustainable Sites credits encourage strategies that minimize the impact on ecosystems and water resources. Water Efficiency credits promote smarter use of water, inside and out, to reduce potable water consumption. Location and Transportation credits reward projects within relatively dense areas, near diverse uses, with access to a variety of transportation options, or on sites with development constraints
Looking at the LEED Rating system it is very complex with many paths to achieve each credit. Some even have an LPE option. What is LPE? That a credit is a LEED Pilot credit That the credit has a Letter of Potential Excellence That the credit has a Licensed Professional Exemption That a LEED Accredited Professional is primarily responsible for the credit
That the credit has a Licensed Professional Exemption Question 6 Explanation: Licensed Professional Exemption (LPE) is an optional credit documentation path in which professionals can submit license information and a declaration of compliance in lieu of a number of otherwise required submittals. Credit forms automatically recognize and link LP information from user account data when that user accesses the credit form. Licensed Professional (LP) Information must be identified from the My Account Page of the user's account, or during User Registration. This information is visible within a project on the Team Administration page, but can only be added or changed from the My Account Page. For LPE paths with multiple sign-offs, more than one team member may be assigned to the credit or prerequisite for signatures. (see 'Assign Credits') Note: It is not required that the LP be a LEED AP. Also, the LP must have a U.S. license but it does not have to be issued from the state of the project. Based on credit, LPE streamlined paths are available to: Professional Engineers (PE) Registered Architects (RA) Registered Landscape Architects (RLA) Registered Interior Designers (RID)
Energy use intensity (EUI) is an important factor in determining energy usage. What does EUI refer to? The ratio of maximum daily energy use divided by the total annual energy use Energy consumption divided by the site area The amount of energy consumed per unit floor space The total daily energy use
The amount of energy consumed per unit floor space Question 55 Explanation: When a building is benchmarked, as in Portfolio Manager, one of the key metrics is energy use intensity, or EUI. Essentially, the EUI expresses a building's energy use as a function of its size or other characteristics. For most property types in Portfolio Manager, the EUI is expressed as energy per square foot per year. It's calculated by dividing the total energy consumed by the building in one year (measured in kBtu or GJ) by the total gross floor area of the building. The user can enter the energy use information from their energy bills and Portfolio Manager automatically does the conversion to thousand British thermal units (kBtus). Generally, a low EUI signifies good energy performance.
The EPAct of 1992 as amended is used for determining: The baseline building energy performance for buildings 20,000 sq. ft. or less The baseline water flow requirements of toilets and fixtures The VOC content limits of certain building materials To define ODP and GWP limits for refrigerants The baseline water requirements for irrigation
The baseline water flow requirements of toilets and fixtures
Why is selecting a site in a LEED for ND certified location encouraged? (CHOOSE 2) The project would automatically earn the maximum amount of points in the LT category The overall project registration fees would be reduced The certification process would be easier The project would have excellent location and transportation within the surrounding community The project would earn an innovation in design and regional priority credit for this action
The certification process would be easier The project would have excellent location and transportation within the surrounding community
A new development implemented an ESC plan and LID throughout its site which helps with 2 of the following: (CHOOSE 2) Increase of the floor-area ratio The creation of buffers between development and water resources Reducing the heat island effect On-site rainwater management Energy demand response program Walkability to diverse uses
The creation of buffers between development and water resources On-site rainwater management Question 50 Explanation: You should break this down into 2 questions: What does LID aid? What does erosion and sedimentation control aid?
Prior to submitting a LEED Interpretation a project team must first do the following: Contact the GBCI and explain the issue The project team must contact USGBC customer service The project must be a LEED registered project pursuing LEED Platinum A committee must review the request The inquiry must first undergo the project CIR process
The inquiry must first undergo the project CIR process Question 51 Explanation: All formal inquiries first undergo the project CIR process. Project teams that want their formal inquiry to be considered for a LEED interpretation must opt in and pay for the LEED interpretation at the time they submit their inquiry
Which of the following is one of the primary goals of the Commissioning Process? The project complies with the Commissioning Authority Basis of Design (BOD) The project complies with the Owner's Project Requirements (OPR) The project complies with local building codes The project will earn enough points for certification
The project complies with the Owner's Project Requirements (OPR) Question 35 Explanation: Commissioning is a process for achieving, verifying, and documenting that the performance of facilities, systems, and assemblies meets defined objectives and criteria as established by two fundamental documents, one prepared by the Owner—Owner's Project Requirements (OPR)—and the second prepared by the project team—Basis of Design (BOD). The Fundamental Commissioning and Verification prerequisite requires the project team to engage a commissioning authority by the end of the design development phase, review the OPR and BOD, and prepare a facilities operations and maintenance plan. This prerequisite primarily addresses active systems, which includes the project's mechanical, plumbing, electrical, and renewable energy systems. The Enhanced Commissioning credit offers several options, including commissioning of the building envelope. Although Enhanced Commissioning can add sufficient cost to the project and extends the certification time by 10 months, it is important in that it maintains the integrity of the envelope [roofing, siding, windows and doors, and waterproofing (e.g., caulking, flashing, etc.)]. Ongoing commissioning (aka recommissioning): for building operations to ensure that a building continues to meet its fundamental operational requirements. Retrocommissioning is the same process applied to existing buildings and it is intended to keep a building on track for meeting or exceeding the original operational goals
The building code in Pittsburgh allows for smoking in restaurants. As a result a consultant for a new bar suggests having a dedicated smoking room which would lead to: The project could not be certified The project is exempt due to location and service The project would have to ensure proper compartmentalization in the isolated room to becoming LEED certified The project automatically receiving LEED points
The project could not be certified Question 28 Explanation: The prerequisite of ETS control requires no smoking allowed in a LEED certified building
A project is trying to track its energy usage over time using ENERGY STAR Portfolio manager. How can LEED Online be used to take a snapshot of the project's progress? The project timeline The credit roles and responsibilities The project Checklist The reviewer's comments The project GANTT chart This cannot be done
The project timeline Question 40 Explanation: The project timeline gives an overview of all the steps of the project's process via real-time snapshots. The project Checklist (LEED Scorecard) is the best way to stay on top of credits attempted, under review, and earned. The reviewer's comments - The credit-by-credit tracker includes comments and actual credit language for each credit along with its up-to-the-minute review status.
Natural ventilation can lead to ample points through energy performance credit but its most important troubling factor is: The system would result in high concentrations of carbon monoxide The system may not be able to provide enough fresh outdoor air The natural ventilation system would have to be metered The climate does not allow for natural ventilation
The system may not be able to provide enough fresh outdoor air Question 82 Explanation: The system first and foremost has to provide enough fresh air to meet the prerequisite of LEED. All the other choices may be important, which would be determined in the integrative process.
During a charrette, the project team establishes an integrated design approach toward what major goal? To compare notes and identify opportunities for synergy Ensure the project will come in on budget Ensure the project will achieve certification Ensure the project will come in on budget and on schedule
To compare notes and identify opportunities for synergy Question 54 Explanation: A charrette is an intensive, multiparty workshop that brings people from different disciplines and backgrounds together to explore, generate, and collaboratively produce design options. All project team members gather information and data relevant to the project, compare notes, and identify opportunities for synergy before anything is yet designed.
LeadingGreen is developing a new campus project in an area without zoning. When would LeadingGreen use the ITE Transportation Planning Handbook? To determine transportation demand strategies To determine how much vegetative space is required to meet LEED To determine the amount of parking needed To determine where to place preferred parking
To determine the amount of parking needed
LEED used to only award points for selecting contaminated brownfields but now priority designation is also rewarded. Why is it worth points now? To encourage investment in economically disadvantaged or low-income areas To select a site in a certified LEED for Neighbourhood development To encourage the development of green fields To select a site nearest to underground parking To ensure sensitive lands are protected
To encourage investment in economically disadvantaged or low-income areas
A LEED consultant is trying to help the code consultant understand the variety of standards in LEED and wants to know what the EPAct is used for? To define ODP and GWP limits for refrigerants To set the baseline water flow requirements of toilets and fixtures To determine the baseline building energy performance for buildings 20,000 sq. ft. or less To define the VOC content limits of certain building materials
To set the baseline water flow requirements of toilets and fixtures
The EPA's watersense label is encouraged by LEED for all new fixtures purchased throughout the building's life. Which of the following does it apply to? (CHOOSE 3) Waterless urinals Toilets Private/Public Faucets Showerheads Washing Machines Irrigation submeters
Toilets Private/Public Faucets Showerheads
ISO 14021 defines the different types of recyclable materials. Which of the following would be pre-consumer if one day it is recycled? (CHOOSE 3) Coca Cola cans Walnut shells Construction and demolition debris Sawdust Sunflower seed hulls
Walnut shells Sawdust Sunflower seed hulls Question 29 Explanation: Sawdust can be taken from a lumber mill and sent to another manufacturer where they turn it into medium density fiberboard (MDF). Walnut shells are taken from the walnut processing line at the food plant and shipped somewhere else to be turned into composite wood products such as cabinetry.
A project team is having difficulty at different stages of a project's LEED process. When would a project choose to submit a Credit Interpretation Request (CIR)? (CHOOSE 2) When a conflict in a credit or prerequisite requires resolution When the owner cannot find a LEED consultant in the area When the LEED consultant is having difficulty registering a project and needs assistance When a project is denied a credit and wants to appeal When the reference guide does not address a specific issue
When a conflict in a credit or prerequisite requires resolution When the reference guide does not address a specific issue Question 90 Explanation: CIRs should be used when there are conflicts in a credit/prerequisite and/or you can't find the answer in the reference guide
LEED v4 introduced new compliance paths for its rating systems. When would the HERS Index be used? When determining the minimum energy performance of a two-story residential project During the Discovery phase of water-related systems During energy modelling process to determine points awarded in energy and atmosphere When measuring the energy performance of an office tower To measure how much rain runs off through 25% of the site .
When determining the minimum energy performance of a two-story residential project Question 47 Explanation: The Home Energy Rating System (HERS) Index is a standard by which a home's energy efficiency is measured. Based on the results, an energy-rated home will receive a HERS Index Score. The HERS Index Score can be described as a type of miles-per-gallon (MPG) sticker for houses, giving prospective buyers and homeowners an insight as to how the home ranks in terms of energy efficiency. In addition to a HERS Index Score, a home-energy rating also provides the homeowner with a detailed report regarding energy problems in the house.
A project team is attempting to get the most bang for their buck and minimize a projects water use. Which will do this the best? Increasing the area of permeable surfaces Xeriscaping Use a cistern to capture and treat rain water Minimizing the amount of hardscapes
Xeriscaping Question 2 Explanation: Xeriscaping will result in the greatest water use reduction as landscaping requires a lot of water and cisterns are very expensive to buy and maintain.
A project is located in a relatively dense urban area and as a result it will: need to be located near mass transit as a prerequisite of LEED certification Have to select a greenfield It will likely contain ample quality open space and vegetation likely experience higher cooling costs due to the heat island effect
likely experience higher cooling costs due to the heat island effect Question 31 Explanation: The heat island effect refers to the ability of dark, non-reflective paved areas, city streets, rooftops, and sidewalks to absorb and radiate heat, making urban areas and the surrounding suburbs noticeably hotter than rural towns nearby. Other contributors include reduced air flow due to tall buildings and narrow streets, calm and sunny weather, and auto exhaust. Because the air around the building is heated, more air conditioning is required in the building to keep it cool. This further heats the surrounding air and creates a vicious cycle
Which of the following describes site energy? The energy product (heat or electricity) created from a raw fuel The total amount of raw fuel that is required to operate the building The amount of heat and electricity consumed by a building as reflected in utility bills The raw fuel that is burned to create heat and electricity
the amount of heat and electricity consumed by a building as reflected in utility bills Question 73 Explanation: Site energy is the amount of heat and electricity consumed by a building as reflected in your utility bills. Site energy may be delivered to a building in one of two forms: primary or secondary energy. Source energy represents the total amount of raw fuel that is required to operate the building. It incorporates all transmission, delivery, and production losses. By taking all energy use into account, it provides a complete assessment of energy efficiency in a building. Primary energy is the raw fuel that is burned to create heat and electricity. Secondary energy is the energy product (heat or electricity) created from a raw fuel, such as electricity purchased from the grid or heat received from a district steam system
