Test 4 - Ex Phys
Which of the following is incorrect concerning current theory on fiber splitting in humans?
Muscle injury results from intense training, particularly concentric-action training
Which of the following best describes the training adaptations exhibited by women compared to those of men when participating in identical resistance training programs?
Women experience similar gains in strength but smaller gains in muscle mass.
Fiber type conversion (e.g., fast-twitch [FT] to slow-twitch [ST] conversion) has been shown to occur under which of the following conditions?
a and b (cross-innervation of motor units, chronic stimulation of FT motor units with low-frequency nerve stimulation)
The muscle fiber hypertrophy that occurs with chronic resistance training appears to result from
a net increase in muscle protein synthesis
Muscle atrophy may be defined as
a wasting away (decrease) in muscle size
The initial phase of rapid plasma volume increase after endurance exercise is most likely due to a. increased ADH release b. increased plasma albumin c. increased red blood cell volume d. decreased aldosterone release
b. increased plasma albumin
Endurance training results in a. Decreased left ventricular dimensions b. increases in resting, submaximal, and maximal stroke volumes c. increased systemic peripheral resistance d. lower blood volume
b. increases in resting, submaximal, and maximal stroke volumes
It appears that early increases in muscular strength are primarily due to
neural adaptations
It appears that increases in muscular strength cannot be achieved without
neural adaptations
Muscle damage appears to be a precipitating factor for muscle hypertrophy. (T/F)
true
Resistance training in the elderly (>70 years of age) results in increases in both muscle strength and muscle mass. (T/F)
true
Resistance training techniques developed and applied to the training of men are equally appropriate for the training of women. (T/F)
true
Strength can be maintained for up to 12 weeks with reduced training frequency. (T/F)
true
Muscle fiber hypertrophy may be partially explained by
All of these are correct
Reduced neurological inhibition
All of these are correct
Muscle cramps may be caused by
All of these are correct (high rates of sweating, sustained alpha-motor neuron activity, muscle fatigue)
Which of the following is true concerning the effects of resistance training on muscular strength and size? (duplicate)
Improvements in muscular strength are always accompanied by increases in muscle size
Which of the following is incorrect?
Resistance training in the elderly (>70 years of age) results in increases in muscle strength but not muscle mass.
Which of the following is a true statement regarding hypertrophy of whole muscle in response to resistance training?
Some research has suggested that muscle fiber hyperplasia may contribute to whole-muscle hypertrophy in humans.
Which of the following is true concerning the effects of resistance training on muscular strength and size? (duplicate)
Strength gains can be achieved without structural changes in muscle but not without neural adaptations
Which of the following is incorrect concerning fiber type conversion?
There are no incorrect responses
Muscle soreness (DOMS) can be prevented or minimized by
a, b, and c (a. reducing the eccentric component of the muscle action during early training b. beginning training at low intensity and gradually increasing training c. beginning training with a high-intensity, exhaustive bout of exercise causing more soreness early and less soreness later in the program)
Armstrong's sequence of events in explaining DOMS includes
a, b, and c (structural damage, impaired calcium homeostasis resulting in necrosis, increased macrophage activity)
What factor(s) affect heart rate recovery time? a. Exercise in hot environments can prolong heart rate recovery time. b. Exercise at high altitude can shorten heart rate recovery time. c. An untrained person has a shortened heart rate recovery time. d. All of these are correct.
a. Exercise in hot environments can prolong heart rate recovery time.
What is a possible reason for lower maximal heart rates observed in endurance-trained athletes? a. Slower heart rates increase ventricular filling time. b. Slower heart rate increases afterload. c. Stroke volume increases as afterload increases. d. Stroke volume decreases.
a. Slower heart rates increase ventricular filling time.
1. Which of the following statements is incorrect? a. Strength gains over 4 weeks to 2 years of training vary by training status, and the greatest strength increases are observed in elite athletes. b. Strength gains between men and women are similar when expressed as a percentage of initial strength. c. Strength gains between children and adults are similar when expressed as a percentage of initial strength. d. Strength gains when reported as absolute weight are higher in men than in women.
a. Strength gains over 4 weeks to 2 years of training vary by training status, and the greatest strength increases are observed in elite athletesMuscle hypertrophy refers to
Cardiorespiratory endurance-trained athletes are able to achieve much higher maximal cardiac outputs than the average person because of a. an increased maximal stroke volume and an increased ventricular size b. an increased maximal heart rate and a decreased ventricular size c. a decreased maximal stroke volume and a decreased ventricular size d. a decreased maximal heart rate
a. an increased maximal stroke volume and an increased ventricular size
Of the following factors, which is considered the most important contributor to the improvement in stroke volume with endurance training? a. increased blood volume b. increased cardiac contractility c. increased ejection fraction d. decreased arterial blood pressure
a. increased blood volume
The primary reason maximal oxygen uptake increases in response to aerobic training is a. increased cardiac output and muscle blood flow b. increased maximal heart rate c. increased oxidative enzymes in the muscle d. increased lung volumes
a. increased cardiac output and muscle blood flow
The ____ undergoes the greatest hypertrophy in response to aerobic training. a. left ventricle b. right ventricle c. left atrium d. right atrium
a. left ventricle
Which of the following is the best objective laboratory measure of aerobic power, or cardiorespiratory endurance? a. maximal oxygen uptake b. lactate threshold c. anaerobic threshold d. maximal expiratory ventilation
a. maximal oxygen uptake
The ability of a sprinter to sustain a high speed over the full distance of, for example, a 100- or 200-meter race is an example of a. muscular endurance b. cardiorespiratory endurance c. muscular strength d. aerobic capacity
a. muscular endurance
M-mode echocardiography provides a. one-dimensional views of the heart b. two-dimensional views of the heart c. three-dimensional views of the heart d. measurement of blood flow
a. one-dimensional views of the heart
Acute muscle soreness immediately after exercise is a result of
accumulation of end products of exercise
Transient hypertrophy, the temporary enlargement of muscles that occurs during a weightlifting workout, results mainly from
accumulation of fluid in the interstitial and intracellular spaces of the muscles
The increase in strength that occurs with resistance training results from
all of these (hypertrophy of muscle, increased motor unit recruitment, synchronization)
Muscle hypertrophy refers to
an increase in muscle size
A decrease in the size of individual muscle fibers is referred to as
atrophy
Increased contractile force of the heart causes a. an increase in end-systolic volume b. a decrease in end-systolic volume c. no change in end-systolic volume
b. a decrease in end-systolic volume
Pseudoanemia may be observed in a. untrained participants who have a lower red blood cell count than aerobically trained b. aerobically trained participants who have increased red blood cell counts and lower hematocrits c. aerobically trained participants who have decreased red blood cell counts and higher hematocrits d. untrained participants who have higher red blood cell counts and higher hematocrits than aerobically trained
b. aerobically trained participants who have increased red blood cell counts and lower hematocrits
Cardiorespiratory endurance training causes which of the following changes? a. a decrease in plasma volume and an increase in new capillaries b. an increase in plasma volume and an increase in capillary recruitment c. a decrease in the cross-sectional area for exchange between the vascular system and metabolically active muscle fibers d. an increase in plasma volume and a decrease in red blood cell volume
b. an increase in plasma volume and an increase in capillary recruitment
Resistance training causes a. blood pressure to change very little during training b. an increase in the thickness of the left ventricular wall, but no change in resting blood pressure c. an elevation in resting blood pressure d. hypertension in competitive weightlifters
b. an increase in the thickness of the left ventricular wall, but no change in resting blood pressure
The Fick equation indicates that the rate of oxygen consumption is equal to a. heart rate times systolic blood pressure b. cardiac output times a-vO2 difference c. Stroke volume times a-vO2 difference d. Heart rate times arterial oxygen saturation
b. cardiac output times a-vO2 difference
Most research studies that have investigated the effects of exercise training on heart size have been a. longitudinal training studies b. cross-sectional studies c. individual case studies d. multifaceted studies
b. cross-sectional studies
Cardiac output at rest and during submaximal exercise at a given exercise intensity a. significantly increases following endurance training b. does not change much following endurance training, or may slightly decrease c. significantly decreases following endurance training
b. does not change much following endurance training, or may slightly decrease
Submaximal endurance capacity a. is measured with a V\od\O2max test b. is more closely related to competitive endurance performance than is maximal endurance capacity c. is probably determined by both a person's V\od\O2 and his or her lactate threshold d. a and b e. b and c
b. is more closely related to competitive endurance performance than is maximal endurance capacity
Muscular endurance is highly related to the development of a. aerobic capacity b. muscular strength and anaerobic power c. leg speed and anaerobic power d. cardiorespiratory systems' ability to maintain oxygen delivery to working muscles during prolonged bouts of exercise
b. muscular strength and anaerobic power
Cardiorespiratory endurance training results in which of the following heart rate adaptation(s)? a. decreased resting heart rate b. an increased resting heart rate and an increased maximal heart rate c. a decreased resting heart rate and an unchanged or slightly reduced maximal heart rate d. a decreased resting heart rate and an increased maximal heart rate
c. a decreased resting heart rate and an unchanged or slightly reduced maximal heart rate
An increase in mechanical efficiency is a possible explanation for a. a decrease in resting heart rate after endurance training b. a higher oxygen consumption rate at a given submaximal exercise work load after training c. a lower oxygen consumption at a given submaximal exercise workload after training d. a higher maximal oxygen consumption
c. a lower oxygen consumption at a given submaximal exercise workload after training
Cardiorespiratory endurance training causes which of the following changes? a. a decrease in plasma volume and an increase in red blood cell volume b. a decrease in plasma volume and a decrease in red blood cell volume c. an increase in plasma volume and an increase in red blood cell volume d. an increase in plasma volume and a decrease in red blood cell volume
c. an increase in plasma volume and an increase in red blood cell volume
The major objective of exercise training is to a. maintain an ideal body weight b. protect against coronary heart disease c. cause physiological adaptations specific to the type of training d. increase endurance capacity e. None of these is correct.
c. cause physiological adaptations specific to the type of training
Which of the following sports would be least dependent on muscular endurance? a. boxing b. wrestling c. distance running d. sprinting
c. distance running
At very high heart rates during cardiorespiratory endurance exercise, stroke volume may actually decrease because of a. a decreased ejection fraction resulting from ventricular fatigue b. decreased venous return from contracting muscles c. inadequate ventricular filling resulting from a shortening of diastole d. increased peripheral vascular resistance resulting from vasoconstriction in active muscles
c. inadequate ventricular filling resulting from a shortening of diastole
The heart of a highly trained endurance athlete would be characterized by all of the following except a. increased end-diastolic pressure b. increased left ventricular wall thickness c. increased maximal heart rate d. increased ejection fraction
c. increased maximal heart rate
The second phase of rapid plasma volume increase after endurance training is most likely due to a. protein catabolism due to repeated exercise b. increased plasma albumin c. increases in ADH d. decreased aldosterone release
c. increases in ADH
The increase in heart muscle mass with resistance training is due to a. repeated exposure to the decreased afterload b. repeated exposure to the decreased preload c. repeated exposure to the increased afterload d. repeated exposure to increased plasma volume
c. repeated exposure to the increased afterload
If both the agonist and antagonist contracted with equal force development, no movement would occur; this is an example of
coactivation
Aerobic training results in which of the following changes in stroke volume? a. increased stroke volume at rest b. increased stroke volume at a standardized submaximal rate of work c. increased stroke volume at maximal rates of work d. All of these are correct.
d. All of these are correct
Cardiorespiratory adaptations can be said to have occurred when a. the athlete performs the same absolute work as in pretraining in less time b. the athlete performs the same absolute work as in pretraining with less effort c. the recovery heart rate period is shortened. d. All of these are correct. e. only a and c
d. All of these are correct
Cardiorespiratory endurance training results in which of the following adaptations? a. Submaximal endurance capacity increases. b. More oxygen can be delivered to, and consumed by, active muscles than to untrained muscles. c. Heart mass and volume increase with training. d. All of these are correct.
d. All of these are correct
Echocardiography can be used to view and measure or monitor which of the following? a. thickness of the heart walls b. action of the heart valves c. size of the heart chambers d. All of these are correct. e. None of these is correct.
d. All of these are correct
Which of the following happen with aerobic training? a. Resting heart rate decreases as a result of decreased sympathetic activity. b. Resting heart rate decreases as a result of increased parasympathetic activity. c. Steady-state submaximal heart rate at the same exercise intensity as measured before training declines. d. All of these are correct. e. None of these is correct.
d. All of these are correct.
Which of the following is incorrect? a. The heart rate of a trained person is lower at rest and at the same absolute exercise intensity than the heart rate of an untrained person. b. EDV is greater in an aerobically trained person than in an untrained person. c. The Frank-Starling mechanism results in an increase in the force of contraction. d. Stroke volumes are the same for a trained person regardless of body size.
d. Stroke volumes are the same for a trained person regardless of body size.
Which of the following is incorrect? a. Aerobic training improves central and peripheral blood flow. b. Aerobic training improves the capacity of muscle to generate greater amounts of ATP. c. V\od\O2max may be defined by the Fick equation. d. V\od\O2max = Q\od\max divided by a-vO2 difference
d. V\od\O2max = Q\od\max divided by a-vO2 difference
Aerobic training results in which of the following heart rate adaptation(s)? a. a decrease in resting heart rate b. a lower heart rate at a standard submaximal rate of work c. an increased maximal heart rate d. a and b
d. a and b
With endurance training, a. left ventricular chamber size increases b. left ventricular wall increases in thickness c. EDV increases d. a, b, and c e. a and c
d. a, b, and c
Which of the following factors is (are) responsible for the increase in resting, submaximal, and maximal stroke volumes elicited by endurance training? a. increased blood volume b. a stronger heart c. reduced systemic vascular resistance d. all of these e. none of these
d. all of these
In the trained heart, increased ventricular mass results in a. decreased contractile force b. increases in end-systolic volume c. increases in peripheral resistance d. increases in ejection fraction e. All of these are correct.
d. increases in ejection fraction
Doppler echocardiography provides a. one-dimensional views of the heart b. two-dimensional views of the heart c. three-dimensional views of the heart d. measurement of blood flow
d. measurement of blood flow
The best definition of cardiorespiratory endurance is a. the maximal force that a muscle or muscle group can generate in a single effort b. the functional range of motion about a joint c. the ability to sustain a held maximal force or to continue repeated submaximal contractions d. the entire body's ability to sustain prolonged, dynamic exercise using large muscle groups
d. the entire body's ability to sustain prolonged, dynamic exercise using large muscle groups
When muscle atrophies, the cross-sectional area ____ and several studies have shown this effect to be greater in type ___ fibers.
decreases; I
Hypertrophy was once thought to occur from muscle damage and repair. The current theory regarding hypertrophy states that
disruptions in sarcomere Z-lines represent fiber protein remodeling
Which of the following allows an increase in muscle blood flow during submaximal and maximal exercise after cardiorespiratory training? a. increased capillarization of trained skeletal muscle b. greater utilization of existing capillaries in trained skeletal muscle c. more effective distribution of blood d. a and c e. All of these are correct.
e. All of these are correct.
What type of muscular contraction is most likely to induce delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS)?
eccentric contractions
Sustained motor neuron activity, increased muscle spindle activity, and decreased Golgi tendon organ activity are thought to play a role i
exercise-induced muscle cramp
The most important reason for the loss of strength (force-generating capacity) associated with DOMS is
failure within the excitation-contraction coupling process
Children should not participate in resistance training programs because the risk of injury far outweighs any benefits to be gained. (T/F)
false
Increases in white blood cell count have been shown in activities that elicit delayed-onset muscle soreness, indicating that inflammation is the principal cause of DOMS. (T/F)
false
An increase in the number of muscle fibers in a muscle is referred to as
hyperplasia
Studies in which cats trained to lift very heavy weights over months of resistance training demonstrated that muscle size can change through muscle fiber
hyperplasia
Neural mechanisms that may help explain some of the strength gains from resistance training include all of the following except
increased autogenic inhibition
The "pumped-up" state of a muscle immediately after a single intensive bout of resistance training is caused by
increased fluid accumulation in the muscle
Evidence from recent research indicates that a carbohydrate and protein supplement, taken immediately after a resistance training bout, can
reduce the rate of protein degradation in muscle, resulting in a more positive nitrogen balance
The loss of strength caused by muscle immobilization
reflects decreased protein synthesis and decreased neuromuscular activation in the immobilized muscle
Most research evidence indicates that training-induced whole-muscle hypertrophy in humans
results mainly from increases in the size of individual muscle fibers
Which of the following activities would result in the greatest degree of muscle soreness 24 to 48 hours after the exercise?
running downhill at 6.0 mph, 10% grade
The most likely cause of delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) appears to be
structural damage to the muscle cells
Which hormone produced by the body is thought to be at least partly responsible for increases in muscle growth?
testosterone
