test 5 Excretion, Fluid and pH balance
A realistic value for the ___ is about 125 ml/min.
glomerular filtration rate
Urine normally contains all of the following, except one. Which one?
glucose.
What is the most direct function of the juxtaglomerular complex?
help regulate blood pressure and the rate of blood filtration by the kidneys
The most important force causing net outward water flow across capillary walls is ________.
hydrostatic pressure of capillary blood
A decreased sodium plasma level is called
hyponatremia
Excretion of dilute urine requires ________.
impermeability of the collecting tubule to water
The difference between volume depletion and dehydration is
in the osmolarity of the body fluids. In volume depletion there is normal osmolarity, in dehydration hyperosmolarity.
An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to a(n) ________.
increase in the production of ADH
Antidiuretic hormone
increases water reabsorption but not sodium reabsorption.
Alcohol acts as a diuretic because it ________.
inhibits the release of ADH
In which of these compartments is Na+ concentration the lowest?
intracellular fluid
Site that drains the distal convoluted tubule.
Collecting duct.
When antidiuretic hormone (ADH) levels are low ________.
most of the water reaching the collecting ducts is not reabsorbed
The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the ________.
nephron
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is a hormone that is made in the atria of the heart. The influence of this hormone is to ________.
reduce blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting sodium and water retention
Glomerular capillaries
Fenestrated vessels that allow passage of all plasma elements but not blood cells.
Site of filtrate formation.
Glomerulus.
Afferent arterioles
High pressure vessel that forces fluid and solutes into the glomerular capsule.
Which of the following cations is most concentrated in the intracellular fluid?
K+
Hypoventilation will cause
respiratory acidosis.
The physiological buffer system that works the faster is the______ system, and the physiological buffer system that buffers the greater quantity of acid or base is the_______ system.
respiratory; urinary
Glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate by
the proximal convoluted tubule.
Which of the following acts as the trigger for the initiation of micturition (voiding)?
the stretching of the bladder wall
In response to high levels of aldosterone (and normal ADH levels), the kidneys will produce _________ than the urine they produced before aldosterone levels were up.
urine with a higher concentration of potassium ions
Peritubular capillaries
Low pressure, porous vessels that reabsorb solutes and water from the tubule cells.
Efferent arterioles
May lead into meandering vessels or bundles of long straight vessels.
Blood supply that directly receives substances from the tubular cells.
Peritubular capillaries.
Vasa recta
Play a role in urine concentration.
Site at which most of the tubular reabsorption occurs
Proximal convoluted tubule.
ICU patient Jane Doe who is comatose after a car accident was hooked up to IV-fluids and catheterized and also has a urine collection bag. She produces 100 ml of urine in the first hour after catheterization. Due to this result
Reduce IV fluid input.
Which is NOT a kidney function? (Read carefully) pH regulation Regulate blood volume and pressure Waste elimination Secrete glucose Secrete erythropoietin
Secrete glucose
Respiratory acidosis can occur when ________.
a person's breathing is shallow due to obstruction
One of the major physiological factors that triggers thirst is ________.
a rise in plasma osmolality
If the Tm for a particular amino acid is 120 mg/100 ml and the concentration of that amino acid in the blood is 230 mg/100 ml, the amino acid will ________
appear in the urine
The term alkaline reserve is used to describe the ________ buffer system.
bicarbonate
The descending limb of the nephron loop ________.
contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla
Which of the following is not reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule? Na+ glucose K+ creatinine
creatinine
The presence of protein in the urine indicates which of the following?
damage to the filtration membrane
Which of the following is NOT a method for regulating the hydrogen ion concentration in blood? diet chemical buffers renal mechanisms respiratory changes
diet
Dan has been lost in the desert for 2 days with very little water. As a result of this exposure you would expect to observe
elevated ADH levels.
Which of the following is the best explanation for why the cells of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) contain so many mitochondria? This provides the energy needed to fight kidney infection. Contraction of the PCT moves filtrate through the tubule. Cells of the PCT go through a great deal of mitosis. A great deal of active transport takes place in the PCT.
A great deal of active transport takes place in the PCT.
The _______ delivers blood to the glomerular capsule.
Afferent arteriole
Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body. 1. major calyx 2. minor calyx 3. nephron 4. urethra 5. ureter 6. collecting duct
3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 4
About what percent of a young adult's body weight is due to water?
50 to 60%
