Test 7,8,9

Which of the following is not true of the muscular system? It depends upon the nervous system to stimulate skeletal muscle tissue to contract. It depends upon calcitonin and parathyroid hormone levels to maintain calcium homeostasis. It depends upon the integumentary system to protect muscles. It depends upon calcium stored and released from the skeletal system. It depends upon the cardiovascular system to provide the hemoglobin stored in slow muscle fibers.

It depends upon the cardiovascular system to provide the hemoglobin stored in slow muscle fibers.

Name the three types of muscle tissue, identify where they are found, and list their functions. (Module 9.1A) Skeletal muscle is found throughout the body and moves substances through hollow tubes, such as in the digestive tract and regulates the diameter of blood vessels. Cardiac muscle is directly or indirectly attached to bones and enables movement of the body. Smooth muscle forms the heart and propels blood. Skeletal muscle is directly or indirectly attached to bones and enables movement of the body. Cardiac muscle forms the heart and propels blood. Smooth muscle is found throughout the body and moves substances through hollow tubes, such as in the digestive tract and regulates the diameter of blood vessels. Skeletal muscle is found throughout the body and moves substances through hollow tubes, such as in the digestive tract and regulates the diameter of blood vessels. Cardiac muscle forms the heart and propels blood. Smooth muscle is directly or indirectly attached to bones and enables movement of the body. Skeletal muscle is directly or indirectly attached to bones and enables movement of the body. Cardiac muscle is found throughout the body and moves substances through hollow tubes, such as in the digestive tract and regulates the diameter of blood vessels. Smooth muscle forms the heart and propels blood. Skeletal muscle forms the heart and propels blood. Cardiac muscle is directly or indirectly attached to bones and enables movement of the body. Smooth muscle is found throughout the body and moves substances through hollow tubes, such as in the digestive tract and regulates the diameter of blood vessels.

Skeletal muscle is directly or indirectly attached to bones and enables movement of the body. Cardiac muscle forms the heart and propels blood. Smooth muscle is found throughout the body and moves substances through hollow tubes, such as in the digestive tract and regulates the diameter of blood vessels.

The first cervical vertebra is better known as the axiom. odontoid process. atlas. axis. vertebra prominens.

atlas.

The second cervical vertebra is usually called the atlas. axiom. vertebra prominens. odontoid process. axis.

axis.

Of the following bones, which is unpaired? nasal maxillary palatine vomer None of the answers is correct.

vomer

Humans normally have ________ pairs of ribs. 2 6 10 12 24

12

The vertebral column contains ________ thoracic vertebrae. 4 12 31 7 5

12

The vertebral column contains ________ lumbar vertebrae. 31 12 5 7 4

5

Which structure articulates with the glenoid cavity? 3 4 5 6 7

5

Which structure encloses the pituitary gland? 4 5 6 7 8

6

Normal human skeletons contain ________ cervical vertebrae. 10 7 19 11 6

7

How many bones make up the axial skeleton? 50 60 70 80 90

80

Where would calcium ions be predominately found? 1 2 4 8 9

9

Define motor unit. (Module 9.10B) A motor unit is the maximum tension that a whole muscle can generate with maximum stimulation. A motor unit is the sum total of all the motor neurons going to a specific muscle. A motor unit is a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers that it controls. A motor unit is the sum total of all the muscle fibers in a whole muscle. A motor unit is the sensory neuron going away from and the motor neuron going to a skeletal muscle.

A motor unit is a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers that it controls.

Define suture. (Module 7.2C) A suture is a fibrous connective tissue immovable joint between the flat bones of the skull. A suture is an expanded proximal end of a bone that forms part of a joint. A suture is a deep, narrow groove. A suture is an elongated cleft or gap. A suture is a moveable bone in the cranium.

A suture is a fibrous connective tissue immovable joint between the flat bones of the skull.

Identify three sources of stored energy utilized by muscle fibers. (Module 9.12B) pyruvate, lactate, and GTP fatty acids, amino acids, and lactate fatty acids, amino acids, and glycogen ATP, creatine phosphate, and glycogen lactate, pyruvate, and glucose

ATP, creatine phosphate, and glycogen

Joints are classified by the range of motion. structure. type of movement. amount of cartilage present. All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

The sternum contains the manubrium. the jugular notch. the body. the xiphoid process. All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

What event initiates the contraction cycle? Calcium ions arrive within the zone of overlap. The free myosin head splits ATP into ADP and Pi. Cross-bridges are formed. The myosin heads pivot toward the M line.

Calcium ions arrive within the zone of overlap.

Compare concentric and eccentric contractions. (Module 9.11B) Concentric contractions occur when the muscle tension exceeds the load, and the muscle shortens. Eccentric contractions occur when the muscle tension is less than the load, and the muscle elongates. Concentric contractions consist of equal lengths of time contracting and relaxing. Eccentric contractions consist of a longer time relaxing than contracting. Concentric contractions consist of equal lengths of time contracting and relaxing. Eccentric contractions consist of a longer time contracting than relaxing. Concentric contractions occur when the tension produced never exceeds the load, and the muscle does not change length. Eccentric contractions occur when the tension produced exceeds the load, and the muscle shortens. Concentric contractions occur when the muscle tension is less than the load, and the muscle elongates. Eccentric contractions occur when the muscle tension exceeds the load, and the muscle shortens.

Concentric contractions occur when the muscle tension exceeds the load, and the muscle shortens. Eccentric contractions occur when the muscle tension is less than the load, and the muscle elongates.

Which of the following is correct regarding muscle fatigue and recovery? Recovery continues after exertion has ended because CP levels within muscle fibers remain relatively high. During peak activity, much of the large amounts of lactate produced diffuse into the muscle fibers from the bloodstream. During the recovery period, lactate can be recycled back to pyruvate. The liver absorbs much of the lactate produced, recycles it, and releases glycogen into the circulation.

During the recovery period, lactate can be recycled back to pyruvate.

Which of the following statements is/are not true regarding human muscles? Fast fibers are high in myoglobin. Eye muscles are composed entirely of fast fibers. Most have both slow and fast fibers. Slow fibers are abundant in the calf muscles. Slow fibers are abundant in the back muscles.

Fast fibers are high in myoglobin.

What purposes do fontanelles serve? (Module 7.9B) Fontanelles form the bones of the cranium during development. Fontanelles are important sites of attachment for muscles of the face, head, and neck. Fontanelles develop into foramen as bones fuse during childhood. Fontanelles permit flexibility of the skull during childbirth and allow room for the brain to enlarge during infancy and early childhood. Fontanelles form the developing cranial meninges.

Fontanelles permit flexibility of the skull during childbirth and allow room for the brain to enlarge during infancy and early childhood.

The region of the sarcomere that always contains only thin filaments is the H band. Z line. M line. A band. I band.

I band.

When do muscle fibers produce lactate? (Module 9.12C) Muscle fibers produce lactate when metabolizing fatty acids. Muscle fibers produce lactate when there is a lack of oxygen. Muscle fibers produce lactate when ATP is abundant. Muscle fibers produce lactate when metabolizing amino acids. Muscle fibers produce lactate when the pH of the cell is acidic.

Muscle fibers produce lactate when there is a lack of oxygen.

Define muscle hypertrophy and muscle atrophy. (Module 9.15A) Muscle hypertrophy is an increase in the number of muscle cells and muscle atrophy is a decrease in the number of muscle cells. Muscle hypertrophy is an increase in the size of the muscle cells and muscle atrophy is a decrease in the size of the muscle cells. Muscle hypertrophy is an increase in the vascularization of the muscle cells and muscle atrophy is a decrease in the vascularization of the muscle cells. Muscle hypertrophy is an increase in the number of muscle cells and muscle atrophy is a decrease in the size of the muscle cells. Muscle hypertrophy is an increase in the size of the muscle cells and muscle atrophy is a decrease in the number of muscle cells.

Muscle hypertrophy is an increase in the size of the muscle cells and muscle atrophy is a decrease in the size of the muscle cells.

Define range of motion (ROM). (Module 8.1A) Range of motion is the amount of movement at a joint. Range of motion is the degree of circumduction in ball and socket joints. Range of motion refers to the degree of muscle contraction. Range of motion refers to joints that are biaxial and triaxial compared to monoaxial. Range of motion is the extent a muscle can contract without pain.

Range of motion is the amount of movement at a joint.

Choose the incorrect statement regarding synovial joints. There are nerves present, which monitor the capsule, ligaments, and tendons. The area inside a joint has a significant number of pain receptors. The greater the range of motion, the weaker the joint. Luxation results when reinforcing structures cannot protect a joint from extreme stresses.

The area inside a joint has a significant number of pain receptors.

Describe the connective tissue layers associated with skeletal muscle tissue. (Module 9.2B) The epimysium surrounds the entire muscle; the perimysium divides the skeletal muscle into fascicles; the endomysium surrounds individual muscle fibers. The epimysium surrounds individual muscle fibers; the perimysium divides the skeletal muscle into fascicles; the endomysium surrounds the entire muscle. The epimysium surrounds the entire muscle; the perimysium surrounds individual muscle fibers; the endomysium divides the skeletal muscle into fascicles. The epimysium divides the skeletal muscle into fascicles; the perimysium surrounds the entire muscle; the endomysium surrounds individual muscle fibers. The epimysium divides the skeletal muscle into fascicles; the perimysium surrounds individual muscle fibers; the endomysium surrounds the entire muscle.

The epimysium surrounds the entire muscle; the perimysium divides the skeletal muscle into fascicles; the endomysium surrounds individual muscle fibers.

Describe the relationship between the number of fibers in a motor unit and the precision of body movements. (Module 9.10C) The finer and more precise the movement, the greater the number of motor neurons in the motor unit. The finer and more precise the movement, the fewer the number of muscle fibers in the motor unit. The finer and more precise the movement, the thicker the muscle fibers in the motor unit. The finer and more precise the movement, the thinner the muscle fibers in the motor unit. The finer and more precise the movement, the greater the number of muscle fibers in the motor unit.

The finer and more precise the movement, the fewer the number of muscle fibers in the motor unit.

What would happen if there were no AChE in the synaptic cleft? (Module 9.6C) The motor end plate would be continuously stimulated and continuous muscle contraction would occur. The motor end plate could not be stimulated and continuous muscle contraction would occur. The motor end plate would be continuously stimulated and no muscle contraction could occur. The motor end plate could not be stimulated and no muscle contraction could occur. The motor end plate would be unaffected because epinephrine not ACh stimulates the contraction of skeletal muscles.

The motor end plate would be continuously stimulated and continuous muscle contraction would occur.

Describe the neuromuscular junction. (Module 9.6A) The neuromuscular junction is where the axon terminals of a sensory neuron receive inputs from a skeletal muscle fiber. The neuromuscular junction is where the axon terminals of a motor neuron interact with the skeletal muscle fiber midway along the fiber's length. The neuromuscular junction is where the dendrites of a sensory neuron receive inputs from a skeletal muscle fiber. The neuromuscular junction is where the cell body of a motor neuron interact with the skeletal muscle fiber at one end. The neuromuscular junction is where the dendrites of a motor neuron interact with the skeletal muscle fiber midway along the fiber's length.

The neuromuscular junction is where the axon terminals of a motor neuron interact with the skeletal muscle fiber midway along the fiber's length.

Describe the nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus of an intervertebral disc. (Module 8.7A) The nucleus pulposus connects the spinous processes of two adjacent vertebrae and the annulus fibrosus is the fibrocartilage disc. The nucleus pulposus is a tough inner core of fibrocartilage and the annulus fibrosus is a soft, elastic, outer ring. The nucleus pulposus is a soft, elastic, outer ring and the annulus fibrosus is a tough inner core of fibrocartilage. The nucleus pulposus is a tough outer ring of fibrocartilage and the annulus fibrosus is a soft, elastic, gelatinous core. The nucleus pulposus is a soft, elastic, gelatinous core and the annulus fibrosus is a tough outer ring of fibrocartilage.

The nucleus pulposus is a soft, elastic, gelatinous core and the annulus fibrosus is a tough outer ring of fibrocartilage.

Describe the alveolar process. (Module 7.4A) The convex, irregular surface that borders the squamous suture. The posterior, inferior corner of the lower jaw. The passageway for the vestibulocochlear nerve. The curved ridge that mark the attachment sites of the temporalis muscle. The projecting ridge that contains the tooth sockets for the upper teeth.

The projecting ridge that contains the tooth sockets for the upper teeth.

The articular cartilage damaged by osteoarthritis is characterized by __________. replacement with fibrocartilage a homogenous matrix a rough network of bristly collagen fibers thick cartilage

a rough network of bristly collagen fibers

Triggering of the muscle action potential occurs after calcium ion binds to channels on the end plate. acetylcholinesterase binds to receptors on the end plate. acetylcholine binds to chemically gated channels in the motor end plate membrane. the nerve action potential jumps across the neuromuscular junction. Any of these actions can produce an action potential in the muscle cell.

acetylcholine binds to chemically gated channels in the motor end plate membrane.

Decreased blood flow to a muscle could result in all of the following except muscle fatigue. a shift to anaerobic glycolysis. an increase in intracellular lactate. an increase in intracellular glycogen. an oxygen debt.

an increase in intracellular glycogen.

Identify the major fontanelles. (Module 7.9A) anterior, posterior, superior, and inferior fontanelles frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital fontanelles anterior, posterior, sphenoidal, and mastoid fontanelles anterior, posterior, medial, and lateral fontanelles coronal, sagittal, squamous, and lambdoidal fontanelles

anterior, posterior, sphenoidal, and mastoid fontanelles

Which division of the skeleton has the greater range of motion? (Module 8.6B) appendicular axial

appendicular

Arthritis always involves damage to menisci. articular cartilage. synovial membranes. diarthroses. bursae.

articular cartilage.

Identify the tarsal bones. (Module 7.23A) trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate, phalanx, pollex calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuboid, and three cuneiform bones scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, calcaneus, talus, navicular hamate, phalanx, pollex, and three cuneiform bones

calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuboid, and three cuneiform bones

Identify the secondary spinal curves. cervical and lumbar thoracic and sacral lumbar and sacral cervical and thoracic

cervical and lumbar

Synovial joints are classified functionally as: synostoses. diarthroses. amphiarthroses. synarthroses.

diarthroses.

A freely movable joint is a(n) symphysis. amphiarthrosis. syndesmosis. synarthrosis. diarthrosis.

diarthrosis.

Which of the following movements would you associate with chewing food? elevation abduction pronation circumduction flexion

elevation

The dense layer of connective tissue that surrounds an entire skeletal muscle is the perimysium. epimysium. tendon. endomysium. fascicle.

epimysium.

The largest bone of the lower limb is the tibia. fibula. humerus. femur. calcaneus.

femur

Which movements are possible at hinge joints? (Module 8.4A) pronation and supination rotation and circumduction adduction and abduction flexion and extension rotation and adduction

flexion and extension

Ribs that have no connection to the sternum are called floating ribs. non-articulators. pectoral ribs. orphan ribs. true ribs.

floating ribs.

Muscle fibers differ from "typical cells" in that muscle fibers are very small. have many nuclei. lack a plasma membrane. lack mitochondria. All of the answers are correct.

have many nuclei.

Which of the following does not help stabilize the knee joint? popliteal ligament medial collateral ligament anterior cruciate ligament iliofemoral ligament posterior cruciate ligament

iliofemoral ligament

The primary spinal curves include the cervical and lumbar curves. include the thoracic and sacral curves. include the cervical and thoracic curves. include all four spinal curves. None of the answers is correct.

include the thoracic and sacral curves.

Which of the following is not a function of synovial fluid? protecting articular cartilages increasing osmotic pressure within joint lubrication shock absorption providing nutrients

increasing osmotic pressure within joint

The mandible articulates with what other cranial bones? (Module 7.3C) left and right parietal bones maxillae left and right temporal bones left and right zygomatic bones sphenoid and ethmoid bones

left and right temporal bones

Abduction is a __________. movement toward the longitudinal axis of the body in the frontal plane movement of the axial skeleton movement in the same plane as flexion movement away from the longitudinal axis of the body in the frontal plane

movement away from the longitudinal axis of the body in the frontal plane

Name the proteins that make up a thick filament. (Module 9.4B) actin and titin actin and nebulin actin and dystrophin myosin and nebulin myosin and titin

myosin and titin

Cross-bridges are portions of actin molecules. troponin molecules. tropomyosin molecules. myosin molecules. calcium ions.

myosin molecules.

Rigor mortis __________. is independent of environmental factors involves appendicular skeletal muscles only is due to the loss of acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junctions occurs as the sarcoplasmic reticulum deteriorates, releasing calcium ions

occurs as the sarcoplasmic reticulum deteriorates, releasing calcium ions

Identify the sesamoid bone of the lower limb. (Module 7.22C) femur calcaneus patella fibula tibia

patella

The clearest distinction between a male and female skeleton is seen in the characteristics of the sacrum. teeth. pelvis. skull. thoracic cage.

pelvis.

A herniated intervertebral disc is caused by transformation of fibrocartilage to hyaline cartilage. ossification of the vertebral disc. protrusion of the nucleus pulposus. loss of annulus fibrosis elasticity. slippage of the fibrocartilage disc.

protrusion of the nucleus pulposus.

Which of the following is not a function of the axial skeleton? provides an attachment for muscles involved in respiration provides an attachment for muscles that move the head, neck, and trunk provides an attachment for muscles that move the axial skeleton provides an attachment for calf muscles None of the answers is correct.

provides an attachment for calf muscles

At which joint do pronation and supination occur? glenohumeral joint proximal radio-ulnar joint ankle joint first carpometacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints

proximal radio-ulnar joint

The two pubic bones join medially at the coronoid process. auricular surface. pectineal line. pubic tubercle. pubic symphysis.

pubic symphysis.

Which bone of the forearm is positioned laterally when in the anatomical position? (Module 7.17B) sternum ulna humerus clavicle radius

radius

Which of the following is a forearm bone? humerus fibula tibia radius femur

radius

Name the bones of the pelvis. (Module 7.20A) lumbar vertebrae, coccyx, and the hip bones sacrum and coccyx sacrum, coccyx, femur, and the hip bones coccyx and the hip bones sacrum, coccyx, and the hip bones

sacrum, coccyx, and the hip bones

Name the carpal bones. (Module 7.18A) trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate, phalanx, pollex scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, calcaneus, talus, navicular scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate hamate, phalanx, pollex, and three cuneiform bones calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuboid, and three cuneiform bones

scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

Name the type of synovial joint for each of the following: shoulder, elbow, ankle, and thumb. (Module 8.3D) shoulder: saddle; elbow: hinge; ankle: pivot; thumb: plane shoulder: condylar; elbow: plane; ankle: hinge; thumb; hinge shoulder: ball-and-socket; elbow: hinge; ankle: condylar; thumb: hinge shoulder: ball-and-socket; elbow: plane; ankle: condylar; thumb: plane shoulder: ball-and-socket; elbow: hinge; ankle: hinge; thumb: saddle.

shoulder: ball-and-socket; elbow: hinge; ankle: hinge; thumb: saddle.

Which type of muscle fiber predominates in the leg muscles of endurance athletes, such as long-distance runners? (Module 9.14C) slow fibers intermediate fibers fast fibers

slow fibers

A skull bone that could be described as looking like a bat with wings extended is the crista galli. cribriform. maxilla. ethmoid. sphenoid.

sphenoid.

Which suture forms the boundary between the temporal bone and the parietal bone of that side? squamous suture coronal suture lambdoid suture sagittal suture

squamous suture

The narrow space between the synaptic terminal and the muscle fiber is the motor unit. synaptic cleft. synaptic knob. motor end plate. M line.

synaptic cleft.

The movements known as dorsiflexion and plantar flexion are limited to the sacroliliac. hip joint. glenohumeral. radiocarpal joint. talocrural.

talocrural.

Within a resting skeletal muscle fiber, where is the greatest concentration of Ca2+? (Module 9.3C) zone of overlap of the sarcomere Z lines between adjacent sarcomeres bound to troponin inside the transverse tubules terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Artificial joints __________. cannot relieve pain are most suitable for young, active people usually have a service life of at least 15 years are stronger than natural joints

usually have a service life of at least 15 years

Your ________ is your shinbone. humerus fibula ulna tibia talus

tibia

At rest, active sites on the actin are blocked by troponin molecules. myosin molecules. calcium ions. ATP molecules. tropomyosin molecules.

tropomyosin molecules.

When calcium ion binds to troponin, muscle relaxation occurs. active sites on the myosin are exposed. troponin shifts to expose the active sites on actin. tropomyosin moves into the groove between the helical actin strands. myosin shortens.

tropomyosin moves into the groove between the helical actin strands.

When does a muscle contraction begin? when calcium ions are pumped into the sarcoplasmic reticulum when potassium ions become irreversibly bound to storage proteins when stored potassium ions are released into the sarcoplasm through gated potassium channels when stored calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the sarcoplasm through gated calcium channels

when stored calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the sarcoplasm through gated calcium channels