Test

Third person narration

author is an observer and less of a participant in the story.

Imperative sentence

gives a command Don't forget to buy your ticket

structural semantics

is the study of how the structure of sentences contributes to meaning.

the four types of sentence structures

simple, compound, complex, compound-complex

Hexameter

six beats per line

Boanerges

skilled orator with powerful voice

Third person limited

the narrator only knows the thoughts and feelings of one character

The great vowel shift

A change in the pronunciation of the long vowels of English, which happened in the centuries around 1500. Most long vowels were raised, but the high vowels became diphthongs.

Static character

A character that does not change from the beginning of the story to the end

Dynamic character

A character who grows, learns, or changes as a result of the story's action

Literary irony

a contrast between what is said and what is meant

Noun clause

a dependent clause that acts as a noun thew real mystery is HOW YOU AVOIDED SERIOUS INJURY WHAT YOU LEARN FROM EACH OTHER depends on your honesty with others

Adjective clause

a dependent clause that modifies a noun or pronoun "Why I won the award" I learned the reason WHY I WON THE AWARD "where i started my first job" This is the place WHERE I STARTED MY FIRST JOB

Literary Theory and Criticism

a description of the underlying principles or tools by which we attempt to understand literature

The great vowel shift caused the pronunciation of long vowels in English to shift - Farther back in the mouth - Higher in the mouth - Lower in the mouth - Farther to the front of the mouth

higher in the mouth

Contrast transition

however, nevertheless, by contrast

William Blake

one of the earliest and foremost English Romantic poets Artist and printmaker "Songs of innocence and of experience" "The book of thel" "The marriage of heaven, hell and jerusalem"

Run on sentence

two or more sentences joined without adequate punctuation or connecting words

Compound subject

two or more subjects joined together usually by "and" or "or" that share a common verb

Man vs man conflict resolution

two parties coming to an agreement

iamb

unstressed, stressed

Anapestic

unstressed, unstressed, stressed

Suffix TION

used to change a vern into a noun - convers to conversaTION - move to moTION

Suffix NESS

used to change an adjective into a noun - happi(ness) - nice(ness)

Past perfect tense verbs

used to describe an action that began in the past and happened prior to another past action. 'I had talked' Before I walked to the store, I had walked to the library

Parentheses

used to not interrupt the main sentence (extra information) (in parentheses if it is a sentence make sure inside has its own period)

Descriptive paragraph

uses sensory details to describe a person, place, thing or idea

Alternating person narration

using first person and third-person to describe significant action scenes (Harry Potter)

Predicate

the part of a sentence or clause containing a verb and stating something about the subject He sings Predicate - SINGS John and Jaen sing on Tuesday nights at the dance hall Predicate - SING ON TUESDAY NIGHTS AT THE DANCE HALL

Indefinite pronouns

all, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, few, many, more, most, much, neither, no one, nobody, none, one, other, several, some, somebody, someone, such

Singular and Plural Indefinite Pronouns

all, any, more, most, none, some All of my dogs food was gone - singular all of my guests left last night - plural

omnipotent

almighty, having unlimited power or authority

Present verb tense

an action happening now 'I talk' he walks to the store every morning

Predictive adjective

an adjective, group of adjectives, or adjective clause that follows a linking verb Your mother is patient patient is the predictive adjective

Counter arguments

an argument or set of reasons put forward to oppose an idea or theory developed in another argument.

author's voice

an author's writing style

secondary source

Information gathered by someone who did not take part in or witness an event

implicit information

Information that's hinted at without being said outright.

Articles

a, an, the Used to mark nouns

Writing literacy

ability to use/understand spelling, grammar, and sentence structure

Future verb tense

action or condition that will occur in the future. 'I will talk' He will walk to the store tomorrow

Past verb tense

action or condition was started and completed in the past. 'I talked' He walked to the store every morning

nonessential clauses

add interesting info but are not necessary for the meaning of a sentence John smith, WHO WALKED ON THE MOON, is my hero

misplaced modifier

a phrase or clause placed awkwardly in a sentence so that it appears to modify or refer to an unintended word. She read a book to a crowd that was filled with beautiful pictures Fixed to: She read the book that was filled with beautiful pictures to a crowd

Slang

a type of language that consists of words and phrases that are regarded as very informal, are more common in speech than writing, and are typically restricted to a particular context or group of people.

Theme of Tell Tale Heart

Guilt is a powerful force that cannot be ignored or avoided

Singular indefinite pronouns

anybody, anyone, anything, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, neither, nobody, no one, nothing, one, somebody, someone, something

20th century poetry that focuses on the poet's physical and psychological experiences is generally categorized as - beat poetry - confessional poetry - metaphysical poetry - neoformalist poetry

confession poetry

Its, it's

it's is a contraction; its is a possessive pronoun

Understatement

the presentation of something as being smaller, worse, or less important than it actually is.

Conflict resolution

the process of ending a conflict through cooperation and problem solving

Narrative writing

writing that tells a story Use senses Descriptive

Letters

written communication from one person to another

Percy Bysshe Shelley

wrote "Prometheus Unbound," "Ode to the West Wind," and "To A Skylark" Famous after death

Daniel Defoe

wrote Robinson Crusoe; known as the father of the English novel

Heptameter

7 beats per line

Haiku

A japanese form of poetry, consisting of three unrhymed lines of five, seven, and five syllables

Samuel Taylor coleridge

(1772 - 1834) English Romantic poet and very good friends with William Wodsworth. The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, Kubla Khan, Biographia Literaria.

Villanelle

A 19 line form using only two rhymes and repeating two of the lines according to a set pattern

Dialogue

Conversation between characters

Themes in Charles Dickens stories

Nature

Universal themes

Reaching too far presuming too much

Alliteration

Repetition of consonant sounds

Syntax

Sentence structure and word order

Letter format

An appropriate format for short (usually eight or fewer pages) informal addressed outside an organization; prepared on a company's letterhead stationery

picaresque novel

An episodic novel about a roguelike wanderer who lives off his wits. Ex: Don Quixote, Moll Flanders

Aristotle's criteria for tragedy

Anagnorisis Hamarita Hubris Nemesis Peripateia

William Congreve

Wrote "The Way of the World"

Noun

names a person, place, thing, or idea

Nemesis

someone or something a person cannot conquer or achieve; a hated enemy

Reading literacy

- Ability to read

Pentameter

5 beats per line

stopping by the woods on a snowy evening

"And miles to go before I sleep, and miles to go before I sleep." Robert Frost

"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" T.S. Eliot

"In the room the women come and go talking of Michelangelo"

"Come and live with me and be my love, And we will all the pleasures prove That valleys, groves, hills, and fields, Woods, or steepy mountain yields." This is the first stanza of a poem written by - Andrew Marvell - Christopher Marlowe - Sir Walter Raleigh - William Shakespeare

"The passionate shepherd to his love" by Christopher Marlowe (1564 - 1593)

Chronological order

(Time Order) Events are arranged in the order in which they happened

A students vocabulary can be developed by

- Calling upon a student's prior knowledge and making comparisons to that knowledge - Defining a word and providing multiple examples of the use d the word in context - Showing a student how to use context clues to discover the meaning of a word. - Providing instruction on prefixes, roots, and suffixes to help students break a word into its parts and decipher its meaning. - Showing students how to use a dictionary and thesaurus. - Asking students to practice new vocabulary by using the words in their own writing. - Providing a print-rich environment with a word wall. - Studying a group of words related to a single subject, such as farm words, transportation words, etc. so that concept development enhanced.

Activities that teach phonological awareness

- Clapping to the sounds of the individual words, names, or all words in a sentence. - Practicing saying blended phonemes (C, A, T - CAT) - Singing songs that involve phoneme replacement (The Name Game - Kendall Bobendall) - Reading poems, songs and nursery rhymes out loud. - Reading pattered and predictable texts out loud. Listening to environmental sounds or following verbal directions - Playing games with rhyming chants or finger-plays - Reading alliterative texts out loud - Grouping objects by beginning sounds - Reordering words in a well known sentence or making silly phrases by deleting words from a well known sentence.

Examples of context clues

- Definition - Descriptive words - Opposites

Development of language skills

- Modeling enriched vocabulary and teaching new words - Using questions and examples to extend a child's descriptive language skills - Providing ample response time to encourage children to practice speech. - Asking for clarification to provide students with the opportunity to develop communication skills - Promoting conversation among children - Providing feedback to let children know they have been heard and understood, and proving further explanation when needed.

7 specific types of figurative language

- alliteration - onomatopoeia - personification - imagery - simile - metaphor - Hyperbole

Methods of developing paragraphs

- examples - illistrations - analogies -cause and effect

Dylan Thomas (1914-1953)

-Welshman who was a legendary public figure and was well known for the theatrical readings of his poetry. -Had issues with excessive drinking and roaring public disputes with his audiences.

Classic analysis of plot structure

-must have a beginning, middle and end. -beginning - exposition/incentive/inciting moment. emphasizes cause and de-emphasizes effect. -rising action, cause and effect - "tying up" = complication(s) -These culminate in a crisis/climax/reversal -turning point = Aristotle's "peripateia" -falling action - Aristotle's "lusis" or unraveling = denouement -end = resolution comes at catastrophe/outcome. causes emphasized and effects de-emphasized.

A distinguishing feature of a haiku is - 5/7/5 - ABA - Perfectly regular meter - Lengthy epic narratives

5/7/5 syllables per line

3 types of literary irony

-verbal: words opposite to meaning; Hannah & Her Sisters -situational: not what expected -dramatic: audience knows more than characters; Gift of the Magi

"Song of Myself" Walt Whitman

-what is true for him is true for all. -celebrates individuality and speaks for all individuals -follows self-reliance endorsed by Emerson -He will put aside all prior knowledge and tradition that tends to bias experience and he will face life. -Confront life's central nature -Informal: establish an informal relationship with the reader - Onomatopoeia: cry is loud and jarring just as he intends his poetry to be -theme of the return of the self to nature. -message and spirit will remain after the poet is gone

Hyphens

1. Compound numbers between 21 and 99 when written out in words (twenty-five) 2. written-out fractions that are used as adjectives (we need a three-fourths cup of butter 3. Compound words used as adjectives that come before a noun (the well-fed dog took a nap) 4. Compound words that would be hard to read or easily confused with other words (semi-colon, Anti-itch)

Apostrophe rules

1. Possessives: a) Singular (ends in s and not): Soriah's car, James'/James's hat b) Plural (ends in s and not): Children's game, two cats' toys c) Compound word: My brother-in-law's wife d) Joint possession: Todd and Anne's house 2. Omission of letters: Apostrophes can be used to make compounds which are two letter put together into one Ex: Don't - do not, He'll - he will, Could've - could have, didn't - did not 3. Extras: a) Put an apostrophe when using plural lower case letters (not upper case though): p's, q's, Ps, Qs. b) For a decade, don't put an apostrophe (unless you use the short version): The 1960s, The '60s c) Don't use it with possessive pronouns because they already show possession: Ex: His book or one's book not his' book, whose dog is this not who's dog is this

Three Cueing Systems

1. Semantic=meaning...making sense of text and relaying meaningful connections context clues found in the text and/or background knowledge (comes from the students own experiences) 2. Syntactic=structure...making sense of the actual words in the sentences structural cues come from the students knowledge of correct oral language structures the way in which language is put together into sentences, phrases, paragraphs, etc. 3. Graphophonic=visual...Does it look right? breaking words down into letters, sounds, syllables, prefixes, chunks, etc

Semicolon rules

1. Use a semicolon to separate two closely related sentences to avoid a run-on sentence 2. Use a semicolon before a conjunctive adverb when joining two complete sentences 3. Use a semicolon to avoid confusion when a sentence already has several commas

Colon Rules

1. Used to introduce a formal list. Not to be used after a "to be" verb (be, am, is, are, was, were, been, being) Ex: Pick up these at the store: eggs, Milk, and Rice. 2. Introduce a quote or definition. Has to be a full sentence before the colon. Ex: Ambrose Bierce offers this definition of a bore: "A person who talks when you wish him to listen." 3. Introduce a word, phrase, or sentence that emphatically explains the preceding sentence Ex: Harriet knew the one ingredient that would improve any diet dinner: chocolate.

Brakets

1. Used when placing parentheses inside parentheses (the hero of this story, paul revere, (A silversmith and industrialist [see chapter 4]), rode through town to warn people of the British invasion 2. Used to add clarification or detail to a quotation that is not part of the quotation ("My children are planning to attend my alma mater [State University]."

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy Julie, ou la nouvelle helosie (1761)

" I like to see it lap the Miles - And lick the valleys up- and stop to feed itself tanks - and then - prodigious step around a pile of mountains and supercilious peer in Shanties - by the sides of roads - and then a quarry pare to fit its ribs and crawl between complaining all the whole in horrid - hooting stanza - then chase itself downhill - and neigh like Boanerges - then - punctual as a Star Stop - docile and omnipotent At its own stable door -" What is the source of the phrase "And neigh like Boanerges" in the last stanza A greek myth about a creature that inhabits Hades - A new testament reference to a fiery, strong-voiced preaches/orator - An old testament reference to a wrathful prophet seeking revenge - A roman name for a mythological animal that lived within a labrith

A New Testament reference to a fiery, strong-voiced preacher/orator

In the 1984 comedy movie ALL OF ME, a character from another county, who has no exeperience with either teephones or flush toilets, flushes a toilet adn then a phone rings. He flushes again and the phone rings again. After this occurs several times, the character concludes that pulling the toilet's flush handle causes the ringing. This is an excmaple of? - An above average effect - A clustering illusion - A confirmation bias - A framing bias

A clustering illusion

Farce

A comedy that contains an extravagant and nonsensical disregard of seriousness, although it may have a serious, scornful purpose. Slapstick humor

Satire

A literary work that criticizes human misconduct and ridicules vices, stupidities, and follies.

3rd person omniscient point of view

A method of storytelling in which the narrator knows the thoughts and feelings of all of the characters in the story.

Sister Carrie by Theodore Dreiser

A modern, urban novel about a young country girl from Wisconsin named Caroline who moves to Chicago where she is trying to realize her American dream. First she was a mistress to men she perceived as powerful or superior and later becomes a famous actress.

absolute adjective

A modifier that is generally not capable of being intensified or compared - for example, "unique."

Opinion

A personal view, attitude, or appraisal.

Simple sentence

A sentence consisting of one independent clause and no dependent clause Judy watered the lawn

Interrogative sentence

A sentence that asks a question Are you going to the game on Friday?

Topic sentence

A sentence that expresses the main idea of the paragraph in which it occurs.

Complex sentence

A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause Although he had the flu, Jerry went to work

fabliau

A short comic tale with a bawdy element, akin to the "dirty story." Chaucer's The Miller's Tale contains elements of the fabliau.

verse

A single line of poetry

Chiasmus

A statement consisting of two parallel parts in which the second part is structurally reversed - ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country

Paradox

A statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth.

Preposition

A word that shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun to another word Examples: About, after, before, beneath, during, for, on, over, under, until The napkin is IN the drawer the needle is BENEATH the haystack can you find me AMONG the words?

Pronoun

A word that takes the place of a noun

A words Connotation

A words subjective associations, often emotional, that specific words evoke listeners and readers - greasy smile - gay festival

Parody

A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule.

"Come and live with me and be my love, And we will all the pleasures prove That valleys, groves, hills, and fields, Woods, or steepy mountain yields." the rhyme scheme of this stanza is - ABAB ABBA AABB ABCD

AABB

Phonological awareness

Ability to perceive sound structures in a spoken word, such as syllables and the individual phonemes within syllables

Novels of manners

Fictional stories that observe, explore, and analyze the social behaviors of a specific time and place. Jane Austen is a good example

Text coding

Active reading strategy to support student comprehension of informational texts. Make notes in margins or on post-it notes. Check mark means I know this. X = this isn't what I expected. * = this is important. ? = I have a question about this. ?? = I am really confused about this. ! = I am surprised by this. L = I learned something new. RR = I need to re-read this part.

ESSENTIAL CLAUSES

Adds information to the sentence that is needed to make the sentence clear. Do not use commas to set it off. A person WHO WORKS HARD AT FIRST can often rest later in life

Prefixes

Affixes added to the beginning of a word - Pre added to heat makes preheat

Suffixes

Affixes added to the end of the word - ness added to happy makes happiness

Circumfixes

Affixes that are both added to the beginning and end of a word to create a new word - En and en added to light becomes ENlightEn

"Had we but world enough, and time, This coyness, lady, were no crime. We would sit down and think which way to walk and. pass out long love's day. But at my back I always hear time's winged chariot hurrying near; and yonder all before us lie deserts of vast eternity" Who is the author of this poem? - John Donne - Andrew Marvell - George Herbert - Henry Vaughan

Andrew Marvell "To Coy his Mistress"

Exclamation marks are used when?

After a word group or sentence that shows much feeling or has special importance

"Had we but world enough, and time, This coyness, lady, were no crime. We would sit down and think which way to walk and. pass out long love's day. But at my back I always hear time's winged chariot hurrying near; and yonder all before us lie deserts of vast eternity" In the excerpted sentence, the word "vicus" represents which of the following? - Vicinity - Vico Way - Giambattista Vico All of the above

All of the above

The legend of Faust has been treated in literature by which of the following? - Christopher Marlowe - Johann Wolfgang von Goeth - thomas Mann - All of the above

All of the above

When should student's be taught to activate their prior knowledge? - Before reading - During reading - After reading - All of the above

All of the above

In the famous balcony scene of William Stakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, Romeo says: But soft, what light through yonder window breaks?It is the east, and Juliet is the sun.Arise, fair sun, and kill the envious moon,Who is already sick and pale with griefThat thou, her maid, art far more fair than she. Be not her maid, since she is envious; Her vestal livery is but sick and green ad none but fools wear it; cast it off" The literary device Shakespeare used here is also used in all except which of the following? - T.S. Eliot's description of the frog in "The love song of J. Alfred Prufrock (1915) - Robert Frost's poem, The Road not Taken (1916) - Carl Sandburg's whole short poem, "Fog" (1916) - all of them use the same device as Shakespeare

All of these use the same literary device as Shakespeare

Formulaic Speech

Also known as the Intermediate Language Proficiency stage. The learner knows about 6,000 receptive words and begins to make complex statements, state opinions, ask for clarification, share thoughts, and speak at greater length.

Sir Walter Raleigh

An English adventurer and writer, who was prominent at the court of Queen Elizabeth I, and became an explorer of the Americas. In 1585, Raleigh sponsored the first English colony in America on Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina. It failed and is known as " The Lost Colony."

The Physician's Tale

Appius the judge lusts after Virginia, the beautiful daughter of Virginius. Appius persuades a churl named Claudius to declare her his slave, stolen from him by Virginius. Appius declares that Virginius must hand over his daughter to Claudius. Virginius tells his daughter that she must die rather than suffer dishonor, and she virtuously consents to her father's cutting her head off. Appius sentences Virginius to death, but the Roman people, aware of Appius's hijinks, throw him into prison, where he kills himself.

metaphysical poets

Applied to a group of 17th century poets; chiefly Donne, Carew, George Herbert, Crashaw, Henry Vaughan, Marvell, Cleveland and Cowley who employed arresting and original images and conceits, wit, ingenuity, dexterous use of colloquial speech, considerable flexibility of rhythm and meter, complex themes, a liking for paradox and dialectical argument, direct manner, caustic humor, keenly felt awareness of mortality and a distinguished capacity for elliptical thought and tersely compact expression.

The author surrogate

As a literary technique, a fictional character based on the author. Also known as a stand-in for the author.

Which of the following is the worst way to view the conclusion of an essay? - As a means of including all materal that would not fit elsewhere - As a eans of reiterating the thesis you stated in the introduction - As a means of synthesizing and or sumarizing your main points - As a means of clarifying the context of your discussion/argument

As a means of including all material that would not fit elsewhere

Learning approach

Assumes that language is first learned by imitating the speech of adults. It is then solidified in school through drills about the rules of language

John Bunyan

Author of Pilgrim's Progress

According to MLA guidelines for writing research papers, which of the following is correct regarding citations of web sources if you do not quickly see the author's name? - Assume the author is not names, as this is a common occurence of the web - Do not name an agency or corporation as author if it is the sonsor of the source - Author's names are often on websites, but need additional looking to discover - It is not permissible to cite the book or article title in lieu of an author's name

Author's names are often on websites, but need additional looking to discover

APA style

Author, date, title, webpage publisher, retrieved from. (Alphabetical- (a)uthor, (d)ate, (t)itle, (w)ebpage, (w)ebsite)

which of the following paird of words entered the enligh language from the italian language? - cargo, vanilla - Regime, matinee - Baritone, Fiasco - Khaki, shawl

Barritone, fiasco

"I should have been a pair of ragged claws scuttling across the floors of silent seas. Shall I part my hair behind? Do I dare eat a peach? A shall wear white flannel trousers, and walk upon the beach. I have heard the mermaids singing, each to each. I do not think that they will sing to me. We have lingered in the chambers of the seamy sea-girls wreathed with seaweed red and brown Till human voices wake us, and we drown." Why does the speaker say, "I do not think they will sing to me?" - Because he feels the despair of existence - Because he is becoming deaf with old age - Because he knows mermaids are not real - Because he is on the beach, not the sea

Because he feels the despair of existence

What is the primary reason the early 21st cntury has been referred to as the imformation age? - Because educcational and governmental agencies require greater information - Vecause there are more sources and outputs of imformation than ever before - Because students can now learn all they need to know in four years of college - Because today college students are much more interested in new information

Because there are more sources and outputs of information than ever before

gerund phrase

Begins with noun form of verb ending in -ing, plus any modifiers or complements We want to be known for TEACHING THE POOR COACHING THE TEAM is the best job of my entire life we like PRACTICING OUR SONGS in the basement

Theme in the old man and the sea

Being destroyed is inevitable, destruction enables living being to transcend it by fighting bravely with honor and dignity Heroes are born after death

climax occurs most specifically at which of the following points in a typical dramatic structure? - between the rising action and the falling action - After the exposition and before the rising action - between the expository and the denouement - After the riding action and before the denouement

Between the rising action and the falling action

Which of the following is an example of portmanteau? - Fax - Brunch - Babysitter - Saxophone

Brunch is a blend of breakfast and lunch

Noun suffixes

Can change a verb or adjective to a noun - Ment - eer - hood - ness - tion - ship - ism

"Had we but world enough, and time, This coyness, lady, were no crime. We would sit down and think which way to walk and. pass out long love's day. But at my back I always hear time's winged chariot hurrying near; and yonder all before us lie deserts of vast eternity" This poem reflects a thematic tradition known as? - Carpe Diem - Classicism - Cinquain - Conceit

Carpe Diem

Gothic novels

Originated against 18th century Enlightenment rationalism. Features horror, mystery, superstition, madness, and revenge. Ex: Dracula, Frankenstein, Edgar Allen Poe's works.

Theme

Central idea of a work of literature

Adjective suffix

Change other words to adjectives - ful - ish - less - able

Verb suffixes

Change other words to verbs and denote "to make" or "to perform the act of" - en - ate - fy - ize

Cognitive approach

Children must develop appropriate cognitive skills before they can aquire language.

Which of the following have researchers learned about children's writing? - Children writing reflects as much knowledge as they have on any given topic - Children stop writing when they have run out of things they want to articulate - Children stop writing when they cannot adequately articulate their knowledge - Children's writing commonly covers more than they actually know about a topic.

Children stop writing when they cannot adequately articulate their knowlege

Psychological novels

Originated in 17th century France, explores character's motivations.

6th grade standard for citing textual evidence

Cite textual evidence to support their inferences and analyses

Which of the following is true about effective ways to open the introduction of an essay? - You should summarize your position with your own words, not a quotte - Citing a surprising sttistic related to the topic can grab readers' attention - Opening with a story or anecdote is counter to the purposes of an essay or paper - Asking rhetorical questions to open an essay or peper will only frustrate readers.

Citing a surprising statistic related to the topic can grab readers' attention

indirect object

Comes before the direct object. Tells to whom, for whom the action of the verb is done. (Claire threw JOSEPH the ball) shows how an action had an influence on someone or something Find the verb and ask: to/for whom or what? We taught the old dog a new trick subject = we verb = taught object = the old dog

Sir Thomas Browne

Commonwealth/Puritan Interregnum poet; Hydriotaphia, Religio Medici

Superlative adverb

Compares more than two people or things he arrives SOONEST of the group She speaks the MOST SOFTLY of any of her friends

Superlative degree adjective

Compares more than two things or people This is the most difficult work of my life She is the smartest lady in the school

Comparative degree adverb

Compares one thing or person to another thing or person he arrives SOONER than Sarah She speaks MORE SOFTLY than him

Comparative degree adjective

Compares one thing to another thing This work is more difficult than your work. she is smarter than me

The following sentence is which of the following sentence types " The question in this test can give you an idea of what kinds of questions you might find on the actual test; however, they are not duplicates of the actual test questions, which cover the same subject material but may differ in form and content - Simple - Complex - Compound - Compound-complex

Compound-Complex

When considering strategies for writing assignments, it helps to know the cognitive (or learning) objectives your teacher intends for an assignment. If the assignment asks you to "describe," "explain," "summarize," "restate," "classify," or "review" some material you read, what is the cognitive objection - knowledge recall - application - comprehension - evaluation

Comprehension

Coordinating conjunctions

Connect equal parts of the sentence and, but, yet, or, not for, so The rock was small but it was heavy She drove in the night and he drove in the day

Theme in Moby Dick

Consequences of choosing evil

Classicism

Deriving from the orderly qualities of ancient Greek and Roman culture; implies formality, objectivity, simplicity, and restraint.

11th 12th grade standard for citing textual evidence

Determine which things are left unclear in a text

Diction vs Dialect

Dialect refers to the whole group of people Diction refers to the specific person - " I am heading uptown for the evening" - "I am going out for a night on the town"

Odes poem

Evolved from songs to the typical poem of the romantic time period, expressing strong feelings and contemplative thoughts

Dialogue

Exact words that someone speaks "Can you please pass the bread?" Adam said.

(what) is the overall choice of language you make for your writing; (what) refers to the words that you use when writing within or about a specific discipline - Vocabulary, diction - Vocabulary, jargon - Diction, vocabulary - Style, Vocabulary

Diction, vocabulary

7th grade standard for citing textual evidence

Identify several specific pieces of textual evidence to defend each of their conclusions

Inferences

Drawing conclusion from evidence

Comparing two things paragraph

Draws attention to their similarities and indicates a number of differences

Which of the following statements is more accurate regarding the characters of Drouet and Hurstwood in Theodore Dreiser's novel Sister Carrie? - Drouet has the awareness to be decent, but he lacks the morality - Hurstwood has the moreality, but not the awareness, for decency - Only one of these characters is representative of the middle class - Drouet is moreally decent but unaware; Hurstwood is the opposite

Drouet is morally decent but unaware; Hurstwood is the opposite

Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night

Dylan Thomas

Which of the following pairs of words consists of synonyms? - overwhelm, mollify - Eneverate, deplete - Supplant, fortify - confiscate, deliver

Eneverate, deplete

Henry Fielding

English novelist and dramatist (1707-1754)

Geoffrey Chaucer

English poet remembered as author of the Canterbury Tales (1340-1400) "father of english literature"

A doctor describes a death as a "negative patient outcome" This is an example of - Jargon - Ambiguity - Euphemism - Connotation

Euthemism

Which of the following processes used in writing is the most complex? - Evaluation - Application - Comprehension - Knowledge Recall

Evaluation because it incorporates the others

Supporting details

Evidence and backing that supports the main point of the story

Amond writing projects that can develop from research, which of the following discourse aims is representing by a white paper, an opinino survey, an annotated bibilography and a problem solution? - Expressive - Exploratory - Informative - Persuasive

Exploratory

Interjections

Expresses strong emotions. Followed by an exclamation point or a comma depending on the strength of emotion. Examples: Wow!, Yuck!, Yes, Holy cow!

XML

Extensible Markup Language

Theme of The Great Gatsby

Failure of the American Dream

3 types of dramatic comedy

Farc Romantic comedy Satirical Comedy

Mood

Feeling or atmosphere that a writer creates for the reader

"Riverrun, past eve and adam's, from swerve of shore to bend of bay, brings us by a commodious vicus of recirculation back to Hawth Castle and Environs" This si the opening sentence of? - Ulysses - Finnegans Wake - Adventures in the Skin Trade - A portrait of the artists as a young man

Finnegans Wake (1939) by James Joyce

When are question marks used

Following a direct question or a polite request

the MLA guidelines for citing multiple authors of the same source in the in-text citations of a research paper are to use the first author's name and "et al" for the other(s) in the case of - More than one author - Two or three authors - Three or more authors - Four or more authors

Four or more authors

a writer would like to develop a short story abot the central theme of courage. which of the following activities would be most effective for limiting the scope of the story - conucting research into personality traits that contribute to courageous behavio - Reading nonfiction accounts of extraordinary acts of courage - brainstoring synonyms for the word courage - freewritig about a courageous act that the writer witnessed or perfomed

Freewriting about a courageous act that the writer witnessed or performed

The Miller's Tale

Geoffrey Chaucer

The words siren, chimera and nemesis entered the english language from while of the following fields of ancient culture? Hebrew poetry Green mythology Mayan astrology Roman philosophy

Greek mythology

"I am assured by our Merchants, that if a boy or a girl before 12, is no saleable commodity; and even when they come to this age, they will not yield above [an amount of money] at most, on the Exchange; which cannot turn into account... to the Parents; the Charge of Nutriment and Rags, having been at least four times that Value. I shall now therefore humble propose my own Thoughts which I hope will not be liable to the least Objection. I have been assured by a very knowing american of my aquantance in london; that a young healthy child, well nourishing, and wholesome Food; wherther Stewd, Roasted, Baked, or boiled; and, I, make no doubt, that it will equally serve in a Fricasie or Ragoust." The author of the excerpted piece also wrote which of the following? - The canterbury tales - the faerie queene - paradse lost - gulliver's travels

Gulliver's Travels

subordinate conjunction

Join subordinate clauses with independent clauses After, although, because, before, since, whenever, unless, while.. etc. I am hungry BECAUSE I did not eat breakfast He went home WHEN everyone left

Research question

the question about your topic you seek to answer

Personal pronouns

I, me, my, mine, we, us, our, ours, you, your, yours, he, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its, they, them, their, theirs

HTML

Hypertext Markup Language

Double negative

The use of two negative words such as never, no, not, neither, none, no one, nobody, nothing, barely, hardly, or scarcely in the same clause. The team was not displeased with their performance

Skimming would be the most effective strategy for a reader to use for which of the following purposes? - determining the author's viewpoint in a newspaper editorial - Analyzing a poet's use of symbolism in several examples of her work -Identifying which historical events are covered in a history textbook chapter - Evaluating the reliability of scientific data discussed in a research article

Identifying which historical events are covered in a history textbook chapter

imperative sentence subject

In imperative sentences, the subject is understood but not actually present in the sentence "Run to the store" Subject - YOU Go to the post office for me Subject: You

Complete subject of a sentence

Includes the simple subject and all its modifiers The small red car is the one he wants for Christmas Complete subject - small red car

Three moods in English

Indicative, Imperative, subjunctive

Essays

Introduction Body Conclusion

Character development

The ways in which a character changes and evolves throughout a story, often as a result of some conflict within the story.

Of the following sentences, which one appeals to emotion? - It is dangerous to use a cell phone while driving because you steer one-handed - Statistics of accident risk show that cell-phone use while driving is dangerous - It is really stupid to use a cell phone when you drive because it is so dangerous - Many state laws ban cell-phone use when driving due o data on more accidents

It is really stupid to use a cell phone when you drive because it is so dangerous

A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man

Joyce, James - , Joyce, 1916. Features Stephen Dedalus, starts in babyspeak and ends with pages from Dedalus' journal. "The artist, like the God of creation, remains within or behind or beyond or above his handiwork, invisible, refined out of existence, indifferent, paring his fingernails." , Written by James Joyce; a novel about a young man growing up in Ireland and rebelling against family, country, and religion

Knew, new

Knew is the past tense of the verb "know." New means "recent or modern."

Sociocognitive approach

Language development is a complex interaction of linguistic, social and cognitive influences. This theory best explains the lack of language skills among children who are neglected, have uneducated parents or live in poverty.

abstract language

Language describing ideas and qualities rather than observable or specific things, people, or places. Can be vague and leave readers confused

MLA style

Last, First. "Title." City of Publication: Publisher, Year. Medium of Publication.

Four theories of language development

Listening, Learning, cognitive and socio cognitive.

Realism novels

Literary form with the goal of representing reality of faithfully as possible Include writing in vernacular, focuses on middle class, ethical issues. emphasis on character rather than plot. - Huckleberry Finn, Crime and Punishment

Finnegans Wake (1939)

Look for the continually shifting style, incorporating multiple languages and often resembling word salad more than English. Recurring image: HCE (Humphrey Chimpden Earwicker and a multitude of other signifieds)

Pastoral novels

Lyrically idealize country life as idyllic and utopian, akin to the Garden of Eden.

According to the MLA system for documenting sources in literature, which of the following typically combines signal phrases and parenthetical references? - An MLA list of the works cited - MLA in-text citations in a paper - Adding MLA information notes - All of the above

MLA in-text citations in a paper

deliberative listening

the receiver hears only the content and not the feeling of the message

Main idea vs thesis statement:

Main idea: gives a brief, general summary of a text Thesis statement: Specific perspective on an issue that the author supports with evidence

William Wordsworth (1770-1850)

Major English Romantic poet who, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped to launch the Romantic Age in English literature with the 1798 joint publication Lyrical Ballads. Other GRE-friendly works: the Lucy poems, Tintern Abbey, The (unfinished) Prelude, Ode: Intimations of Immortality

Three main types of conflict in literature

Man vs man man vs nature Man vs self

(1) We live in an era when extinctions are accelerating. (2) Because of habitat destruction and climate change, a planet may be losing dozens of species daily. (3) But these extinctions, as troubling as they are, occur against a backdrop of immense biodiversity. (4) It's estimated, for example, that as many as 7.8 million distinct animal species live on Earth. (5) Fewer than a million, likewise, have so far been identified by science. (6) Even as some species vanish through extinction, scientists continue to discover species that were previously unknown. (7) Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus devised the formal system for naming animals and plants in the eighteenth century. (8) And the number of such discoveries is extraordinary: each year, as many as 10,000 "new" animals are added to the scientific roster. (9) Many are very small, and many live in habitats, like deep-sea trenches, that make them difficult to observe. (10) Others, though, are comparatively large land-dwelling animals. (11) The list of animals discovered since 2000 includes species of rabbits, porcupines, sloths, and monkeys. (12) Why had no one noticed them before? (13) The truth is, many were indeed familiar to the people who live near their habitats. (14) They are "newly discovered" only in the sense that until recently they remained unknown to science. (15) Take the case of the Vangunu giant rat. (16) This giant rat is an extremely large rodent that lives in the Solomon Islands. (17) Nearly three times as big as the common brown rat, it was first reported by scientists in 2015. (18) But it had long been known to local islanders, who told stories of a rat so big it could crack coconuts. (19) In fact, it was the islanders' tales that first prompted them to search for the creature in nearby forests. Answer the question below by clicking on the correct response. Question: In context, where is the following sentence best placed? It's understandable why most of these animals escaped detection for so long. A.Immediately before sentence 8 B.Immediately before sentence 9 C.Immediately before sentence 10 D.Immediately before sentence 11 E.Immediately before sentence 13

Option (B) is correct. Sentence 8 claims that 10,000 new animals are discovered each year. Sentence 9 claims that some animals are difficult to see. The leap in logic between sentences 8 and 9 means that a transitional sentence is needed. The inserted sentence serves a transitional purpose; in particular, it makes a concession regarding the new animals mentioned in sentence 8 that effectively sets up the information provided in sentence 9. The fact that some animals are difficult to observe makes it understandable that many of the 10,000 new animals discovered each year had escaped detection for a long time.

"I imagine this midnight moment's forest: Something else is alive Beside the clock's loneliness And this blank page where my fingers move. Through the window I see no star: Something more near Though deeper within darkness Is entering the loneliness: Cold, delicately as the dark snow A fox's nose touches twig, leaf; Two eyes serve a movement, that now And again now, and now, and now Sets neat prints into the snow Between trees, and warily a lame Shadow lags by stump and in hollow Of a body that is bold to come Across clearings, an eye, A widening deepening greenness, Brilliantly, concentratedly, Coming about its own business Till, with a sudden sharp hot stink of fox It enters the dark hole of the head. The window is starless still; the clock ticks, The page is printed." The primary literary device used by the poet is - Foreshadowing - Irony - Chiche - Metaphor

Metaphor

"One might assume that the mostadmired architecture would be the mostenduring. This once was generally true, butLinein the twentieth century, when new materials and new aesthetic theories often drovearchitects to cavalier experimentation,even celebrated architects fell short in thatdepartment. Le Corbusier's suburban villas,for example, were crudely finished in cement plaster, and they aged poorly. Some FrankLloyd Wright buildings have leaky skylights,sagging overhangs, and defective heatingsystems. This does not make them any lessdelightful to visit, but it must make them considerably less delightful to inhabit. The Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris,which opened in 1977, was widely praisedfor its architectural innovation—the Britishperiodical Architectural Design called it "a seminal building of the Modern Movement."The architects turned the building literallyinside out. They dramatically hung pipes,ducts, fire stairs, elevators, and escalatorsfrom the exterior structure. These previously hidden features were now exposed in plainsight—and exposed to the elements. Theresult might have been foreseen: after onlytwenty years, the French government wasobliged to close the building for a two-year renovation. The authorities maintained thatthe renovation was required because of theunexpectedly large number of visitors;however, according to the newspaperLe Monde, almost half of the $90 million budget was spent on refurbishing thefacade." It can be inferred from the final sentence of the passage that A.the authorities' version of events was supported by leading architects B.Le Monde's claim about the renovation undermined the credibility of the authorities' claim C.both the authorities and Le Monde were biased in their perspectives D.neither the authorities nor Le Monde knew much about modern design E.the original design was influenced more by political than aesthetic concerns

Option (B) is correct. The final sentence of the passage offers two explanations regarding the renovations at the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris. Le Monde's report that almost half the renovation budget was spent on refurbishment of the building's facade casts doubt on the authorities' claim that the renovation was necessitated by excessive numbers of visitors.

Soliloquies

Monologues in which a character expresses private thoughts while alone on the stage.

Mood vs tone

Mood is the atmosphere, while Tone is the author's attitude for his/her subject

Affixes

Morphemes that are added to words to create related but different words - ness added to happy forms happiness - s added to book forms books - ed added to look formed added

"I should have been a pair of ragged claws scuttling across the floors of silent seas. Shall I part my hair behind? Do I dare eat a peach? A shall wear white flannel trousers, and walk upon the beach. I have heard the mermaids singing, each to each. I do not think that they will sing to me. We have lingered in the chambers of the seamy sea-girls wreathed with seaweed red and brown Till human voices wake us, and we drown." The second excerpt is speaking about - Indecision - A vacation - Mortality - Drowning

Mortality

Climax

Most exciting moment of the story; turning point

Dialogue purpose

Moves the plot Develops the character Sheds light on theme Account for passage of time Altar plot direction Set tone of the story Introduce conflict or resolution

Specific nouns

Name people, places, and things that are understood by using your senses Baby, friend, father, town, park, city hall, rainbow, cough, apple, silk, gasoline

General noun

Names of conditions or ideas Condition: Beauty, strength Idea: Truth, peace

First person narration

Narration in which the point of view is that of the main character.

The word QUARK is an example of the result of which linguistic process? - Blending - Conversion - Neologisms - Onomatopoeia

Neologisms

nouns that are singular in meaning but plural in form

News. mathematics, Physics, economics

Of the following works by Alexander Pope, which was written in prose? - An essay on critisism - The rape of the lock - The universal prayer - none of the above

None of the above

positive degree adjective

Normal form of an adjective This is hard She is smart

Ancient greek comedy in plays/dramas

Not humorous, just a happy ending

"The snow man"

One must have a mind of winter To regard the frost and the boughs Of the pine-trees crusted with snow; And have been cold a long time To behold the junipers shagged with ice, The spruces rough in the distant glitter Of the January sun; and not to think Of any misery in the sound of the wind, In the sound of a few leaves, Which is the sound of the land Full of the same wind That is blowing in the same bare place For the listener, who listens in the snow, And, nothing himself, beholds Nothing that is not there and the nothing that is.

John Keats (1795-1821)

One of the principal poets in the English Romantic movement, who endured major criticism during his lifetime and was posthumously defended by figures like Shelley, who helps raise his status. Works: On First Looking Into Chapman's Homer, Ode upon a Grecian Urn, Ode to a Nightingale, Ode on Melancholy, Endymion, The Eve of St. Agnes, La Belle Dame Sans Merci, Hyperion, Cristabel

Fix the sentence In 1856, chemistry student William Henry Perkin was trying to find an inexpensive way to produce quinine, which is used to treat malaria, when he accidentally created the first synthetic dye, a brilliant purple, instead. A.malaria, when he accidentally created B.malaria, but he accidentally will create C.malaria to create accidentally D.malaria whereas accidentally creating E.malaria; accidentally creating

Option (A) is correct. Option (B) is incorrect because it uses a future tense verb to describe an action that took place in the past. Option (C), by omitting the second comma around the modifying phrase, creates a nonsensical statement suggesting that Perkin was "trying" to do something "accidentally." Option (D) also omits the second comma around the modifying phrase and introduces a conjunction that does not fit the syntax of the sentence. Option (E) is incorrect, because it uses a semicolon to join a complete sentence and a sentence fragment. Only Option (A) is correct, because the modifying phrase is clearly bounded, and the final clause is clearly and grammatically linked to the rest of the sentence.

"One might assume that the mostadmired architecture would be the mostenduring. This once was generally true, butLinein the twentieth century, when new materials and new aesthetic theories often drovearchitects to cavalier experimentation,even celebrated architects fell short in thatdepartment. Le Corbusier's suburban villas,for example, were crudely finished in cement plaster, and they aged poorly. Some FrankLloyd Wright buildings have leaky skylights,sagging overhangs, and defective heatingsystems. This does not make them any lessdelightful to visit, but it must make them considerably less delightful to inhabit. The Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris,which opened in 1977, was widely praisedfor its architectural innovation—the Britishperiodical Architectural Design called it "a seminal building of the Modern Movement."The architects turned the building literallyinside out. They dramatically hung pipes,ducts, fire stairs, elevators, and escalatorsfrom the exterior structure. These previously hidden features were now exposed in plainsight—and exposed to the elements. Theresult might have been foreseen: after onlytwenty years, the French government wasobliged to close the building for a two-year renovation. The authorities maintained thatthe renovation was required because of theunexpectedly large number of visitors;however, according to the newspaperLe Monde, almost half of the $90 million budget was spent on refurbishing thefacade." The passage suggests which of the following about the opinion expressed in the British periodical Architectural Design? A.It articulated a view shared by other architectural critics at the time. B.It revealed a major difference between British and French critics. C.It helped to further the careers of architects who later became prominent. D.It had a profound influence on the way architecture was taught. E.It caused a storm of controversy that continues to the present day.

Option (A) is correct. The first sentence of the second paragraph indicates that the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris was "widely praised for its architectural innovation." It can be inferred from this that the view in Architectural Design was shared by other architectural critics.

"Faces are special," brain scientists like to say. Days after birth, an infant can distinguish its mother's face from those of other women. Babies are more reliably(5)engaged by a sketch of a face than they are by other images. Though human faces are quite similar in their basic composition, most of us can differentiate effortlessly among them. A face is a codex of social information:(10)it can often tell us, at a glance, someone's age, gender, racial background, mood. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging scans, researchers have discovered that certain areas of the brain are hardwired for(15)processing faces. The human brain is often less reliable than digital algorithms, but it remains superior at facial recognition. This might no longer seem true in an era in which social(20)networking Web sites prompt users to tag friends in photographs. With its database of billions of user photos, one such site has developed a facial-recognition algorithm that is more reliable than those developed for the(25)FBI. But the site's software has conspicuous advantages allowing it to compete with humans: people usually post photographs of friends, and this helps narrow the range of possible matches. The image quality also(30)tends to be high: people are unlikely to post a grainy shot taken from a bad angle while a person is moving or in shadow." Which of the following can be concluded on the basis of information provided in the passage? A.Human brains remain better than computers at performing some tasks. B.Social networking Web sites were the first places where facial-recognition algorithms were employed. C.Newborn babies are better at recognizing their mothers' faces than their fathers' faces. D.Computers are better than human brains at performing all tasks except facial recognition. E.The FBI's facial-recognition algorithms are rarely useful for solving crimes.

Option (A) is correct. While the author mentions the advantages enjoyed by some kinds of computer software, the implication is that despite these advantages, the human brain's facial-recognition performance is superior to the computer's in certain respects.

"One might assume that the mostadmired architecture would be the mostenduring. This once was generally true, butLinein the twentieth century, when new materials and new aesthetic theories often drovearchitects to cavalier experimentation,even celebrated architects fell short in thatdepartment. Le Corbusier's suburban villas,for example, were crudely finished in cement plaster, and they aged poorly. Some FrankLloyd Wright buildings have leaky skylights,sagging overhangs, and defective heatingsystems. This does not make them any lessdelightful to visit, but it must make them considerably less delightful to inhabit. The Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris,which opened in 1977, was widely praisedfor its architectural innovation—the Britishperiodical Architectural Design called it "a seminal building of the Modern Movement."The architects turned the building literallyinside out. They dramatically hung pipes,ducts, fire stairs, elevators, and escalatorsfrom the exterior structure. These previously hidden features were now exposed in plainsight—and exposed to the elements. Theresult might have been foreseen: after onlytwenty years, the French government wasobliged to close the building for a two-year renovation. The authorities maintained thatthe renovation was required because of theunexpectedly large number of visitors;however, according to the newspaperLe Monde, almost half of the $90 million budget was spent on refurbishing thefacade." The content of the passage is best characterized as A.a comparison of two widely used architectural styles B.a debate about the genius of two famous twentieth-century architects C.a list of structurally sound and unsound aspects of a well-known building D.an assertion about architecture followed by supporting examples E.a discussion of a famous building and the expense to maintain it

Option (D) is correct. The second sentence of the passage introduces the idea that architectural experimentation in the twentieth century resulted in the design of less structurally sound buildings. Specific examples in both paragraphs of the passage follow this assertion.

Nouns that are plural in form and meaning but have no singular equivalent

Pants, scissors

Thomas Mann (1875-1955)

Paul Thomas Mann was a German novelist, social critic, philanthropist and essayist, lauded principally for a series of highly symbolic and often ironic epic novels and mid-length stories, noted for their insight into the psychology of the artist and intellectual and an underlying eroticism informed by Mann's own struggles with his sexuality. He is noted for his analysis and critique of the European and German soul in beginning of the 20th century using modernized German and Biblical myths as well as the ideas of Goethe, Nietzsche, and Schopenhauer. Major works: Death in Venice (characters incl. the aged composer Gustav von Aschenbach and his young paramour Tadzio); The Magic Mountain (set in pre-WWI Alps; characters Hans Castorp, Joachim Ziemßen, Leo Naphta)

A movie review is one example of what type of purposful writing? - Narration - Description - Persuasion - Expository

Persuasion

Of the following, what is typically the hardest to write? - Expository - Persuasive - Descriptive - NArrative

Persuasive

infinitive phrase

Phrases that begin with an infinitive. (to + simple form of the verb) TO JOIN THE TEAM is my goal in life the animals have enough food TO EAT FOR THE NIGHT people life weights TO WORKOUT THEIR MUSCLES

The English word "salary" has a 2,000-year-old etymology to a word meaning - Salt - Celery - A misfortune - Earnings

Salt

Epistolary poem

Poems that are written and read as letters

Elegies

Poems that are written in 3 parts: 1. Lament 2. Praise of the deceased 3 Solace loss for loss

Author's point

Point of view is the angle of considering things, which shows us the opinion, or feelings of the individuals involved in a situation.

In reading instruction, The Three Cueing systems is one model used. Which of the following represent a valid reading strategy that is not a system in the Three Cueing Systems model? - Syntactic cues - Pragmatic cues - Semantic cues - Phonological cues

Pragmatic cues

A reader would most likely use knowledge of word structure to determine the meaning of which of the following words - primeval cajole debonair heector

Primeval

Which choice most appropriately fills the blanks in this statment? "Teaching childre which thinking stategies are used by (What) and helping them use htose stategies (what) creates the core of teaching reading." - Reading teachers; in different ways - Beginning students; with assistance - Proficient readers; independently - Published writers; more creatively

Proficient readers; independently

Which of the following are among the most commonly used forms of synthesis in college level writing? - Explaining cause and effect - Comparing and contrasting - Proposing a solution - Using persuasion

Proposing a solution

" I like to see it lap the Miles - And lick the valleys up- and stop to feed itself tanks - and then - prodigious step around a pile of mountains and supercilious peer in Shanties - by the sides of roads - and then a quarry pare to fit its ribs and crawl between complaining all the whole ini horrid - hooting stanza - then chase itself down hill - and neigh like Boanerges - then - punctual as a Star Stop - docile and omnipotent At its own stable door -" The author famously used dashed for (what) and capitalization for (what)? - Punctuation; honor - Separation; names - Prosody; emphasis - continuity; names

Prosody; emphasis

Paraphrasing

Putting into words the ideas or feelings you have perceived from the message

Direct quote

Quoting directly from an article word for word exactly as the author wrote it "he is going to work"

Phonological cues

Readers use their knowledge of letter/sound and sound/letter relationships to predict and confirm reading.

The Diary of a Young Girl by Anne Frank

While hiding from the Nazis with her family, a young girl keeps a diary detailing her daily life and thoughts.

What is NOT typically categorized as prewriting process? - Planning - Reflection - Visualizaiton - Brainstorming

Reflection

Process paragaph

Related to time order Usually, this describes a process or teaches readers how to perform a process

William Shakespeare wrote during which historical and literary period? - Medieval - Renaissance - Resortation - Enlightenment

Renaissance

Lord Byron (1788-1824)

Romantic British poet. Strong supporter of Greek independence. Died while in Greece during the revolution. "She walks in beauty" "Don Juan" "Childe Harold's Pilgrimage"

Text to text connections

a connection between the text and another story or text that you have read previously

Find the error Each day, as his father had done before him, David checked all of the factory's doors and windows daily before heading home for the night. No error

The word daily in option (C) repeats the idea already established at the beginning of the sentence with "Each day." Since the earlier reference to the frequency of the tasks performed by David is not underlined, one must fix the redundancy at option (C) by changing daily before to simply before.

Parables

Short stories that use everyday images to communicate religious messages.

Find the error Newly revised computer models indicate that global sea levels may well rise twice as rapid as had previously been predicted. No error

Since "rise" here is used as a verb, it must be modified by an adverb, not an adjective: rapid must be replaced by rapidly.

Find the error The owl, whose eyes are disproportionately large in relation to its skull, is remarkable for how good it can see under low light conditions. No error

Since the verb "see" is being modified, the adjective good must be replaced by the adverb well.

When writing an essay, whch part of the introucation should come frst? - Your thesis statement - Backgrund on the essays purpose - Something original and engaging to your readers - A road map of how you will present your thesis

Something original and engaging to your readers

"I bequeath myself to the dirt to grow from the grass I love, If you want me again look for me again under your boot soles." What is the title of the poem from which this is taken? - "To you" - "Thou Reader" - "Song of Myself" - "One's Self I sing"

Song of myself

Onset sounds

Sounds at the beginning of the words

Positive degree adverb

Standard form of an adverb He arrives SOON she speaks SOFTLY to her friends

We are familiar with the modern english meaning of the word DISASTER. But in the 16th century, this word meant - Catastrophe - Star-crossed - A misfortune - Unflowerlike

Star-crossed

Archie says, "all asian people are terrible drivers" This is an example of a

Stereotype

Text to self connections

Story appeals to reader. "This reminds me of the time..."

Story vs plot

Story is what it's about -the narrative ; plot is the sequence of events related to earthier casually (i.e. plot outlines the cause and effect relationship among the stories event

Decoding

Strategy used to make sense of printed words and figure out how to correctly pronounce them.

Ballads

Structured with rhyme and meter and focus on subjects such as love, death and religion

Of the following statements, which adheres to information literacy standards? - Students accessing information must critically evaluate it and its sources before using it - Students accessing information can ascertain how much of it they need after they find it - Students accessing information effecintly sacrifice broader scope and incidental learning - Students accessing information ethically must eschew using it to attain specific purposes

Students accessing information much critically evaluate it and its sources before using it

Research has found that which of the following occur for students during revision and rewriting? - Students only correct their mechanical errors in revisions - Students often incorporate new ideas when they rewrite - Students retain their original writing goals during revision - Students' planning in prewriting is unaffected in rewriting

Students often incorporate new ideas when they rewrite

Essay conclusion

Sums up the points and give a final perspective. 3 or 4 strong sentences that review the main points without restating them, but no new information. Reiterates the content of the introduction including the thesis, to review them for the reader. Point 1 + point + point 3 = thesis

Argumentative Writing

Writing that supports a position on or a claim about a particular topic through the use of logic, reasons, and evidence, often acknowledging and/or developing a counterclaim. It may have many purposes: to change the reader's point of view, to establish a call to action, or to get the reader to accept the writer's position or claim. It is a reasoned, logical way of showing that the writer's position is valid.

The Waste Land

T.S. Eliot

Interactive Reading

Teacher and students read together and take turns doing the reading (e.g., choral reading or reader's theater)

Paragraph of narration

Tells a story or part of a story

Adjectives

Tells us more about a noun. Answers a question about a noun. Describes the noun. Examples: green slow, five, stinky, tall, round Which one? the THIRD one What kind? the BLUE suit How many? I am going to buy FOUR apples

"Had we but world enough, and time, This coyness, lady, were no crime. We would sit down and think which way to walk and. pass out long love's day. But at my back I always hear time's winged chariot hurrying near; and yonder all before us lie deserts of vast eternity" What is the meter of the couplets in this poem? - Pentameter - Heptameter _ Hexameter - Terameter

Terameter

Which of the following pairs are NOT BOTH written in the form of frame tales? - The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer and The Decameron by Giovanni Bocaccio - The Mahabharata by Veda Vyasa and The Parlement of Foules by Geoffrey Chaucer - Frankenstein by Mary W. Shelley and Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte - The Great Gatsby by Scott Fitzgerald and To The Lighthouse by Virginia Wolf

The Great Gatsby and To The Lighthouse

Which of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales is an example of the literary form known as the fabliau? - The Physician's Tale - The Wife of Bath's Tale - The Miller's Tale - The Pardoner's Tale

The Miller's Tale

Christopher Marlowe

The Passionate Shepherd to His Love

"A sudden blow: the great wings beating still Above the staggering girl, her thighs caressed By the dark webs, her nape caught in his bill, He holds her helpless breast upon his breast. How can those terrified vague fingers push The feathered glory from her loosening thighs? And how can body, laid in that white rush, But feel the strange heart beating where it lies? A shudder in the loins engenders there The broken wall, the burning roof and tower And Agamemnon dead. Being so caught up, So mastered by the brute blood of the air, Did she put on his knowledge with his power Before the indifferent beak could let her drop?" "The broken wall, the burning roof and tower/ and Agamemmon dead" refer to... - The punic war - The Trojan War - The peloponnesian war - A murder but not a war

The Trojan war

Literacy

The ability to identify, understand, interpret, create, communicate, compute, and use printed and written materials associate with varying contexts.

Linguistic approach

The ability to use language is innate. This is a biological approach rather than one based on cognition or social patterning.

"When I got to camp I warn't feeling very brash, there warn't much sand in my craw; but I sayd, this ain't no time to be fooling around. So I got all my traps into my canoe again so as to have them out of sight, and I put out the fire and scattered the ashes around to look like an old last-year's camp, and then clumb a tree" This passage is taken from which of the following? - The Mysterious stranger - The adventures of Tom Sawyer - The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn - The Prince and the Pauper

The adventures of huckleberry finn

Syntax

The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.

Subjective case

The case for a noun or pronoun when it is the subject. He is coming to the show Jim is coming to the show

" I like to see it lap the Miles - And lick the valleys up- and stop to feed itself tanks - and then - prodigious step around a pile of mountains and supercilious peer in Shanties - by the sides of roads - and then a quarry pare to fit its ribs and crawl between complaining all the whole in horrid - hooting stanza - then chase itself downhill - and neigh like Boanerges - then - punctual as a Star Stop - docile and omnipotent At its own stable door -" This poem was written around the time of - The American Revolution - The French Revolution - The war of 1812 - The civil war

The civil war

Find the error Included among the more than 75 languages into which William Shakespeare's plays have been translated are, Esperanto, Interlingua, and Klingon. No error

The comma before the list of three languages into which Shakespeare's plays have been translated is improperly employed (interrupting the transition between "are" and "Esperanto") and should be deleted.

Find the error Both the bus and the subway goes directly to the airport, although the subway, while not as convenient, is invariably quicker. No error

The compound subject of the verb at option (A) is "the bus and the subway"—two discrete entities; therefore, the singular verb goes must be replaced by the plural go.

Of the following learning and writing prceses, which stratedy.strategies is the most common forms of analysis in college-level writing? - Comparing and contrasting - Explaining cause and effect - Giving support to an opinion - The first two

The first two Comparing and contrasting / explaining cause and effect

Level of formality

The formality or informality of the language used in a particular situation.

1st person point of view

The narrator is a character in the story. ( I, me, my, we, our )

Second person point of view

The narrator tells the story using the pronouns "You", "Your," and "Yours" to address a reader or listener directly as well as using "I"

"I bequeath myself to the dirt to grow from the grass I love, If you want me again look for me again under your boot soles." Which of the following is the best interpretation of the excerpted lines? - The poet means he will be dead and buried in the future - The poet means he is one with an integral part of nature - The poet means the person addressed is above him in station - The poet means the recipient stepped on/walked all over him

The poet means he is an integral part of nature

Which of the following is unique to second-language learning? - Zone of proximal development - The critical period hypothesis - Marked/unmarked features - The process of fossilization

The process of fossilization

Phonics

The process of learning to read by learning how spoken language is represented by letters

Cause and effect

The reason something happens and the result of it happening.

" I like to see it lap the Miles - And lick the valleys up- and stop to feed itself tanks - and then - prodigious step around a pile of mountains and supercilious peer in Shanties - by the sides of roads - and then a quarry pare to fit its ribs and crawl between complaining all the whole ini horrid - hooting stanza - then chase itself down hill - and neigh like Boanerges - then - punctual as a Star Stop - docile and omnipotent At its own stable door -" This poem describes which of the following? - An aristocratic thoroughbred horse - The recently invented railroad train - An incredible mythological monster - The subject cannot be determined

The recently invented railroad train

In the word recognition model of the three cueing systems used in teaching reading, which of the following is most associated with the meanings of words? - Using pragmatic cues - Phonological cues - Syntactic system - Semantic system

The semantic system

Find the error If you want to learn about whales in their natural habitats, one should consider taking a whale-watching cruise staffed by a knowledgeable crew. No error

The sentence states that if you want to learn about whales in their natural habitats one should consider taking a whale-watching cruise. While either you or one can be properly used in a sentence such as this, the use of the pronoun needs to be consistent. Since you is not underlined and thus cannot be changed, one must be replaced by you.

Phonemes

The sounds represented by the letter in the alphabet

Active voice

The subject of the sentence performs the action John drew the picture (the subject is doing the action)

Setting

The time and place of a story

Antecedent

The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. John came into town and he played with us = HE John and Rick came into town and they played with us = THEY

Then, than

Then is a moment in time. Than is a comparison. "I ate the whole cake and then I felt sick." "I love you more than cake."

Graphic organizer

This is a pictorial way of representing knowledge. It is used to help organize ideas and present information. Venn Diagram Spider-map outline

Universal theme

This is the central message of a story, poem, novel, or play that many readers can apply to their own experiences, or to those of all people.

The Hollow Men, T.S. Eliot

This is the way the world ends This is the way the world ends This is the way the world ends Not with a bang but a whimper.

Ulysses by James Joyce

This piece addresses the themes of internalization and externalization and illustrates a new perspective on reality that combines the internal and external workings of an individual. This reality more closely mirrors what Joyce saw in the world around him. Joyce uses stream-of-consciousness and shifting points of view

Find the error Incredibly, "A Martian Odyssey," one of the most original and influential science fiction works of all time, was the first science fiction story Stanley G. Weinbaum ever wrote. No error

This sentence contains no grammatical, idiomatic, logical, or structural errors. Therefore, "No error" should be chosen.

Find the error That human colonies might someday be successfully established on the surface of Mars, an idea once dismissed as absurd, no longer seems unthinkable. No error

This sentence contains no grammatical, idiomatic, logical, or structural errors. Therefore, "No error" should be chosen.

In writing, (what) is the overal written expression of the writer's attitude, and (what) is the individual way in which the writer expresses the former? - voice, tone - tone, voice - style, tone - voice, style

Tone, voice

Topic vs main idea

Topic: What the text is about Main idea: Most important point being made by the author

Figures of speech

Verbal expression whose meaning is figurative rather than literal - Butterflies in stomach does not literally mean butterflies in your stomach - Falling in love does not literally mean falling

Interfixes

Two affixes that create one word when put together with two words - Speed and meter create speedometer with the interfix "O"

couplets

Two consecutive lines of poetry that rhyme

Limericks

Two lines of iambic dimeter followed by 2 lines of iambic dimeter and another of iambic trimeter humor

Intransitive verbs

Verbs that do not point to the receiver of an action He plays. John writes well.

Alphabetic principle

Use of letters and combinations of letters to represent speech sounds.

Indicative mood

Used for facts, opinions, questions I think you can do this You can do this Do you know that you can do this?

Imperative mood

Used for orders You are going to do this Will you do this for me?

Present perfect tense verbs

Used when an acton began in the past but continues in the future 'I have talked' I have walked to the store three times today

Which statement is most accurate about social contexts of L1 and L2 aquisition? - Both L1 and L2 learning can occur in equally caried natural and educational contexts - L1s are only learned in natural contexts, which L2s are learned in educationa contexts - Variations in L2 proficiency can resut from the different contexts of learning the L2 - L2s are not a speaker's natural leanguage and so are necer learned in natural contexts.

Variations of L2 proficiency can result from the different contexts of learning the L2s.

verbal phrase

Verb that acts like a noun, adjective, or adverb but does not take the place of a verb TO WALK a mile to walk is a type of verbal. This is not a sentence since there is no functional verb

Transitive verb

Verb whose action (drive, run jump) points to a receiver (car, dog, kangaroo) He plays the piano The piano was played by him

Text to world connections

a connection between the text and something that is occurring or has occurred in the world

A reader would most likely be able to comprehend the meaning of the unfamiliar word VILIFY by connecting it with which of the following pairs of words? - Life, live - vile, villian - Villa, village - if, five

Vile, villain

Subordination

When two ideas are not of equal importance, make the most important idea an independent clause and the lesser important idea a dependent clause "Despite having a perfect regular season, the team lost the championship"

Andrew Marvell

Who wrote "To His Coy Mistress"?

Of the following authors, whose English existed during the great vowel shift - William Shakespeare - Geoffrey Chaucer - Emily Dickinson - The Pearl Poet

William Shakespeare

Subjuntive Mood

Wishes and statements that go against fact I wish I were going to do this If I were you, I would do this

Turabian

Writing style that originated with the Chicago style but omits much of the information that is relevant for publishing.

When you have a writing assignment, which of the following is true about your audience? - You need not identify the audience because it is the teacher who gave the assignment - You should consider how your readers are likely to use what you write - You should know your writing purpose more than a reader's purpose - You are overthinking to wonder about readers' likely attitude/reaction

You should consider how your readers are likely to use what you write

your, you're

Your is a possessive form of you. You're is the contraction of you are.

Which of the following is most accurate regarding writing style? - The kind of diction you use does not affect your style - Add style later in the writing process to give personality - Style is unrelated to your control of your content - Your purpose for writing guides your style

Your purpose for writing guides your style

Which statement is correct regarding the relationship of your audience profile to the decisions you make in writing? - How much time you spend on research in unrelated to your audience - Your audience does not influence how much information you include - The writing style, tone and wording you use depend on your audience - How you organize information depends on structure, not audience

Your writing style, tone and wording you use depend on your audience

Proper noun

a SPECIFIC person, place, thing, or idea George Washington, Los Angeles, Statue of Liberty Capitalize them

Cinquain

a five line stanza

speeches

a form of communication in spoken presentation with a strong format

Stereotype

a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people

aside

a line spoken by an actor to the audience but not intended for others on the stage

Epic poems

a long poem that tell the story of a heroic figure Use stylized language and combining dramatic and lyrical conventions

Sonnets

a poem of fourteen lines using any of a number of formal rhyme schemes, in English typically having ten syllables per line.

sonnet

a poem of fourteen lines using any of a number of formal rhyme schemes, in English typically having ten syllables per line.

A sestina

a poem with six stanzas of six lines and a final triplet, all stanzas having the same six words at the line-ends in six different sequences that follow a fixed pattern, and with all six words appearing in the closing three-line envoi.

iambic pentameter

a poetic meter that is made up of 5 stressed syllables each followed by an unstressed syllable

Allusions

a reference in a literary work to a person, place, or thing in history or another work of literature

First person omniscient

a voice that uses "i" and knows the thoughts of the other characters; rare

dangling modifier

a word or phrase that modifies a word not clearly stated in the sentence Reading each magazine article, the stories caught my eye - stories cannot read

Antonym

a word that means the opposite of another word

Homograph

a word written the same way as another word but having a different meaning

Cliche

a worn-out idea or overused expression

dependent clauses

are used as nouns or modifiers, are incomplete sentences and cannot stand alone grammatically; they are sometimes called subordinate clauses; those that function as adjectives, nouns, or adverbs are known, respectively, as adjective, noun, and adverbial clauses Because I want to stay in shape

Pragmatic cues

aspects of the social context used for word learning

Compound-complex sentence

at least one dependent clause and two or more independent clauses John is my friend who went to india, and he brought back souvenirs

Giambattista Vico

attacks Descartes, challenges science says science is just as based on probability as rhetoric, but rhetoric is better bc it takes probability seriously

Prefix DYS

bad, impaired, abnormal or difficult

celebrity testimonial

based on personal usage, the celebrity attests to the product's quality emotional argument

9th 10th grade standard for citing textual evidence

be able to cite thorough evidence as well as strong evidence from text

unrhymed iambic pentameter

blank verse

Plural indefinite pronouns

both, few, many, several

" I like to see it lap the Miles - And lick the valleys up- and stop to feed itself tanks - and then - prodigious step around a pile of mountains and supercilious peer in Shanties - by the sides of roads - and then a quarry pare to fit its ribs and crawl between complaining all the whole ini horrid - hooting stanza - then chase itself down hill - and neigh like Boanerges - then - punctual as a Star Stop - docile and omnipotent At its own stable door -" The adjectives "docile" and " omnipotent" in the penultimate line were chosen because they are - Synonymous - nonsensical - mechanical - Contrasting

contrasting

beat poetry

counterculture, protest poetry of the late 40s and 50s

Graphophonic Cues

cues based on letter-sound correspondence that help readers decode text and determin its meaning. (When readers are using letter sounds and thier poistion in word sto help decode a word.)

Writing style

different ways of encoding the meaning and indicating figurative and stylistic meanings

cause-effect pattern of organization

discusses the causes that led to a specific event or effect to the audience

Black comedy

disturbing or absurd material presented in a humorous manner, usually with the intention of confronting uncomfortable truths

Subordinate clauses

does not express a complete thought and cannot stand by itself as a complete sentence

Reciprocal pronouns

each other, one another

Linguistic form

encodes the literal meanings of words and sentences

Hyperbole

exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally.

Hyperbole

exaggeration

Hubris

excessive pride or self-confidence

Verb

explains action or being. Shows the subject's movement that has been done to the subject

Conciseness

expressing much in few words

example or illustration transition

for instance, for example

activity settings

framework for analysis of interactions that includes personnel, tasks, goals, motives, and scripts

clauses

groups of words containing a subject and predicate and functioning as a member of a complex or compound sentence

Pastoral poems

idealize nature and country living

Explicit information

ideas and understandings which are DIRECTLY or FULLY stated in the text.

Prefix PRE

in advance

generalization or general application transition

in broad terms, broadly speaking, in general

Restatement or clarification transition

in other words, to put it another way

Indirect quote

information from a source that is reworded or paraphrased by the writer of the research paper He said that he is going to work

Mental conflict

involves intellect internal conflicts

Semantic system

involves the meaning of words; you might depend in part on semantic processing to know that when you read "cat" it means or refers to that warm, furry, purring thing that jumps on your lap and meows.

Frame narrator

is a storyteller who is not the protagonist of a story but a peripheral character who reveals someone else's story to us

penultimate

just before the final; next to last

Informal writing

like may be used as a preposition and in what kind of writing, as a conjunction.

appreciative listening

listening for pleasure or enjoyment

critical listening

listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it

empathic listening

listening to provide emotional support for a speaker

Types of transitions

logical continuation extended argument example or illustration comparison contrast restatement or clarification generalization or general application

Moral conflicts

long running conflicts that have been resistant to multiple attempts at resolution

Man vs nature conflict resolution

man coming to a realization about some aspect of nature

External conflicts

man vs. man, man vs. nature, man vs. society

Internal conflict

man vs. self

the primary purpose of political propaganda such as campaig print advertisemets or campaign slogans is to - explore issues and candidates from multiple points of view - Disseminate information about issues and candidates to the public - Manipulate piblic resopnses to the issues and candidates - Encourage open public debate about issues and candidates

manipulate piblic responses to the issues and candidates

Epigrams

memorable rhymes with one or two lines humor

schemata

mental representations of how we expect the world to be

When students are taught to use effective reading comprehension strategies, they not only achieve deeper understanding, but they also learn to think about how they think when reading. This is known as.. - Schemata - Scaffolding - Metacognition - Metamorphosis

metacognition

extended argument transition

moreover, furthermore, also

Intensive pronouns

myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves

3rd person point of view

narrator is NOT involved in the story; uses "he," "she," "they

8 parts of speech

noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection

First stanza I wake to sleep, and take my waking slow. I feel my fate in what I cannot fear. I learn by going where I have to go. Last stanza This shaking keeps me steady. I should know. What falls away is always. And is near. I wake to sleep, and take my waking slow. I learn by going where I have to go. First stanza "I shut my eyes and all the world drops dead;I lift my lids and all is born again.(I think I made you up inside my head.) Last stanza I should have loved a thunderbird instead;At least when spring comes they roar back again.I shut my eyes and all the world drops dead.(I think I made you up inside my head.)" First Stanza Do not go gentle into that good night, Old age should burn and rave at close of day; Rage, rage against the dying of the light. Last stanza And you, my father, there on the sad height, Curse, bless, me now with your fierce tears, I pray. Do not go gentle into that good night. Rage, rage against the dying of the light. Which of the following deals directly with the subject of death? - The third - The second and third - the first and third - All three

only the third

Western world sentimental novels

originated in movement of romanticism -depict emotional rather than only physical love -ex: charles dickens in 19th century included some sentimental elements though he was not called sentimental

three types of verbals

participles, gerunds, and infinitives

Participle phrase

phrase that includes the participle, its modifier, and its objects; example: The child, FLASHING A MISCHIEVOUS SMILE, turned and walked away. Verb: Dance Present participle: Dancing Past participle: Danced

carpe diem poetry

poetry that emphasizes the shortness of life and the need to act in or enjoy the present

free verse poetry

poetry without regular patterns of rhyme or rhythm

deductive reasoning

reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case (The sun rises every morning; therefore, the sun will rise on Tuesday morning.)

Anagnorisis

recognition or discovery on the part of the hero; change from ignorance to knowledge

journals and diaries

records of daily events and the writer's thoughts and feelings about them

Emotional conflicts

results from feelings of anger, distrust, dislike, fear, and resentment as well as from personality clashes

Independent clauses

sometimes called main clauses, ay stand on their own as complete sentences I am running

Jargon

special words or expressions that are used by a particular profession or group and are difficult for others to understand.

spondaic

stressed, stressed

Trochee

stressed, unstressed

trochaic

stressed, unstressed

dactylic

stressed, unstressed, unstressed

Scaffolding

temporary support that is tailored to a learner's needs and abilities and aimed at helping the learner master the next task in a given learning process

A clustering illusion

tendency to see patterns in random events

Definite article

the Limited or fixed amount I lost THE bottle

"Call the roller of big cigars, The muscular one, and bid him whip. In kitchen cups concupiscent curds. Let the wenches dawdle in such dress As they are used to wear, and let the boys Bring flowers in last month's newspapers. Let be be finale of seem. The only emperor of ice-cream." This excerpted poem was written in - The 17th century - The 18th century - The 19th century - The 20th century

the 20th century (1922) "The Emperor of Ice-cream" by Wallace Stevens

media literacy

the ability to access, analyze, evaluate, and create media in a variety of forms

Vicinity

the area near or surrounding a particular place

Rhetoric

the art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, especially the use of figures of speech and other compositional techniques.

zone of proximal development

the difference between what children can do with assistance and what they can do alone

Possessive case

the form of a noun or pronoun used to show ownership The flowers are mine These are Josh's flowers

Punctuation

the marks, such as period, comma, and parentheses, used in writing to separate sentences and their elements and to clarify meaning.

Sequence

the order in which things happen or should happen

prose

the ordinary form of written language

target audience

the portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade

Author's argument

the position he or she puts forward, supported by reasons

Plot development

the sequence of events in a story and it is generally built around a conflict, and it tells what happens, when, and to whom. it usually includes four stages, exposition, rising action, climax, falling action.

Syntactic system

the structural system of English that governs how words are combined into sentences

quote inside a quote

the teacher asked, "Has anyone read 'the Gift of the Magi'?"

framing bias

the tendency of decision makers to be influenced by the way a situation or problem is presented to them

Onomatopoeia

the use of words that imitate sounds Meow woosh

When are periods used

to end all sentences except direct questions and exclamations They are also used for abbreviations

First person plural

we, us, our, ours

Main idea

what a piece of writing is mainly about

Objective case

when a noun or pronoun is used as the direct object, indirect object, or object of a preposition Josh drove him to the store josh drove Jim to the store

Quotation marks

when individual has direct quote when taken out of a text slang/technical terms quotation within a quotation

Which, that, who

which refers to things only/ that refers to either people or things/ who is a relative pronoun and refers to people only

Subject of a sentence

who or what the sentence is about

Relative pronouns

who, whom, whose, which, that

Interrogative pronouns

who, whom, whose, which, what

Activity settings (tharp and gallimore, 1988) are aspects of the sociocultural context that affected how students learn and read. Of five activity settings, one is participant identity, or who the students are. Of the other four, which is more related to motivation? - When the activity is done - Why the activity is done - Where the activity is done - how the activity is done

why the activity is done

Conjunctions

words used to join words, phrases, or clauses for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so

Root word

Main part of the word where affixes can be added.

Common noun

A general name for a person, place, or thing Boy, girl, school, bank, dog, truck Do not capitalize

Ellipsis Mark

This, three spaced periods, is used to indicate that a word or words have been deleted from a direct quote.

iambic

a metrical foot in poetry that consists of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable

Romantic comedy

a movie or play that deals with love in a light, humorous way.

The unreliable narrator

a narrator whose account of events appears to be faulty, misleadingly biased, or otherwise distorted

portmanteau

a new word formed by joining two others and combining their meanings

Direct object

a noun or pronoun that receives the action of the verb Find the verb and ask: who or what? I took the blanket ... subject = I object = blanket Jane reads book ... subject = jane object = books

Absolute phrase

a noun+participle combination grammatically isolated from the sentence THE ALARM RINGING, he pushed the snooze button

Predictive nominative

a noun, group of nouns, or noun clause that names the subject. My father is a lawyer Lawyer is the predictive nomination

Indefinite article

a or an no limit, no fixed amount Does anyone have A bottle? Do you have AN umbrella?

A confirmation bias

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

confessional poetry

a twentieth century term used to describe poetry that uses intimate material from the poet's life.

Samuel Richardson

(1689-1761). A major 18th century writer best known for his 3 epistolary novels: "Pamela: Or, Virtue Rewarded," "Clarissa: Or the History of a Young Lady," and "Sir Charles Grandison."

Satirical comedy

points out things wrong or ridiculous about society, situational humor

Points of view

position from which story is being told, 1st person, 3rd person, 3rd person omniscient

advantages-disadvantages pattern of organization

present the audience with the pros and cons of a topic

Anaphora

repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or lines - We shall fight in the trenches, we shall fight in the oceans, we shall fight in the sky

too, to, two

to is a preposition; too is an adverb; two is a number. Too many of your shots slice to the left, but the last two were just right.

Appeal to emotion

manipulating an emotional response in place of a valid or compelling argument Bandwagon approach celebrity testimonial

Bildungsroman Novel

"educational novel" "apprenticeship" Novels focusing on coming of age stories, including youth's struggles and searches for things such as identity, spiritual understanding or meaning in life.

Find the error Carlos watched spellbound as each tiny bird extended its tongue into the feeder and reaches the nectar deep within.

"watched" and "extended"—indicate that the actions described in the sentence occurred in the past. Thus, reaches, which is in the present tense, must be changed to the past tense: reached.

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

(1749-1832) A German author who wrote near the end of the Aufklärung, the German Enlightenment. Goethe's morose The Sorrows of Young Werther (1774) helped fuel the Sturm und Drang movement, and his two-part Faust (1808, 1832) is seen as one of the landmarks of Western literature

Go Ask Alice

(Anonymous a.k.a. editor Beatrice Sparks, 1971, originally promoted as nonfiction and later listed as a work of fiction since the late 80s) - The book purports to be the actual diary of an anonymous 15 year-old teenage girl. She records her thoughts and concerns about issues such as crushes, weight gain, sexuality, social acceptance, and difficulty relating to her parents. She later dies of a drug overdose, and the book is presented as a testimony against drug use.

Critical Period Hypothesis

(Chomsky) A proposal that there is a limited period during which language acquisition can occur.

The universal prayer

(In the Liturgy of the Word) General Intercessions - asking God for help through prayer

docile

(adj.) easily taught, led, or managed; obedient

Story vs. Discourse

(content, what is depicted) vs. (expression, how it is depicted)

Fallacy

(n.) a false notion or belief; an error in thinking

Collective nouns

(nouns of multitude) name a group of persons, places, or objects gathered together into a unit. class, company, dozen, group, herd, team, public

the great vowel shift occured during which time span? - 10th to 13th centuries - 12th to 15th centuries - 15th to 18th centuries - 16th to 19th centuries

15th to 18th centuries

literary theory

A systematic study of literature using various methods to analyze texts.

Comma rules

1. Use commas to separate independent clauses when they are joined by any of these seven coordinating conjunctions: and, but, for, or, nor, so, yet. 2. Use commas after introductory a) clauses, b) phrases, or c) words that come before the main clause. 3. Use a pair of commas in the middle of a sentence to set off clauses, phrases, and words that are not essential to the meaning of the sentence. Use one comma before to indicate the beginning of the pause and one at the end to indicate the end of the pause. 4. Do not use commas to set off essential elements of the sentence, such as clauses beginning with that (relative clauses). That clauses after nouns are always essential. That clauses following a verb expressing mental action are always essential. 5. Use commas to separate three or more words, phrases, or clauses written in a series. 6. Use commas to separate two or more coordinate adjectives that describe the same noun. Be sure never to add an extra comma between the final adjective and the noun itself or to use commas with non-coordinate adjectives. 7. Use a comma near the end of a sentence to separate contrasted coordinate elements or to indicate a distinct pause or shift. 8. Use commas to set off phrases at the end of the sentence that refer back to the beginning or middle of the sentence. Such phrases are free modifiers that can be placed anywhere in the sentence without causing confusion. 9. Use commas to set off all geographical names, items in dates (except the month and day), addresses (except the street number and name), and titles in names. 10. Use a comma to shift between the main discourse and a quotation. 11. Use commas wherever necessary to prevent possible confusion or misreading.

To analyze texts and identify point of view or purpose, readers should ask themselves the following 4 questions

1. With what main point of idea does this author want to persuade readers to agree? 2. How do this author's choice of words affect the way that readers consider this subject? 3. How do this author's choices of examples and / or facts affect the way that readers consider this subject? 4. What is it that this author wants to accomplish by writing this text?

Writers' stylistic choices accomplish 3 things

1. communicate meanings 2 show author's attitude 3. Express feelings

the four types of sentences

1. declarative 2. imperative 3. interrogative 4. exclamatory

research paper format

1. identify the issue 2. Tells why the researcher cares about this issue 3. defines the scope of the research by focusing on specific variables, Shows why those variables matter

Essay introduction

1. what is the subject of the essay? 2. How does the essay address the subject? 3. What will the essay prove?

Henry Vaughan

1621-1695 Works: Silex Scintillans "The World" Theme: mysticism and love of nature. Style: poetry Important Info: he influnced Wordsworth.

"I am assured by our Merchants, that if a boy or a girl before 12, is no saleable commodity; and even when they come to this age, they will not yield above [an amount of money] at most, on the Exchange; which cannot turn into account... to the Parents; the Charge of Nutriment and Rags, having been at least four times that Value. I shall now therefore humble propose my own Thoughts which I hope will not be liable to the least Objection. I have been assured by a very knowing american of my aquantance in london; that a young healthy child, well nourishing, and wholesome Food; wherther Stewd, Roasted, Baked, or boiled; and, I, make no doubt, that it will equally serve in a Fricasie or Ragoust." The excerpted work was published in which century? - 20th - 19th - 18th - 17th

18th

villanelle poem

19 line poem with 5 three line stanzas and an ending quatrain, rhyme scheme is most often: aba, aba, aba, aba, aba, abaa

Romanticism

19th century artistic movement that appealed to emotion rather than reason

Tetrameter

4 beats per line

Linguistics generally analyze the Great Vowel Shift as having transpired in how many steps? - 10 8 6 4

8

Blog

A Web log, which is a journal or newsletter that is updated frequently and published online. 1. Blog layouts ned more subheads, graphics and other indications of what information follows 2. Legibility is crucial in blogs

Anecedote

A brief story authors may relate, which can illustrate their points in a more real and relatable way

Aphorism

A brief, cleverly worded statement that makes a wise observation about life. - early to bed early to rise makes a man healthy wealthy and wise

the canterbury tales

A collection of stories written in Middle-English by Geoffrey Chaucer at the end of the 14th century. The tales are told as part of a story-telling contest by a group of pilgrims as they travel together on a journey .

Analogy

A comparison of two different things that are similar in some way

Similes

A comparison using "like" or "as"

primary source

A document or physical object which was written or created during the time under study.

Hegel's theory of tragedy

A dynamic conflict of opposite forces or rights Must involve some circumstance in which two values are fatally at odds with each other and conflict directly Good vs good until death

Formal writing

A fancy writing. Formal writing is used in public speaking, written reports, academic papers and tests: formal requests including letters, opinion pieces, etc.

Which of the following accurately identifies The Diary of A Young Girl by Anne Frank? - Fictional novel of a 1920s debutant - Non-fiction dutch journal influenced by WW2 - a long poem depicting childhood scizophrenia - A british record documenting a sociiological diary project

A fictional dutch journal influenced by WW2

Personification

A figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes

personification

A figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes

Metonymy

A figure of speech in which something is referred to by using the name of something that is associated with it you have all of my heart A silver fox

Oxymoron

A figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase.

"Because I could not stop for death - He kindly stopped for me - The carriage held but just Ourselves - And Immortality. We slowly drove - He knew no haste And I had put away My labor and my leisure too, For His Civility - We passed the School, where Children strove At Recess - in the Ring - we passed the Fields of grazing Grain - We passed the Setting Sun or Rather - He passed us - The Dews drew quivering and chill - For only Gossamer, my Gown - My Tippet - only Tulle We paused before a House that seemed A swelling of the Ground - The roof was scarcely visible - The cornice - in the Ground - Since then - 'tis Centuries - and yet Feels shorter than the Day I first surmised the horses Heads Were toward Eternity" What is described in the fifth stanza? - A home - A grave - A church - A school

A grave

Stanza

A group of lines in a poem

Prepositional phrase

A group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun. the picnic is ON THE BLANKET I am sick WITH A FEVER today AMONG THE MANY FLOWERS, john found a four-leaf clover

Comic relief

A humorous scene or speech intended to lighten the mood

Arthur writes a paper. One classmate identifies ideas and words that resonated with her when she read it. Another describes how reading the paper changed his thinking. A third asks Arthur some questions about what he means by certain statements in the paper. A fourth suggests that a portion of the paper needs more supporting information. This description is most typical of

A peer review

"I knew I should be grateful to Mrs Guinea, only I couldn't feel a thing. If Mrs Guinea had given me a ticket to Europe, or a round-the-world cruise, it wouldn't have made one scrap of difference to me, because wherever I sat - on the deck of a ship or a street cafe in Paris or Bangkok - I would be sitting under the same glass bell jar, stewing in my own sour air. I sank back in the gray, plush seat and closed my eyes. The air of the bell jar wadded round me and I couldn't stir [ following a successful shock treatment ] All the heat and fear had purged itself. I felt surprisingly at peace. The bell jar hung, suspended, a few feet above my head. I was open to the circulating air. 'We'll take up where we left off, Esther,' she (my mother) had said, with her sweet, Martyr's smile. ' We'll act as if all this were a bad dream.' A bad dream. To the person in the bell jar, blank and stopped as a dead baby, the world itself is the bad dream. Valerie's last cheerful cry had been 'So long! Be seeing you.' 'Not if I know it,' I thought. But I wasn't sure, I wasn't sure at all. How did I know that someday - at college, in Europe, somewhere again- the bell jar, with its stifling distortions, wouldn't descend again?" The bell jar the author refers to is an example of which literary device? - A simile - an allusion - A metaphor - personification

A metaphor

Caesura

A natural pause or break in a line of poetry, usually near the middle of the line.

epistolary novel

A novel that tells its story through letters written from one character to another.

Bias

A particular preference or point of view that is personal, rather than scientific.

Time frame

A period of time when something occurs or is expected to occur

Informative/explanatory writing

A piece of writing that explains a topic, idea, or concept and gives information about it with supporting evidence.

ballad

A poem or song narrating a story in short stanzas

Strategic reading

A process of constructing meaning by interacting with text; as individuals read, they use their prior knowledge along with clues from the text to construct meaning. Research indicates that effective or expert readers are strategic.

Dashes

A punctuation mark (—) used to indicate a sudden break in thought, to set off parenthetical material

Allusion

A reference to another work of literature, person, or event

Enjambment

A run-on line of poetry in which logical and grammatical sense carries over from one line into the next.

Paragraph

A section of a piece of writing, dealing with one topic.

Tragedy

A serious form of drama dealing with the downfall of a heroic or noble character

A sudden blow: the great wings beating stillAbove the staggering girl, her thighs caressedBy the dark webs, her nape caught in his bill,He holds her helpless breast upon his breast. How can those terrified vague fingers pushThe feathered glory from her loosening thighs?And how can body, laid in that white rush,But feel the strange heart beating where it lies? A shudder in the loins engenders thereThe broken wall, the burning roof and towerAnd Agamemnon dead. Being so caught up,So mastered by the brute blood of the air,Did she put on his knowledge with his powerBefore the indifferent beak could let her drop? In what form is this poem? - A sonnet - A Villanelle - Free Verse - A sestina

A sonnet

Fact

A statement that can be proved.

A high school teacher is discussing college applications with a student. the teacher encourages the student to apply to a pulic 4 year university but the student expresses dount about whether his scores on a college aptitude test are high enough to qualify him for admission. Which of the following documents would most help the student overcome his reservations about applying to the university? - A course schedule for the university's fall term - a list of scholarships and grants avaliable from the university an interactive map of the university campus and off camous hosue ing - a step by step guide to the university application process

A step by step guide to the university application process

Adverb clause

A subordinate clause that modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb. It answers one of four questions: how, when, where, and why. When you walked outside, I called the manager I will go with you unless you want to stay.

Physical Conflict

A type of conflict that occurs between physical bodies, as in a battle or duel.

Historical fiction

A type of realistic fiction that takes place in a particular time period in the past. Often the setting is real, but the characters are made up from the author's imagination.

Linking verb

A verb that does not show action but connects the subject with a word in the predicate. Incorrect: I am Correct: I am John.

Action verbs

A verb that shows either physical or mental activity. Ex. Walk.

Colloquialism

A word or phrase (including slang) used in everyday conversation and informal writing but that is often inappropriate in formal writing (y'all, ain't)

appositive phrase

A word or phrase placed next to another word in order to define or identify it. Example: Joe, the baker, likes to get up early.

Synonym

A word that means the same as another word

Adverb

A word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb He walks QUICKLY The water flows SMOOTHLY He is NEVER angry you talk TOO loudly

"Call the roller of big cigars, The muscular one, and bid him whip. In kitchen cups concupiscent curds. Let the wenches dawdle in such dress As they are used to wear, and let the boys Bring flowers in last month's newspapers. Let be be finale of seem. The only emperor of ice-cream." Which literary device is shown in the third line of the stanza? - Alliteration - Hyperbole - Onomatopoeia - Metonymy

Alliteration

"This treatise developed from an inital idea about the way a plant develops from a seed." The preceding sentence is an example of which literary device and argument? - Analogy - Allegory - allusion - Antithesis

Analogy

Tone

Attitude a writer takes toward the audience, a subject, or a character

Alexander Pope (1688-1744)

British Classicist/Satirist The Rape of the Lock The Dunciad

Essay body

Each main point has a separate paragraph. Each paragraph has topic sentence and information relates back to thesis statement. Make transitions between paragraphs to improve organization. The body elaborates on all the main points related to the thesis and supporting evidence, introducing one main point at a time.

Greek word for letter

Epistle

Bandwagon approach

Everyone is using the product. You should, too. Emotional argument

"I imagine this midnight moment's forest: Something else is alive Beside the clock's loneliness And this blank page where my fingers move. Through the window I see no star: Something more near Though deeper within darkness Is entering the loneliness: Cold, delicately as the dark snow A fox's nose touches twig, leaf; Two eyes serve a movement, that now And again now, and now, and now Sets neat prints into the snow Between trees, and warily a lame Shadow lags by stump and in hollow Of a body that is bold to come Across clearings, an eye, A widening deepening greenness, Brilliantly, concentratedly, Coming about its own business Till, with a sudden sharp hot stink of fox It enters the dark hole of the head. The window is starless still; the clock ticks, The page is printed." Which of the following is this poem written? - In free verse - Rhymed and metered - Unrhymed and metered - Rhymed and unmetered

Free verse

Roman A Clef

French for a novel in which historical events and actual people appear under the guise of fiction Require a real life frame of reference or key for full comprehension

The source of the silent B in the english world DEBT was origionally - A middle english word - A voiced old english B - From latin Etymology - From GReek etymology

From latin Etymology

Compare and contrast

Give an account of similarities and differences between two (or more) items or situations, referring to both (all) of them throughout.

Phrases

Group of words that functions as a single part of speech, usually a noun, adjective or adverb. A phrase is not a complete thought, but it adds detail or explanation to a sentence or renames something within the sentence

"I knew I should be grateful to Mrs Guinea, only I couldn't feel a thing. If Mrs Guinea had given me a ticket to Europe, or a round-the-world cruise, it wouldn't have made one scrap of difference to me, because wherever I sat - on the deck of a ship or a street cafe in Paris or Bangkok - I would be sitting under the same glass bell jar, stewing in my own sour air. I sank back in the gray, plush seat and closed my eyes. The air of the bell jar wadded round me and I couldn't stir [ following a successful shock treatment ] All the heat and fear had purged itself. I felt surprisingly at peace. The bell jar hung, suspended, a few feet above my head. I was open to the circulating air. 'We'll take up where we left off, Esther,' she (my mother) had said, with her sweet, Martyr's smile. ' We'll act as if all this were a bad dream.' A bad dream. To the person in the bell jar, blank and stopped as a dead baby, the world itself is the bad dream. Valerie's last cheerful cry had been 'So long! Be seeing you.' 'Not if I know it,' I thought. But I wasn't sure, I wasn't sure at all. How did I know that someday - at college, in Europe, somewhere again- the bell jar, with its stifling distortions, wouldn't descend again?" In this book, Plath uses a bell jar to symbolize - The strictness of her reality - Her own mental illness - A case of writer's block - A disorder of breathing

Her own mental illness

A sudden blow: the great wings beating stillAbove the staggering girl, her thighs caressedBy the dark webs, her nape caught in his bill,He holds her helpless breast upon his breast. How can those terrified vague fingers pushThe feathered glory from her loosening thighs?And how can body, laid in that white rush,But feel the strange heart beating where it lies? A shudder in the loins engenders thereThe broken wall, the burning roof and towerAnd Agamemnon dead. Being so caught up,So mastered by the brute blood of the air, Did she put on his knowledge with his power Before the indifferent beak could let her drop? The poet's final question best suggests which of the following ideas? - Humans get godlike knowledge and power from the gods - Human knowledge and power are necessarily incomplete - Humans in ancient Greece interacted differently with gods - Humans in interacting with gods got power, not knowledge

Humans knowledge and power are necessarily incomplete

Find the error Should the change of seasons make you wish on new clothes, remember that a pair of jeans takes 1,800 gallons of water to produce, and do your shopping in the local thrift store instead. No error

Idiomatically speaking, you cannot wish on new clothes—you wish for new clothes. In the context of this sentence, wish for, in the sense of desiring something, is required.

When making in text citations in a research paper, which of the following reflects MLA guidelines for citing Web sources with regard to page numbers - If a web source does not include pagination, you are advised to avoid citing that source - If page numbers appear on a printout from a website, Include these numbers in citations - In-text citations of online sources in research papers should never include page numbers - If the web source is a PDF file, it is recommended to cite page numbers in your citations

If the web source is a PDF file, it is recommended to cite page numbers in your citations

Technical language

Impersonal. Passive voice tone.

When does the subject of a sentence come after a verb?

In sentences that start with THERE ARE or THERE WAS There are 5 letters on the table for him Subject: 5 letters There were coffee and donuts in the house Subject: Coffee and donuts

En ESL student whose L1 is Chinese tends to omit plural endings and articles before nouns. Of the following, which is the best explanation for these errors? - The student has not yet learned these English grammatical forms - Omission avoids having to choose among irregular English forms - Incompatible natue and rules of the L1 and transfered to the L2 - The student does not understad how the L1 and L2 forms relate

Incompatible nature and rules of the L1 and transferring to the L2

Theme in the works of William Faulkner

Industrialization and rapid changes to society

William Butler Yeats (1865-1939)

Irish poet, dramatist, mystic and public figure of Anglo-Irish Protestant Ancestry, one of the driving forces behind the Irish Literary Revival and co-founder of the Abbey Theatre. Yeats also served as an Irish Senator. Draws heavily on the Irish landscape and on the country's native mythology, with a marked turn toward contemporary social issues in his later years. Know: The Second Coming, The Lake Isle of Innisfree, The Wild Swans at Coole, Sailing to Byzantium, Leda and the Swan

"had we but world enough, and time, This coyness, lady, were no crime. We would sit down and think which way to walk and. pass out long love's day. But at my back I always hear time's winged chariot hurrying near; and yonder all before us lie deserts of vast eternity" Why does this opening sentence begin with an uncapitalized word? - to make it stand out - It is a continuation of the author's previous novel - It forms the completion of the novel's unfinished last sentence - A typesetting error in the original publishing was preserved in perpetuity

It completes the last sentence fragment, "A way a long a last a loved a long the -"

Which of the following is the best definition of Information Literacy - It is the set of skills required for reading and comprehending different information - It is the cognitive skill set necessary to amass a comprehensive base of knowledge. - it is the skill set required for the finding, retrieval, analysis and use of information - It is the set of skills necessary for effectively communicating information to others.

It is the skill set required for the finding, retrieval, analysis and use of information

A words denotation

Its literal meaning

Which of the following was the author of The Pilgrim's Progress? - John Bunyan - William Congreve - Daniel Defoe - Samuel Butler

John Bunyan

In first language (L1) and second language (L2) acquisition, which of the following is true about development stages? - L2 learners do not undergo the first stage called the silent period, as L1 learners do - L2 learners undergo all stages, but are urged to skip the first stage more than L1s - L2 learners do not undergo the second stage of Formulaic Speech as L1 learners do - L2 learners undergo the third stage of Structural and Semantic Simplifications later

L2 learners undergo all stages, but are urged to skip the first stage more than L1s

Which of the following works was first ever published in vernacular Italian? - De re publica (On the republic) by Marcus Tullius Cicero - 11 Decameron (The Decemeron) By Diovanni Bocaccio - La Divina Commedia (The divine comedy) by Dante Alighieri - 11 Nome delle Rosa (The name of the rose) by Umberto Eco

La Divina Commedia (The Divine Comedy) by Dante Alighieri `

Concrete language

Language that describes specific, observable things, people, or places, rather than ideas or qualities.

"Because I could not stop for death - He kindly stopped for me - The carriage held but just Ourselves - And Immortality. We slowly drove - He knew no haste And I had put away My labor and my leisure too, For His Civility - We passed the School, where Children strove At Recess - in the Ring - we passed the Fields of grazing Grain - We passed the Setting Sun or Rather - He passed us - The Dews drew quivering and chill - For only Gossamer, my Gown - My Tippet - only Tulle We paused before a House that seemed A swelling of the Ground - The roof was scarcely visible - The cornice - in the Ground - Since then - 'tis Centuries - and yet Feels shorter than the Day I first surmised the horses Heads Were toward Eternity" Irrespective of its topic, the tone of this poem would best be described as... - Serious, grave and potentially dark - Detached, alienated and numb of feeling - Lighthearted, humorous and gently ironic - Frantic, agitated with a frenzy of fear

Lighthearted, humorous and gently ironic

Complement

Noun, pronoun or adjective that is used to five more information about the subject or verb in the sentence

Which is a primary source for a research paper on women who worked in Ohio factories during the Second World War? A.Oral histories B.An unpublished dissertation C.Recent documentaries D.A history textbook E.An article in an academic journal

Option (A) is correct. Oral histories, which are sound recordings of interviews with people who have personal knowledge of past events, is the only primary source of the five offered. Options (B) to (E) are all secondary sources, created by people who did not directly experience or participate in the events they describe.

What we measure affects what we do, and if our measurements are flawed, decisions may be distorted. Choices between promoting economic productivity and protecting the environment may be false choices, once environmental degradation is included in measurements of economic performance. We often draw inferences about the value of policies by looking at which ones have promoted economic growth; but if metrics of performance are flawed, so too may be the inferences we draw. The primary purpose of the passage is to A.suggest that policy decisions be based on carefully chosen and comprehensive measurement criteria B.advocate including environmental effects in the final reports to be used in economic decision making C.suggest that too many policy decisions are based on economic considerations D.promote economic productivity as a criterion for measuring environmental health in a community E.deny that economic productivity is a reasonable factor to consider in making social policy

Option (A) is correct. The author of the passage indicates that the choices about what to measure can negatively affect policy decisions; therefore, careful consideration should be given to such choices.

"It has become increasingly common for archaeologists to offer educational programs at their excavation sites. Because the programs attract tourists, they can usually generate community support for archaeological projects. However, the influx of tourists at archaeological sites often brings preservation problems, such as site degradation and artifact looting to provide tourists with objects for sale." Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage? It describes a practice and then points out an advantage and a disadvantage of that practice. B.It presents an assertion and then illustrates it with examples. C.It discusses a current trend and then points out several benefits of that trend. D.It describes a problem and then suggests two possible solutions. E.It presents a puzzling phenomenon and then evaluates two possible explanations.

Option (A) is correct. The first two sentences of the passage discuss a practice and some of its benefits; by the third sentence, however, possible drawbacks of the practice are presented.

"Kipukas are pocket forests isolated byl ava flows that went around them instead of over them. Sometimes the greenery was spared because it was at a higher elevation(5)than the surrounding terrain, and sometimes it just got lucky. Members of species thatused to share turf and swap genes got separated by nature's igneous paving crews.If the environments in their respective(10) kipukas differed, populations adapted to the local conditions and began to evolve separately. Drift far enough genetically, andyou become a new species. Kipukas help explain Hawaii's extraordinary rate of(15)speciation. Passage 2 Here on the slopes of Hawaii's MaunaLoa, the kipukas were once part of a vast apron of forest until volcanic eruptions in the mid‑1800s. The eruptions sent fingers of(20)lava down the volcano and left a network of dozens of forest patches, some as small as50 by 50 feet, others larger than a 40‑acre parcel. In these forest fragments we can study something very rare: the long‑term(25)effects of natural forest fragmentation on an imperiled bird community. We have even begun to conduct some manipulative experiments, removing rats from some kipukas and leaving them in others, to(30)monitor how food webs and birds respond." Unlike the author of Passage 1, the author of Passage 2 is primarily concerned with A.examining how certain animal species fare in the unique conditions created by kipukas B.proving how kipukas are accelerating the demise of threatened animal populations C.detailing the potential negative effects of kipukas on plant and animal species diversity D.assessing the magnitude of the volcanic eruptions that drive kipuka formation E.identifying the features of kipukas that are locally distinctive

Option (A) is correct. The main focus of the author of Passage 2 is to assess how kipukas are affecting "an imperiled bird community" in a particular locale; this focus is not a concern for the author in Passage 1.

"Kipukas are pocket forests isolated byl ava flows that went around them instead of over them. Sometimes the greenery was spared because it was at a higher elevation(5)than the surrounding terrain, and sometimes it just got lucky. Members of species thatused to share turf and swap genes got separated by nature's igneous paving crews.If the environments in their respective(10) kipukas differed, populations adapted to the local conditions and began to evolve separately. Drift far enough genetically, andyou become a new species. Kipukas help explain Hawaii's extraordinary rate of(15)speciation. Passage 2 Here on the slopes of Hawaii's MaunaLoa, the kipukas were once part of a vast apron of forest until volcanic eruptions in the mid‑1800s. The eruptions sent fingers of(20)lava down the volcano and left a network of dozens of forest patches, some as small as50 by 50 feet, others larger than a 40‑acre parcel. In these forest fragments we can study something very rare: the long‑term(25)effects of natural forest fragmentation on an imperiled bird community. We have even begun to conduct some manipulative experiments, removing rats from some kipukas and leaving them in others, to(30)monitor how food webs and birds respond." The phrase "pocket forests" (line 1) suggests that which of the following is a characteristic of kipukas? A.They occupy a limited space within a larger area. B.They have an ability to conceal plant and animal species. C.They play a peripheral role in a much larger ecosystem. D.The trees that can survive in kipukas have a relatively small height. E.Researchers can encounter difficulty in trying to locate kipukas.

Option (A) is correct. The passage's description suggests that the pocket forests are relatively small remnants left amid a larger, changed landscape.

(1) We live in an era when extinctions are accelerating. (2) Because of habitat destruction and climate change, a planet may be losing dozens of species daily. (3) But these extinctions, as troubling as they are, occur against a backdrop of immense biodiversity. (4) It's estimated, for example, that as many as 7.8 million distinct animal species live on Earth. (5) Fewer than a million, likewise, have so far been identified by science. (6) Even as some species vanish through extinction, scientists continue to discover species that were previously unknown. (7) Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus devised the formal system for naming animals and plants in the eighteenth century. (8) And the number of such discoveries is extraordinary: each year, as many as 10,000 "new" animals are added to the scientific roster. (9) Many are very small, and many live in habitats, like deep-sea trenches, that make them difficult to observe. (10) Others, though, are comparatively large land-dwelling animals. (11) The list of animals discovered since 2000 includes species of rabbits, porcupines, sloths, and monkeys. (12) Why had no one noticed them before? (13) The truth is, many were indeed familiar to the people who live near their habitats. (14) They are "newly discovered" only in the sense that until recently they remained unknown to science. (15) Take the case of the Vangunu giant rat. (16) This giant rat is an extremely large rodent that lives in the Solomon Islands. (17) Nearly three times as big as the common brown rat, it was first reported by scientists in 2015. (18) But it had long been known to local islanders, who told stories of a rat so big it could crack coconuts. (19) In fact, it was the islanders' tales that first prompted them to search for the creature in nearby forests. Answer the question below by clicking on the correct response. Question: In context, which is the best way to revise and combine sentences 15 and 16 (reproduced below) at the underlined portion? Take the case of the Vangunu giant rat. This giant rat is an extremely large rodent that lives in the Solomon Islands. A.the Vangunu giant rat, an extremely large rodent that B.a rat they call the Vangunu giant rat, an extremely large rodent that C.an extremely large one, the Vangunu giant rat, which D.an extremely large rodent known since then as the Vangunu giant rat and that E.the Vangunu giant rat, a rodent of a similarly large size, which

Option (A) is correct. The phrasing eliminates the redundancy in the underlined portion of sentences 15 and 16; the economy of expression in the correct phrasing is appropriate because the crucial information about the Vangunu giant rat is provided in sentences 17, 18, and 19; sentences 15 and 16 provide only basic introductory information. Furthermore, the other options provide contextual information that is not supported by the discussion in the paragraph.

"The appearance of soapstone vessels around 1500 B.C.E. among the EasternWoodland Indians of prehistoric America is a bit puzzling. First, the Eastern Woodland (5)Indians had been cooking by using the stone-boiling method and serving and storing food in containers of wood, bark, or basketry for several thousand years; that they had been doing so for so long suggests(10)that these methods were adequate for their needs. Second, soapstone could be obtained only at a few quarry sites and was therefore rare. Third, the vessels were heavy and not easily carried from one campsite to another. Several hypotheses have been advanced to explain the appearance of the vessels. One is that the use of more durable pots, first of stone and later of baked clay, was(20)related to some change in diet, such as consumption of more small seeds. Another possibility, suggested by their inclusion burial sites, is that the use of soapstone vessels may have become a marker of(25)social prestige. The rarity of soapstone would support this hypothesis. In either case, however, the value of the heavy soapstone vessels must have been worth the effort of their transport—unless, as some(30)archaeologists suggest, the EasternWoodland Indians became less nomadic around 1500 B.C.E." According to the passage, before 1500 B.C.E., the Eastern Woodland Indians A.cooked using the stone-boiling method B.used soapstone to make sculptures but not vessels C.did not move from one campsite to another D.had been using soapstone vessels for several thousand years E.did not store food, but rather hunted and gathered whenever necessary

Option (A) is correct. The second sentence of the first paragraph reveals that the use of the stone-boiling method to prepare food was not a new practice among the Eastern Woodland Indians; the method had been in place for an extended period of time by 1500 B.C.E.

"There is a special allure in learning the secrets of people who work behind the scenes, especially when their success—as diplomats, psychoanalysts, or spies—depends in part on the invisibility of what they do. This is certainly true of book editors. The illusion they promote is that the writer alone has produced the richly textured novel, the pitch-perfect memoir." Which of the following statements can be inferred from the passage? A.Book editors typically are not widely recognized for their skill. B.Despite how hard they work to conceal their identities, spies are often revealed. C.Engaging the imagination is often necessary in the creation of reality. D.Diplomats and psychoanalysts, like book editors, are known for their effective communication skills. E.Writing a book requires many of the same skills as investigating a crime.

Option (A) is correct. The third sentence of the passage implies that an effective editor makes it appear as if "the writer alone" is responsible for the finished published work; the editor's skills are masked.

"Before the development of radioactive isotope dating techniques, paleontologists had to rely on relative dating to estimate theLineage of a fossil. Since no absolute time(5)sequences were known, it could only be said that something was older or younger than something else, based on the assumption that older rock sediments would be buried under more recent rock sediments. Fossils(10)from deeper sediments were considered to be older than fossils from more shallow sediments. In most cases, this was a reasonable assumption, but it did not hold where the earth had been folded or where(15)fossils had weathered out of sediments." Which of the following concluding sentences, if added to the end of the passage, would make the most sense in context? A.In such cases, fossils might be found in different positions relative to other fossils. B.Therefore, relative dating cannot be used to help date fossils with any accuracy. C.For instance, relative dating can be relied on to date fossils from very early in Earth's history. D.The exact age of a fossil cannot be determined, but paleontologists can make estimations with some accuracy. E.Relative dating is normally used to date newly discovered fossils in shallow rock sediments.

Option (A) is correct. This expounds on the final sentence of the passage, which mentions exceptional cases where the relative dating of fossils fails.

What must be included in a works cited list? A.Material that was consulted during research B.Complete documentation of sources referred to in the text C.Footnotes providing additional information D.Additional sources recommended to readers E.A list of illustrations and figures appearing in the text

Option (B) is correct. A works cited list enumerates the sources referred to in the body, or main text, of a paper. Option (A), material consulted during research, is what goes into a bibliography, which is usually much broader than a works cited list. The other options refer to explanatory or supplementary information that is included in neither.

"Kipukas are pocket forests isolated byl ava flows that went around them instead of over them. Sometimes the greenery was spared because it was at a higher elevation(5)than the surrounding terrain, and sometimes it just got lucky. Members of species thatused to share turf and swap genes got separated by nature's igneous paving crews.If the environments in their respective(10) kipukas differed, populations adapted to the local conditions and began to evolve separately. Drift far enough genetically, andyou become a new species. Kipukas help explain Hawaii's extraordinary rate of(15)speciation. Passage 2 Here on the slopes of Hawaii's MaunaLoa, the kipukas were once part of a vast apron of forest until volcanic eruptions in the mid‑1800s. The eruptions sent fingers of(20)lava down the volcano and left a network of dozens of forest patches, some as small as50 by 50 feet, others larger than a 40‑acre parcel. In these forest fragments we can study something very rare: the long‑term(25)effects of natural forest fragmentation on an imperiled bird community. We have even begun to conduct some manipulative experiments, removing rats from some kipukas and leaving them in others, to(30)monitor how food webs and birds respond." In the context in which it appears, "conduct" (line 27) most nearly means A.control B.perform C.gauge D.guide E.bear

Option (B) is correct. In the context of the final sentence of Passage 2, "conduct" means to carry out or perform.

(1) We live in an era when extinctions are accelerating. (2) Because of habitat destruction and climate change, a planet may be losing dozens of species daily. (3) But these extinctions, as troubling as they are, occur against a backdrop of immense biodiversity. (4) It's estimated, for example, that as many as 7.8 million distinct animal species live on Earth. (5) Fewer than a million, likewise, have so far been identified by science. (6) Even as some species vanish through extinction, scientists continue to discover species that were previously unknown. (7) Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus devised the formal system for naming animals and plants in the eighteenth century. (8) And the number of such discoveries is extraordinary: each year, as many as 10,000 "new" animals are added to the scientific roster. (9) Many are very small, and many live in habitats, like deep-sea trenches, that make them difficult to observe. (10) Others, though, are comparatively large land-dwelling animals. (11) The list of animals discovered since 2000 includes species of rabbits, porcupines, sloths, and monkeys. (12) Why had no one noticed them before? (13) The truth is, many were indeed familiar to the people who live near their habitats. (14) They are "newly discovered" only in the sense that until recently they remained unknown to science. (15) Take the case of the Vangunu giant rat. (16) This giant rat is an extremely large rodent that lives in the Solomon Islands. (17) Nearly three times as big as the common brown rat, it was first reported by scientists in 2015. (18) But it had long been known to local islanders, who told stories of a rat so big it could crack coconuts. (19) In fact, it was the islanders' tales that first prompted them to search for the creature in nearby forests. Answer the question below by clicking on the correct response. Question: In context, which change to sentence 2 (reproduced below) is most needed? Because of habitat destruction and climate change, a planet may be losing dozens of species daily. A.Replace "Because of" with "Due to". B.Change "a" to "our". C.Change "may be" to "could be". D.Change "dozens of" to "many". E.Replace "daily" with "on a daily basis".

Option (B) is correct. Sentence 1 uses the first-person plural pronoun "We" in introducing the passage. Therefore, "our" is the appropriate determiner to use before "planet" in sentence 2; the indefinite article "a" is inappropriate because it is too vague in context. The extinctions discussed at the beginning of the passage are clearly happening on Earth, "our" planet, the planet that human beings ("We") inhabit.

"During the first Alaskan gold rushes, inthe 1890s, the price of gold was about $17an ounce. This figure remained essentiallyLinesteady until 1934, when the government raised it to $35. Lonely miners out on thecreeks were suddenly less lonely. Freshactivity was encouraged as well by thealmost simultaneous advent of the bulldozer,which could push around roughly 400 times as much gravel per day as a miner with apick and shovel. The third Alaskan goldboom began in the early 1970s, when theUnited States allowed the price of gold to bedetermined by the world market and it approached $200 an ounce." As used in line 6, "fresh" most nearly means A.fashionable B.additional C.untainted D.original E.brazen

Option (B) is correct. The fourth sentence talks about how the introduction of the bulldozer drastically reduced the time-intensive aspect of searching for gold; more opportunities to explore for gold became possible with the new equipment.

"Before the development of radioactive isotope dating techniques, paleontologists had to rely on relative dating to estimate the age of a fossil. Since no absolute time(5)sequences were known, it could only be said that something was older or younger than something else, based on the assumption that older rock sediments would be buried under more recent rock sediments. Fossils(10)from deeper sediments were considered to be older than fossils from more shallow sediments. In most cases, this was a reasonable assumption, but it did not hold where the earth had been folded or where(15)fossils had weathered out of sediments." Which of the following, if added to the beginning of the highlighted sentence, would best fit the meaning of the passage as a whole? A.However, B.Accordingly, C.Surprisingly, D.By comparison, E.In technical terms,

Option (B) is correct. The highlighted sentence presents a consequence of the information in the preceding sentence; "accordingly" reflects that relationship.

A 2008 publication maintains that during the Little Ice Age (A.D. 1300 to 1850), the surface of the oceans grew colder. In the line latter part of the Little Ice Age, sea ice grew and extended much farther away from the poles than at any time since the previous ice age. Atmospheric carbon dioxide is believed to have diminished some because of the cold ocean surface absorbing carbon dioxide. One hypothesis is that the Little Ice Age was caused by a reduction in sunspots and associated solar flares. These flares expel vast amounts of energy, some of which reaches Earth and warms it up. The sunspot activity started to diminish and the atmosphere began to cool about 1300. During the Maunder minimum, between1645 and 1715, there is no record of sunspot(20)activity. After the Maunder minimum was over, sunspots slowly returned to the surface of the Sun, warming Earth. By 1850, the warming trend was well entrenched, ending the Little Ice Age. Volcanic activity may also have been a contributing factor to the Little Ice Age, although this is a short-term phenomenon. The eruption of the Tambora volcano in Indonesia in 1815 put large amounts of ash(30)into the atmosphere. This ash reflected sunlight back out into space, blocking some of the incoming warmth for a short time." Given the logic of the passage, which of the following would be the best concluding sentence if added to the highlighted paragraph? A.The lack of solar flares continued long after 1850, adversely affecting Earth's temperature. B.The year 1816 was called "the year without a summer" due to the cooling caused by the eruption of the Tambora volcano. C.The Maunder minimum was the coldest period during the Little Ice Age. D.The eruption of the Tambora volcano was one of very few volcanic eruptions during the period of the Little Ice Age. E.The extent of sea ice is easily measurable today with photographs taken by satellites orbiting Earth.

Option (B) is correct. The last sentence of the third paragraph indicates that sunlight was blocked as a result of the volcanic activity in 1815; the most logical next sentence would discuss the cooler temperatures in the subsequent year, 1816.

"Art teacher Marion Richardson(1892-1946) has often been considered part of the free-expression school of thought, but that is a misinterpretation of her teaching(5)practices. She did believe that art is a means of expression and that everyone is capable of artistic expression in some way; however ,she also believed that it is important to develop technical mastery. She often took(10)her students on beauty hunts, emphasizing that art had to be felt and experienced, but she also had them do color-mixing exercises, which is something the free-expression teachers would never have(15)done." Answer the question by selecting the correct response. Question: The primary purpose of the passage is to A.call into question the criteria used to classify art teachers B.challenge a common view of a particular art teacher C.emphasize the importance of technical mastery in art education D.criticize the teaching practices of free-expression teachers E.demonstrate the value of having exposure to art education

Option (B) is correct. The opening sentence of the passage asserts that it is incorrect to view Marion Richardson as part of the free-expression school of thought, as her teaching has often been interpreted.

"The appearance of soapstone vessels around 1500 B.C.E. among the EasternWoodland Indians of prehistoric America is a bit puzzling. First, the Eastern Woodland (5)Indians had been cooking by using the stone-boiling method and serving and storing food in containers of wood, bark, or basketry for several thousand years; that they had been doing so for so long suggests(10)that these methods were adequate for their needs. Second, soapstone could be obtained only at a few quarry sites and was therefore rare. Third, the vessels were heavy and not easily carried from one campsite to another. Several hypotheses have been advanced to explain the appearance of the vessels. One is that the use of more durable pots, first of stone and later of baked clay, was(20)related to some change in diet, such as consumption of more small seeds. Another possibility, suggested by their inclusion burial sites, is that the use of soapstone vessels may have become a marker of(25)social prestige. The rarity of soapstone would support this hypothesis. In either case, however, the value of the heavy soapstone vessels must have been worth the effort of their transport—unless, as some(30)archaeologists suggest, the EasternWoodland Indians became less nomadic around 1500 B.C.E." Answer the question by selecting the correct response. Question: The primary purpose of the passage is to A.consider various hypotheses regarding the beginnings of the nomadic way of life of the Eastern Woodland Indians of prehistoric America B.consider various hypotheses regarding the appearance of soapstone vessels among the Eastern Woodland Indians of prehistoric America C.compare the various methods of cooking, serving, and storing food used by the peoples of prehistoric America D.explain the relationship between burial sites and soapstone vessels among the peoples of prehistoric America E.challenge the claim that soapstone vessels appeared among the Eastern Woodland Indians around 1500 B.C.E.

Option (B) is correct. The opening sentence of the passage establishes that there is some mystery surrounding the first appearance of soapstone vessels among the Eastern Woodland Indians; the second paragraph then offers possible hypotheses that might explain the vessels' appearance.

Franz Liszt was the first of a new breed of virtuoso musicians who created an uproar wherever they went. His playing was energetic, enthralling, and—for pianos—destructive. Early in his career, when pianos did not yet have iron frames, Liszt commonly had a few spare pianos at his concerts. They were carried on as their predecessors fell beneath his hands. At the end of the concert the stage was littered with dead pianos, sacrificed to louder, faster, more emotional music. The passage portrays Liszt primarily as A.a popular success but a critical failure B.a dramatic showman C.a precise musician D.a subtle composer E.an insufferable egotist

Option (B) is correct. The passage characterizes Liszt as one who created an "uproar" wherever he went and details the flair with which he performed music.

"No art could be less spontaneous than mine. What I do is the result of careful reflection and a study of the great masters," wrote the painter Degas, whose genius lay in creating the illusion of spontaneity by way of painstaking research and careful construction. Degas constantly returned to his compositions; he was never satisfied. He was a perfectionist of line and draftsmanship who remained apart from the rapid techniques favored by his contemporaries. Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the passage? A.Degas used many of the same techniques as his contemporaries. B.Degas put a great deal of effort into producing paintings that appeared effortless. C.Through careful thought and research before starting a painting, Degas was able to execute works quickly. D.By virtue of his genius, Degas should be considered one of the great masters of painting. E.Because of his perfectionism, Degas was able to complete few works in his career.

Option (B) is correct. The passage's main focus is on the "painstaking research" that Degas did in order to make his art appear as if it were spontaneously produced.

Clans of female elephants, led by matriarchs, periodically associate in larger groups. Elephants are able to recognize a large number of individuals. So strong is elephants' apparent attachment to their relatives that they sometimes bury their dead, and have been observed to return repeatedly to the skeleton of a deceased matriarch to fondle her tusks and bones. As used in the passage, "strong" most nearly means A.bitter B.intense C.flagrant D.tough E.rigid

Option (B) is correct. The second sentence emphasizes the seeming intensity of elephants' attachment to other individuals; therefore, "intense" is the best choice.

Fix the sentence Although she had studied French for years at school, Julie was so excited when she arrived in Paris that she could not barely understand a word of what was said to her. A.that she could not B.that she couldn't C.that she could D.so she could not E.she couldn't

Option (C) is correct. The sentence contains an error in negation. Because "barely" conveys negativity, the inclusion of another negative creates a double negative. Options (A), (B), (D), and (E) all include a second negative (either a "not" or a negative contraction) that creates a double negative. Only option (C) completes the phrase without introducing a double negative.

"The appearance of soapstone vessels around 1500 B.C.E. among the EasternWoodland Indians of prehistoric America is a bit puzzling. First, the Eastern Woodland (5)Indians had been cooking by using the stone-boiling method and serving and storing food in containers of wood, bark, or basketry for several thousand years; that they had been doing so for so long suggests(10)that these methods were adequate for their needs. Second, soapstone could be obtained only at a few quarry sites and was therefore rare. Third, the vessels were heavy and not easily carried from one campsite to another. Several hypotheses have been advanced to explain the appearance of the vessels. One is that the use of more durable pots, first of stone and later of baked clay, was(20)related to some change in diet, such as consumption of more small seeds. Another possibility, suggested by their inclusion burial sites, is that the use of soapstone vessels may have become a marker of(25)social prestige. The rarity of soapstone would support this hypothesis. In either case, however, the value of the heavy soapstone vessels must have been worth the effort of their transport—unless, as some(30)archaeologists suggest, the EasternWoodland Indians became less nomadic around 1500 B.C.E." According to the passage, which of the following is a characteristic of soapstone vessels that suggests that they were used because of a change in diet? A.Their rarity B.Their durability C.Their weight D.Their symbolism E.Their versatility

Option (B) is correct. The second sentence of the second paragraph suggests that the adoption of soapstone for "durable pots" could have been related to the eating of "more small seeds."

Fix the sentence Before she began to paint the kitchen cabinets, Mei carefully followed the video's instructions to clean them thoroughly, remove all the hardware, and to sand the surfaces. A.and to sand B.and sand C.and sanding D.also sand E.as well as sanding

Option (B) is correct. The sentence maintains parallelism by keeping all three verbs in the list in the same form. The verbs "clean," "remove," and "sand" are parallel and require parallel verb forms. Options (C) and (E) both use a verb form that is not parallel to the other two verbs. Option (A) includes a redundant "to" that is incorrect because "to" does not also appear before "remove." Options (D) and (E) also lack the conjunction "and" that is necessary to complete the list.

"Historians today use numbers to resurrect the complexities of long-dead societies. As history has become more Line specialized and scientific, its pages have become filled with statistical charts attempting to illuminate various aspects of past societies. However, some skeptics question how accurate statistics can be when they purport to explain life in eras whose records are incomplete or in societies that have left no written sources. Especially when dealing with preliterate or largely lost cultures, do historians risk using soft numbers to give the illusion of hard fact?" The passage suggests that the skeptics mentioned in (line 8) would most likely agree with which of the following statements about statistics? A.They provide no important historical information. B.They can be used in a manner that is misleading. C.They have created little additional interest in history. D.They have led to a loss of faith in traditional historical narratives. E.They are often used to advance dubious political claims.

Option (B) is correct. The sentence that follows the author's mention of the skeptics' questioning suggests that skeptics believe statistics can be used inappropriately.

2008 publication maintains that during the Little Ice Age (A.D. 1300 to 1850), the surface of the oceans grew colder. In the line latter part of the Little Ice Age, sea ice grew and extended much farther away from the poles than at any time since the previous ice age. Atmospheric carbon dioxide is believed to have diminished some because of the cold ocean surface absorbing carbon dioxide. One hypothesis is that the Little Ice Age was caused by a reduction in sunspots and associated solar flares. These flares expel vast amounts of energy, some of which reaches Earth and warms it up. The sunspot activity started to diminish and the atmosphere began to cool about 1300. During the Maunder minimum, between1645 and 1715, there is no record of sunspot(20)activity. After the Maunder minimum was over, sunspots slowly returned to the surface of the Sun, warming Earth. By 1850, the warming trend was well entrenched, ending the Little Ice Age. Volcanic activity may also have been a contributing factor to the Little Ice Age, although this is a short-term phenomenon. The eruption of the Tambora volcano in Indonesia in 1815 put large amounts of ash(30)into the atmosphere. This ash reflected sunlight back out into space, blocking some of the incoming warmth for a short time." Which of the following discoveries, if verified, would most clearly challenge the belief that the absence of solar flares caused the Little Ice Age? A.Indications of previously unknown volcanic activity during the middle of the nineteenth century B.Evidence of slight fluctuations in global temperature during the Little Ice Age C.Evidence of considerable sunspot activity in the two centuries preceding the Maunder minimum D.Documentation of a rise in levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide at the end of the Little Ice Age E.Evidence of trace amounts of ash in the atmosphere during the late Maunder minimum

Option (C) is correct. According to the passage, solar flares are associated with sunspot activity; evidence of such activity in the centuries preceding the Maunder minimum, which occurred in the middle of the Little Ice Age, would undermine the idea that the cooling was caused by an absence of warming energy from solar flares.

An alligator's gender has nothing to do with genetics, according to a 2001 claim; it is determined by the temperature at which an egg is incubated. Cold or extremely hot nest temperatures produce females, while intermediate temperatures tend to produce males. Many scientists have argued that nest temperatures also determined the gender of dinosaurs, with disastrous consequences: the planet turned cold, the dinosaur eggs produced all female hatchlings, and the species became extinct. Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the scientists' argument about dinosaurs? A.On average, more female alligator hatchlings live to adulthood than do male alligator hatchlings. B.Dinosaurs are genetically similar to alligators and may share a common ancestor. C.Alligators existed at the time of the dinosaurs' extinction, and alligators still exist. D.Earth's temperature was significantly colder during the period in which dinosaurs became extinct than it is now. E.Alligators live primarily in the water, whereas dinosaurs lived primarily on land.

Option (C) is correct. If gender for both alligators and dinosaurs was determined by temperature, and Earth's cooling led to a disastrous sex imbalance that extinguished the dinosaurs, as the scientists' argument claims, then one would expect the same thing to have happened to alligators that existed at that time. The fact that alligators did not become extinct casts doubt on the scientists' explanation for the dinosaurs' extinction.

Fix the sentence Shortening and margarine are good choices of ingredients for piecrusts because they are 100 percent fat, containing no water that could toughen the crust, unlike that of the water in butter. A.crust, unlike that of the water in butter B.crust, and the water in butter does C.crust, unlike butter D.crust; but not butter E.crust, however, butter does not

Option (C) is correct. The underlined portion of the sentence does not clearly express a contrast between shortening and margarine on the one hand and butter on the other; rather, it illogically contrasts shortening and margarine with the water in butter. The use of "that of" confuses the matter further: it is not clear to what it refers. Only option (C) logically and effectively expresses the intended contrast without introducing additional errors.

"The appearance of soapstone vessels around 1500 B.C.E. among the EasternWoodland Indians of prehistoric America is a bit puzzling. First, the Eastern Woodland (5)Indians had been cooking by using the stone-boiling method and serving and storing food in containers of wood, bark, or basketry for several thousand years; that they had been doing so for so long suggests(10)that these methods were adequate for their needs. Second, soapstone could be obtained only at a few quarry sites and was therefore rare. Third, the vessels were heavy and not easily carried from one campsite to another. Several hypotheses have been advanced to explain the appearance of the vessels. One is that the use of more durable pots, first of stone and later of baked clay, was(20)related to some change in diet, such as consumption of more small seeds. Another possibility, suggested by their inclusion burial sites, is that the use of soapstone vessels may have become a marker of(25)social prestige. The rarity of soapstone would support this hypothesis. In either case, however, the value of the heavy soapstone vessels must have been worth the effort of their transport—unless, as some(30)archaeologists suggest, the EasternWoodland Indians became less nomadic around 1500 B.C.E." Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the first hypothesis mentioned in the second paragraph? A.Soapstone vessels were a highly valued trade commodity. B.People who served food to guests using soapstone vessels enhanced their social status. C.Certain foods that could not be kept in traditional containers could be stored indefinitely in soapstone vessels. D.Soapstone vessels were fashioned to imitate the shape of wooden vessels. E.The discovery of a quarry site by the Eastern Woodland Indians made soapstone more available starting around 1500 B.C.E.

Option (C) is correct. If the use of soapstone vessels permitted storage of a food that could not be stored using traditional containers, it would help support the hypothesis that the adoption of more durable pots was related to a change in diet.

Fix the sentence The governor stated that the reason the bond issue was included on the ballot was there being no other way to finance the needed infrastructure repairs without raising taxes. A.there being B.since there was C.that there was D.because of being E.on account of having

Option (C) is correct. It is idiomatic for "the reason . . . was" to be followed by "that"; the given sentence omits "that" and also features "being," an instance of improper verb form. Option (C) corrects both problems, while none of the other options does so.

Fix the sentence Although the piccolo and the flute are similar in shape and are held the same way when played, the piccolo is much smaller and its sound is therefore much higher than the flute. A.than the flute B.than the flute is C.than that of the flute D.compared to the flute E.compared with the flute's sound

Option (C) is correct. Options (A), (B), and (D) make faulty comparisons between the sound of the piccolo and the flute. The word "higher" refers to the flute's sound rather than to the flute itself and is being compared to "its [the piccolo's] sound." Option (E) correctly compares the sound of the two instruments, but it adds unnecessary repetition. Only option (C) is correct because it makes a correct comparison without introducing redundancy.

"Kipukas are pocket forests isolated byl ava flows that went around them instead of over them. Sometimes the greenery was spared because it was at a higher elevation(5)than the surrounding terrain, and sometimes it just got lucky. Members of species thatused to share turf and swap genes got separated by nature's igneous paving crews.If the environments in their respective(10) kipukas differed, populations adapted to the local conditions and began to evolve separately. Drift far enough genetically, andyou become a new species. Kipukas help explain Hawaii's extraordinary rate of(15)speciation. Passage 2 Here on the slopes of Hawaii's MaunaLoa, the kipukas were once part of a vast apron of forest until volcanic eruptions in the mid‑1800s. The eruptions sent fingers of(20)lava down the volcano and left a network of dozens of forest patches, some as small as50 by 50 feet, others larger than a 40‑acre parcel. In these forest fragments we can study something very rare: the long‑term(25)effects of natural forest fragmentation on an imperiled bird community. We have even begun to conduct some manipulative experiments, removing rats from some kipukas and leaving them in others, to(30)monitor how food webs and birds respond." Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between the two passages? A.Passage 1 explains how kipukas are initially formed, whereas Passage 2 explains how kipukas subsequently evolve over years. B.Passage 1 emphasizes the role of plants in a kipuka, whereas Passage 2 highlights the role of animals in a kipuka. C.Passage 1 provides a broad discussion of kipukas, whereas Passage 2 discusses the effects of kipukas in a specific context. D.Passage 1 suggests that kipukas are difficult areas to study, whereas Passage 2 argues that kipukas offer excellent opportunities for field study. E.Passage 1 claims that kipukas are essential to species diversity, whereas Passage 2 argues that kipukas are mainly detrimental to species.

Option (C) is correct. Passage 1 presents a general discussion about kipukas, while Passage 2 focuses primarily on the effects of kipukas on bird communities.

1) We live in an era when extinctions are accelerating. (2) Because of habitat destruction and climate change, a planet may be losing dozens of species daily. (3) But these extinctions, as troubling as they are, occur against a backdrop of immense biodiversity. (4) It's estimated, for example, that as many as 7.8 million distinct animal species live on Earth. (5) Fewer than a million, likewise, have so far been identified by science. (6) Even as some species vanish through extinction, scientists continue to discover species that were previously unknown. (7) Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus devised the formal system for naming animals and plants in the eighteenth century. (8) And the number of such discoveries is extraordinary: each year, as many as 10,000 "new" animals are added to the scientific roster. (9) Many are very small, and many live in habitats, like deep-sea trenches, that make them difficult to observe. (10) Others, though, are comparatively large land-dwelling animals. (11) The list of animals discovered since 2000 includes species of rabbits, porcupines, sloths, and monkeys. (12) Why had no one noticed them before? (13) The truth is, many were indeed familiar to the people who live near their habitats. (14) They are "newly discovered" only in the sense that until recently they remained unknown to science. (15) Take the case of the Vangunu giant rat. (16) This giant rat is an extremely large rodent that lives in the Solomon Islands. (17) Nearly three times as big as the common brown rat, it was first reported by scientists in 2015. (18) But it had long been known to local islanders, who told stories of a rat so big it could crack coconuts. (19) In fact, it was the islanders' tales that first prompted them to search for the creature in nearby forests. Answer the question below by clicking on the correct response. Question: In context, which is the best version of the underlined portion of sentence 5 (reproduced below) ? Fewer than a million, likewise, have so far been identified by science. A.(as it is now) B.after all C.however D.therefore E.in the meantime

Option (C) is correct. Sentence 4 provides the estimate that Earth is inhabited by a vast number of animal species. Sentence 5 states that only a relatively small number of those species have been identified by scientists. The phrase "Fewer than a million" at the beginning of sentence 5 signals that there is a contrast between sentences 4 and 5, making "however" the most appropriate transitional phrase to use within sentence 5.

Hair, Dwight, and Neil Sampson. "Reducing carbon by increasing trees." American Forests, Summer 1996, p. 26+. General Science Collection, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A18646224/PPGS?u=nm_a_nnmcc&sid=PPGS&xid=e5d7bd19. Accessed 7 Aug. 2018. Which of the following information is found in the source above? A.The book in which an article appears B.The name of a newspaper article C.The date when an online article was retrieved D.An electronic link to the institute that sponsored the research E.The names of the editors of a collection of articles

Option (C) is correct. The citation states that the article was accessed, or retrieved, on August 7, 2018. The article appears in a journal, not in a book or a newspaper. And, the citation links to no institute and lists those who authored—not edited—the article.

"Art teacher Marion Richardson(1892-1946) has often been considered part of the free-expression school of thought, but that is a misinterpretation of her teaching(5)practices. She did believe that art is a means of expression and that everyone is capable of artistic expression in some way; however ,she also believed that it is important to develop technical mastery. She often took(10)her students on beauty hunts, emphasizing that art had to be felt and experienced, but she also had them do color-mixing exercises, which is something the free-expression teachers would never have(15)done." The author mentions "color-mixing exercises" (lines 12-13) as an example of A.an exercise that was believed to lead all students to experience artistic expression B.an artistic technique invented by Marion Richardson C.a practice that distinguished Marion Richardson from free-expression teachers D.an activity that was commonly included in a beauty hunt E.an activity that was intended to lead to creativity rather than to technical mastery

Option (C) is correct. The final sentence indicates that color-mixing exercises would not have been practiced by teachers who were part of the free-expression school; this practice therefore distinguishes Richardson from those teachers.

"The appearance of soapstone vessels around 1500 B.C.E. among the EasternWoodland Indians of prehistoric America is a bit puzzling. First, the Eastern Woodland (5)Indians had been cooking by using the stone-boiling method and serving and storing food in containers of wood, bark, or basketry for several thousand years; that they had been doing so for so long suggests(10)that these methods were adequate for their needs. Second, soapstone could be obtained only at a few quarry sites and was therefore rare. Third, the vessels were heavy and not easily carried from one campsite to another. Several hypotheses have been advanced to explain the appearance of the vessels. One is that the use of more durable pots, first of stone and later of baked clay, was(20)related to some change in diet, such as consumption of more small seeds. Another possibility, suggested by their inclusion burial sites, is that the use of soapstone vessels may have become a marker of(25)social prestige. The rarity of soapstone would support this hypothesis. In either case, however, the value of the heavy soapstone vessels must have been worth the effort of their transport—unless, as some(30)archaeologists suggest, the EasternWoodland Indians became less nomadic around 1500 B.C.E." According to the passage, the rarity of soapstone supports the hypothesis that A.soapstone vessels were probably not left at burial sites B.soapstone vessels were carefully carried from one campsite to another C.soapstone vessels were possibly used to indicate social distinctions D.the Eastern Woodland Indians established their campsites at soapstone quarry sites E.the Eastern Woodland Indians became less nomadic after they began using soapstone

Option (C) is correct. The fourth sentence of the second paragraph indicates that the "rarity of soapstone would support [the] hypothesis" that inclusion of soapstone vessels at burial sites "may have become a marker of social prestige."

"Faces are special," brain scientists like to say. Days after birth, an infant can distinguish its mother's face from those of other women. Babies are more reliably(5)engaged by a sketch of a face than they are by other images. Though human faces are quite similar in their basic composition, most of us can differentiate effortlessly among them. A face is a codex of social information:(10)it can often tell us, at a glance, someone's age, gender, racial background, mood. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging scans, researchers have discovered that certain areas of the brain are hardwired for(15)processing faces. The human brain is often less reliable than digital algorithms, but it remains superior at facial recognition. This might no longer seem true in an era in which social(20)networking Web sites prompt users to tag friends in photographs. With its database of billions of user photos, one such site has developed a facial-recognition algorithm that is more reliable than those developed for the(25)FBI. But the site's software has conspicuous advantages allowing it to compete with humans: people usually post photographs of friends, and this helps narrow the range of possible matches. The image quality also(30)tends to be high: people are unlikely to post a grainy shot taken from a bad angle while a person is moving or in shadow." Question: Which of the following statements best expresses the main point of the passage? A.Some people can immediately recognize distinctive attributes of other humans' faces. B.The facial-recognition algorithms used by social networking sites tend to be better than the FBI'sF B I's. C.The human brain is better than digital algorithms at recognizing faces. D.A baby's recognition of its mother's face is an innate ability. E.The human brain is often as robust as digital algorithms.

Option (C) is correct. The passage discusses how the human brain is attuned to facial recognition from infancy onward and is even superior in key respects to sophisticated digital algorithms that draw on huge databases.

"During the first Alaskan gold rushes, inthe 1890s, the price of gold was about $17an ounce. This figure remained essentiallyLinesteady until 1934, when the government raised it to $35. Lonely miners out on thecreeks were suddenly less lonely. Freshactivity was encouraged as well by thealmost simultaneous advent of the bulldozer,which could push around roughly 400 times as much gravel per day as a miner with apick and shovel. The third Alaskan goldboom began in the early 1970s, when theUnited States allowed the price of gold to bedetermined by the world market and it approached $200 an ounce." Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage? A.A generalization is made and illustrated with several examples. B.A commonly accepted point of view is refuted. C.A series of circumstances is related in chronological order. D.A problem is described and a solution is proposed. E.A novel approach is presented and then evaluated.

Option (C) is correct. The passage discusses the history of gold mining in Alaska from the 1890s until the early 1970s.

Although most planets in the solar system are spaced in a regular pattern, the unusually large space between Jupiter and Mars led astronomers to believe there might be another planet in between them. When Ceres was found, astronomers thought it was the missing planet. The real surprise came when they found not just Ceres but seemingly countless little planets in the space between Mars and Jupiter! This space is called the asteroid belt. The passage suggests that the discovery of the asteroid belt helped answer which of the following questions? A.Why are the planets in the solar system spaced in a regular pattern? B.Is Ceres large enough to be considered a planet? C.What is the nature of the unusually large space between Jupiter and Mars? D.Is the composition of Ceres similar to that of Mars and Jupiter? E.Why did scientists believe there was another planet between Mars and Jupiter?

Option (C) is correct. The passage indicates that the discovery of Ceres and other bodies making up the asteroid belt helped contribute to a better understanding of the large space between Jupiter and Mars.

"A 2008 publication maintains that during the Little Ice Age (A.D. 1300 to 1850), the surface of the oceans grew colder. In the line latter part of the Little Ice Age, sea ice grew and extended much farther away from the poles than at any time since the previous ice age. Atmospheric carbon dioxide is believed to have diminished some because of the cold ocean surface absorbing carbon dioxide. One hypothesis is that the Little Ice Age was caused by a reduction in sunspots and associated solar flares. These flares expel vast amounts of energy, some of which reaches Earth and warms it up. The sunspot activity started to diminish and the atmosphere began to cool about 1300. During the Maunder minimum, between1645 and 1715, there is no record of sunspot(20)activity. After the Maunder minimum was over, sunspots slowly returned to the surface of the Sun, warming Earth. By 1850, the warming trend was well entrenched, ending the Little Ice Age. Volcanic activity may also have been a contributing factor to the Little Ice Age, although this is a short-term phenomenon. The eruption of the Tambora volcano in Indonesia in 1815 put large amounts of ash(30)into the atmosphere. This ash reflected sunlight back out into space, blocking some of the incoming warmth for a short time." Which of the following best describes the organization of the highlighted paragraph? A.Several reasons are enumerated as to why sunspot activity would be diminished. B.The effects of the Little Ice Age in different geographical regions are described. C.A chronology is given that relates sunspot activity and climate during the Little Ice Age. D.A problem is presented as to how recent data about the Little Ice Age was collected. E.A contrast is drawn between the effects of sunspot activity on the Little Ice Age and other ice ages.

Option (C) is correct. The second paragraph focuses on the role of sunspot activity and its effects on Earth's climate from A.D. 1300 to 1850.

"In her novel Meridian, Alice Walker embraces universal concerns about self-realization. In the tradition of the bildungsroman, or apprenticeship novel, the(5)book chronicles the series of initiatory experiences that Meridian, the main character, undergoes to find herself and develop a completeness of being. Jerome Buckley lists the principal elements of the(10)bildungsroman: "childhood, the conflict of generations, provinciality, the larger society, self-education, alienation, ordeal by love, the search for a vocation and working philosophy. . . ." Meridian's struggle(15)embraces most of these elements. Her struggle is formidable, for she lives in a society that domesticates conformity and that censures individual expression ,especially for women; but she flourishes(20)notwithstanding." The inclusion of the quotation from Jerome Buckley in lines 10-14 serves primarily to A.suggest that Walker's novel does not follow traditional plotlines B.dispute a thesis about the subject matter of Walker's novel C.provide context for understanding the structure of Walker's novel D.explain why Walker's novel achieved such critical and popular success E.point out how Walker's novel both reflects and rejects literary traditions

Option (C) is correct. The second sentence asserts that the novel Meridian is in the tradition of the bildungsroman, which is characterized by the elements listed in the quotation.

All owls have camouflaged plumage, and because most species are woodland birds, their plumage helps them to blend in against a backdrop of shadowy tree bark and foliage. Many have a gray or brown base color marked with streaks that resemble the natural fine scars and cracks found on tree bark and pale spotting to resemble dappled light shining through a leafy canopy. Which of the following words or phrases, if placed at the beginning of the second sentence, would LEAST change the meaning of the passage? A.Surprisingly, B.Nevertheless, C.For example, D.On the other hand, E.In light of this,

Option (C) is correct. The second sentence provides specific examples of ways in which owls' plumage provides camouflage.

"During the first Alaskan gold rushes, inthe 1890s, the price of gold was about $17an ounce. This figure remained essentiallyLinesteady until 1934, when the government raised it to $35. Lonely miners out on thecreeks were suddenly less lonely. Freshactivity was encouraged as well by thealmost simultaneous advent of the bulldozer,which could push around roughly 400 times as much gravel per day as a miner with apick and shovel. The third Alaskan goldboom began in the early 1970s, when theUnited States allowed the price of gold to bedetermined by the world market and it approached $200 an ounce." The passage is primarily concerned with A.describing the way of life of Alaskan gold miners B.arguing for stricter government control of gold prices in Alaska C.exploring the impact of heavy machinery on the Alaskan environment D.providing information about the history of gold mining in Alaska E.discussing gold-mining techniques used in Alaska in the 1890s

Option (D) is correct. Each sentence in the passage provides a specific detail related to the history of gold mining in Alaska.

"In her novel Meridian, Alice Walker embraces universal concerns about self-realization. In the tradition of the bildungsroman, or apprenticeship novel, the(5)book chronicles the series of initiatory experiences that Meridian, the main character, undergoes to find herself and develop a completeness of being. Jerome Buckley lists the principal elements of the(10)bildungsroman: "childhood, the conflict of generations, provinciality, the larger society, self-education, alienation, ordeal by love, the search for a vocation and working philosophy. . . ." Meridian's struggle(15)embraces most of these elements. Her struggle is formidable, for she lives in a society that domesticates conformity and that censures individual expression ,especially for women; but she flourishes(20)notwithstanding." In the context in which it appears, "embraces" (line 2) most nearly means A.surrounds B.receives C.cherishes D.includes E.cradles

Option (D) is correct. In the opening sentence of the passage, "embraces" conveys inclusion. Walker's novel addresses "universal concerns about self-realization."

1) We live in an era when extinctions are accelerating. (2) Because of habitat destruction and climate change, a planet may be losing dozens of species daily. (3) But these extinctions, as troubling as they are, occur against a backdrop of immense biodiversity. (4) It's estimated, for example, that as many as 7.8 million distinct animal species live on Earth. (5) Fewer than a million, likewise, have so far been identified by science. (6) Even as some species vanish through extinction, scientists continue to discover species that were previously unknown. (7) Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus devised the formal system for naming animals and plants in the eighteenth century. (8) And the number of such discoveries is extraordinary: each year, as many as 10,000 "new" animals are added to the scientific roster. (9) Many are very small, and many live in habitats, like deep-sea trenches, that make them difficult to observe. (10) Others, though, are comparatively large land-dwelling animals. (11) The list of animals discovered since 2000 includes species of rabbits, porcupines, sloths, and monkeys. (12) Why had no one noticed them before? (13) The truth is, many were indeed familiar to the people who live near their habitats. (14) They are "newly discovered" only in the sense that until recently they remained unknown to science. (15) Take the case of the Vangunu giant rat. (16) This giant rat is an extremely large rodent that lives in the Solomon Islands. (17) Nearly three times as big as the common brown rat, it was first reported by scientists in 2015. (18) But it had long been known to local islanders, who told stories of a rat so big it could crack coconuts. (19) In fact, it was the islanders' tales that first prompted them to search for the creature in nearby forests. Answer the question below by clicking on the correct response. Question: In context, which is the best version of the underlined portion of sentence 19 (reproduced below) ? In fact, it was the islanders' tales that first prompted them to search for the creature in nearby forests. A.(as it is now) B.people C.other islanders D.scientists E.tourists

Option (D) is correct. The concluding paragraph concerns the difference between what scientists know and what local residents know when it comes to newly discovered animal species. The vague pronoun "them" in sentence 19 thus needs to be replaced for clarity. Sentence 17 claims that scientists first reported the Vangunu giant rat in 2015, and the corrected sentence 19 explains that the stories islanders told about the rat inspired scientists to conduct their search for the rodent in the first place. "Scientists" thus is the appropriate direct object of "prompted" in sentence 19.

Writers learn their craft, and take the measure of their profession, in different ways, yet few have gotten very far without the help of someone—usually an older writer. Ernest Hemingway, William Faulkner, and many others traveled to New Orleans in their youth to sit at the feet of Sherwood Anderson. Samuel Beckett attached himself to James Joyce. If anything, it is rare for a writer to develop alone, in complete isolation. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage? A.A general principle about writing is discussed and an exception is noted. B.Several writers are mentioned and their methods are contrasted. C.A practice commonly used by writers is mentioned and its origins are described. D.An assertion about writers is made and supported by examples. E.A particular writer is mentioned and his influence on other writers is discussed.

Option (D) is correct. The first sentence of the passage indicates that writers learn the profession of writing from more established writers. This claim is followed with examples of such writers.

Fix the sentence Despite never having run for public office before and intense competition from a well-known politician, her party's nomination for United States senator was won by the young attorney by a wide margin. A.her party's nomination for United States senator was won by the young attorney by a wide margin B.the nomination of her party for United States senator was won by a wide margin by the young attorney C.winning the party's nomination for United States senator, by a wide margin, was the young attorney D.the young attorney won her party's nomination for United States senator by a wide margin E.by a wide margin, nomination by her party for United States senator was won by the young attorney

Option (D) is correct. The given sentence suffers from improper modification: the underlined portion illogically indicates that it is the party's nomination that has never before run for public office, but it is the young attorney who has never done so. Only option (D) corrects this error.

"The appearance of soapstone vessels around 1500 B.C.E. among the EasternWoodland Indians of prehistoric America is a bit puzzling. First, the Eastern Woodland (5)Indians had been cooking by using the stone-boiling method and serving and storing food in containers of wood, bark, or basketry for several thousand years; that they had been doing so for so long suggests(10)that these methods were adequate for their needs. Second, soapstone could be obtained only at a few quarry sites and was therefore rare. Third, the vessels were heavy and not easily carried from one campsite to another. Several hypotheses have been advanced to explain the appearance of the vessels. One is that the use of more durable pots, first of stone and later of baked clay, was(20)related to some change in diet, such as consumption of more small seeds. Another possibility, suggested by their inclusion burial sites, is that the use of soapstone vessels may have become a marker of(25)social prestige. The rarity of soapstone would support this hypothesis. In either case, however, the value of the heavy soapstone vessels must have been worth the effort of their transport—unless, as some(30)archaeologists suggest, the EasternWoodland Indians became less nomadic around 1500 B.C.E." The passage suggests that if the archaeologists mentioned in line 30 are correct, then after 1500 B.C.E. it is likely that A.soapstone vessels would have been used less frequently B.soapstone vessels would have been included less frequently in burials C.the durability of soapstone vessels would have become less important D.the weight of soapstone vessels would have become less of a problem E.the use of soapstone vessels would probably have ceased altogether

Option (D) is correct. The last sentence of the passage indicates that it was possible that the Eastern Woodland Indians became less nomadic, suggesting that moving heavy objects like soapstone vessels from place to place would have become less of a concern.

For a research paper, a student is looking for science-based information on dreaming. Which source would be the most useful? A.An article published by a renowned physicist arguing that dreams have no symbolic meaning B.A Web site that provides interpretations of dream images C.An article in an encyclopedia that summarizes basic information on dreaming D.A Web-based open-access repository of dreams contributed by the public E.A Web-based data portal that allows users to access data from numerous studies on dreaming

Option (E) is correct. A Web-based portal that would allow the student to access data from numerous studies on dreaming is the best source of science-based information for which the student is looking. Options (B) and (D) are not likely sources of science-based information. Option (A) refers to an article written by a physicist, but a physicist is not likely to be an expert on sleep and dreaming, and one article would not provide the range and depth that numerous studies of dreaming could. Option (C), while probably accurate, is said to summarize only basic information and is thus not likely to be very useful.

"Faces are special," brain scientists like to say. Days after birth, an infant can distinguish its mother's face from those of other women. Babies are more reliably(5)engaged by a sketch of a face than they are by other images. Though human faces are quite similar in their basic composition, most of us can differentiate effortlessly among them. A face is a codex of social information:(10)it can often tell us, at a glance, someone's age, gender, racial background, mood. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging scans, researchers have discovered that certain areas of the brain are hardwired for(15)processing faces. The human brain is often less reliable than digital algorithms, but it remains superior at facial recognition. This might no longer seem true in an era in which social(20)networking Web sites prompt users to tag friends in photographs. With its database of billions of user photos, one such site has developed a facial-recognition algorithm that is more reliable than those developed for the(25)FBI. But the site's software has conspicuous advantages allowing it to compete with humans: people usually post photographs of friends, and this helps narrow the range of possible matches. The image quality also(30)tends to be high: people are unlikely to post a grainy shot taken from a bad angle while a person is moving or in shadow." The author's attitude toward the powers of the human brain can best be described as A.dogmatic B.skeptical C.curious D.impressed E.frightened

Option (D) is correct. The mention of the human brain's being "hardwired for processing faces" and "superior at facial recognition" indicate the author's admiration for its abilities.

"Kipukas are pocket forests isolated byl ava flows that went around them instead of over them. Sometimes the greenery was spared because it was at a higher elevation(5)than the surrounding terrain, and sometimes it just got lucky. Members of species thatused to share turf and swap genes got separated by nature's igneous paving crews.If the environments in their respective(10) kipukas differed, populations adapted to the local conditions and began to evolve separately. Drift far enough genetically, andyou become a new species. Kipukas help explain Hawaii's extraordinary rate of(15)speciation. Passage 2 Here on the slopes of Hawaii's MaunaLoa, the kipukas were once part of a vast apron of forest until volcanic eruptions in the mid‑1800s. The eruptions sent fingers of(20)lava down the volcano and left a network of dozens of forest patches, some as small as50 by 50 feet, others larger than a 40‑acre parcel. In these forest fragments we can study something very rare: the long‑term(25)effects of natural forest fragmentation on an imperiled bird community. We have even begun to conduct some manipulative experiments, removing rats from some kipukas and leaving them in others, to(30)monitor how food webs and birds respond." Answer the question by selecting the correct response. Question: Which of the following points about kipukas is mentioned in both passages? A.Their influence on bird habitats in Hawaii B.Their part in creating the rich diversity of species in Hawaii C.The elevation at which they typically are found D.The role of volcanic activity in creating them E.The hardiness of plant species that live in them

Option (D) is correct. The opening sentence of Passage 1 and the first two sentences of Passage 2 address the role of volcanic lava flows in the creation of kipukas.

"Kipukas are pocket forests isolated byl ava flows that went around them instead of over them. Sometimes the greenery was spared because it was at a higher elevation(5)than the surrounding terrain, and sometimes it just got lucky. Members of species thatused to share turf and swap genes got separated by nature's igneous paving crews.If the environments in their respective(10) kipukas differed, populations adapted to the local conditions and began to evolve separately. Drift far enough genetically, andyou become a new species. Kipukas help explain Hawaii's extraordinary rate of(15)speciation. Passage 2 Here on the slopes of Hawaii's MaunaLoa, the kipukas were once part of a vast apron of forest until volcanic eruptions in the mid‑1800s. The eruptions sent fingers of(20)lava down the volcano and left a network of dozens of forest patches, some as small as50 by 50 feet, others larger than a 40‑acre parcel. In these forest fragments we can study something very rare: the long‑term(25)effects of natural forest fragmentation on an imperiled bird community. We have even begun to conduct some manipulative experiments, removing rats from some kipukas and leaving them in others, to(30)monitor how food webs and birds respond." Which of the following points about kipukas is mentioned in both passages? A.Their influence on bird habitats in Hawaii B.Their part in creating the rich diversity of species in Hawaii C.The elevation at which they typically are found D.The role of volcanic activity in creating them E.The hardiness of plant species that live in them

Option (D) is correct. The opening sentence of Passage 1 and the first two sentences of Passage 2 address the role of volcanic lava flows in the creation of kipukas.

"The appearance of soapstone vessels around 1500 B.C.E. among the EasternWoodland Indians of prehistoric America is a bit puzzling. First, the Eastern Woodland (5)Indians had been cooking by using the stone-boiling method and serving and storing food in containers of wood, bark, or basketry for several thousand years; that they had been doing so for so long suggests(10)that these methods were adequate for their needs. Second, soapstone could be obtained only at a few quarry sites and was therefore rare. Third, the vessels were heavy and not easily carried from one campsite to another. Several hypotheses have been advanced to explain the appearance of the vessels. One is that the use of more durable pots, first of stone and later of baked clay, was(20)related to some change in diet, such as consumption of more small seeds. Another possibility, suggested by their inclusion burial sites, is that the use of soapstone vessels may have become a marker of(25)social prestige. The rarity of soapstone would support this hypothesis. In either case, however, the value of the heavy soapstone vessels must have been worth the effort of their transport—unless, as some(30)archaeologists suggest, the EasternWoodland Indians became less nomadic around 1500 B.C.E." The author mentions "containers of wood, bark, or basketry" (lines 7-8) as examples of containers that were A.used by Eastern Woodland Indians after 1500 B.C.E. B.evidence of the superior artistic skills of the Eastern Woodland Indians C.rejected by the Eastern Woodland Indians when they began using soapstone containers D.used successfully by the Eastern Woodland Indians for a long time E.evidence of social prestige among the Eastern Woodland Indians

Option (D) is correct. The second sentence of the first paragraph emphasizes that the Eastern Woodland Indians' use of containers of "wood, bark, or basketry" was not a recent innovation, but a practice of "several thousand years."

Fix the sentence The first pocket calculator was designed by Curt Herzstark, a prisoner in a German labor camp during the Second World War, marketed as the Curta Calculator, it was manufactured from 1948 to 1972. A.War, marketed as the Curta Calculator, it was B.War, it was marketed as the Curta Calculator and C.War, being marketed as the Curta Calculator, it was D.War; marketed as the Curta Calculator, it was E.War, furthermore, it was marketed as the Curta Calculator and

Option (D) is correct. The two independent clauses are correctly coordinated with a semicolon. Options (A), (B), and (C) are ungrammatical because they each consist of two independent clauses joined by a comma, creating run-on sentences. Option (E) is incorrect because a comma cannot be used to join two independent clauses connected by a conjunctive adverb (furthermore).

"Faces are special," brain scientists like to say. Days after birth, an infant can distinguish its mother's face from those of other women. Babies are more reliably(5)engaged by a sketch of a face than they are by other images. Though human faces are quite similar in their basic composition, most of us can differentiate effortlessly among them. A face is a codex of social information:(10)it can often tell us, at a glance, someone's age, gender, racial background, mood. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging scans, researchers have discovered that certain areas of the brain are hardwired for(15)processing faces. The human brain is often less reliable than digital algorithms, but it remains superior at facial recognition. This might no longer seem true in an era in which social(20)networking Web sites prompt users to tag friends in photographs. With its database of billions of user photos, one such site has developed a facial-recognition algorithm that is more reliable than those developed for the(25)FBI. But the site's software has conspicuous advantages allowing it to compete with humans: people usually post photographs of friends, and this helps narrow the range of possible matches. The image quality also(30)tends to be high: people are unlikely to post a grainy shot taken from a bad angle while a person is moving or in shadow." In the context in which it appears, "conspicuous" (line 25) most nearly means A.vivid B.loud C.understandable D.relevant E.obvious

Option (E) is correct. As used in the fourth sentence of the second paragraph, "conspicuous" means "easily seen," or "obvious."

"In her novel Meridian, Alice Walker embraces universal concerns about self-realization. In the tradition of the bildungsroman, or apprenticeship novel, the(5)book chronicles the series of initiatory experiences that Meridian, the main character, undergoes to find herself and develop a completeness of being. Jerome Buckley lists the principal elements of the(10)bildungsroman: "childhood, the conflict of generations, provinciality, the larger society, self-education, alienation, ordeal by love, the search for a vocation and working philosophy. . . ." Meridian's struggle(15)embraces most of these elements. Her struggle is formidable, for she lives in a society that domesticates conformity and that censures individual expression ,especially for women; but she flourishes(20)notwithstanding." According to the passage, which of the following is true of the character Meridian? A.Her sense of fulfillment is intimately linked to resolving intergenerational conflicts. B.Her search for her identity is facilitated by the changing notions of women's roles. C.She is able to find a balance between her roles in domestic life and her roles outside the home. D.She is ultimately trapped into following the prevailing social standards. E.She is able to overcome significant obstacles to find her individual identity.

Option (E) is correct. The final sentence of the passage indicates that Meridian encounters challenges in her successful struggle to assert her individuality.

"A 2008 publication maintains that during the Little Ice Age (A.D. 1300 to 1850), the surface of the oceans grew colder. In the line latter part of the Little Ice Age, sea ice grew and extended much farther away from the poles than at any time since the previous ice age. Atmospheric carbon dioxide is believed to have diminished some because of the cold ocean surface absorbing carbon dioxide. One hypothesis is that the Little Ice Age was caused by a reduction in sunspots and associated solar flares. These flares expel vast amounts of energy, some of which reaches Earth and warms it up. The sunspot activity started to diminish and the atmosphere began to cool about 1300. During the Maunder minimum, between1645 and 1715, there is no record of sunspot(20)activity. After the Maunder minimum was over, sunspots slowly returned to the surface of the Sun, warming Earth. By 1850, the warming trend was well entrenched, ending the Little Ice Age. Volcanic activity may also have been a contributing factor to the Little Ice Age, although this is a short-term phenomenon. The eruption of the Tambora volcano in Indonesia in 1815 put large amounts of ash(30)into the atmosphere. This ash reflected sunlight back out into space, blocking some of the incoming warmth for a short time." The passage is primarily concerned with A.evaluating the soundness of several theories about the Little Ice Age B.discussing the Little Ice Age in relation to warming climate conditions today C.making an assertion about the Little Ice Age and refuting it with recent data D.emphasizing an ongoing controversy about the cause of the Little Ice Age E.describing the Little Ice Age and providing information about its possible origins

Option (E) is correct. The first paragraph offers a description of the Little Ice Age; the second and third paragraphs mention two possible causes of it.

"Kipukas are pocket forests isolated byl ava flows that went around them instead of over them. Sometimes the greenery was spared because it was at a higher elevation(5)than the surrounding terrain, and sometimes it just got lucky. Members of species thatused to share turf and swap genes got separated by nature's igneous paving crews.If the environments in their respective(10) kipukas differed, populations adapted to the local conditions and began to evolve separately. Drift far enough genetically, andyou become a new species. Kipukas help explain Hawaii's extraordinary rate of(15)speciation. Passage 2 Here on the slopes of Hawaii's MaunaLoa, the kipukas were once part of a vast apron of forest until volcanic eruptions in the mid‑1800s. The eruptions sent fingers of(20)lava down the volcano and left a network of dozens of forest patches, some as small as50 by 50 feet, others larger than a 40‑acre parcel. In these forest fragments we can study something very rare: the long‑term(25)effects of natural forest fragmentation on an imperiled bird community. We have even begun to conduct some manipulative experiments, removing rats from some kipukas and leaving them in others, to(30)monitor how food webs and birds respond." What is the main function of the first sentence (lines 1-3) in Passage 1? A.To put forth a theory B.To present a scientific mystery C.To illustrate a generalization D.To reexamine a familiar concept E.To provide a definition

Option (E) is correct. The first sentence in Passage 1 describes what a kipuka is.

"One might assume that the mostadmired architecture would be the mostenduring. This once was generally true, butLinein the twentieth century, when new materials and new aesthetic theories often drovearchitects to cavalier experimentation,even celebrated architects fell short in thatdepartment. Le Corbusier's suburban villas,for example, were crudely finished in cement plaster, and they aged poorly. Some FrankLloyd Wright buildings have leaky skylights,sagging overhangs, and defective heatingsystems. This does not make them any lessdelightful to visit, but it must make them considerably less delightful to inhabit. The Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris,which opened in 1977, was widely praisedfor its architectural innovation—the Britishperiodical Architectural Design called it "a seminal building of the Modern Movement."The architects turned the building literallyinside out. They dramatically hung pipes,ducts, fire stairs, elevators, and escalatorsfrom the exterior structure. These previously hidden features were now exposed in plainsight—and exposed to the elements. Theresult might have been foreseen: after onlytwenty years, the French government wasobliged to close the building for a two-year renovation. The authorities maintained thatthe renovation was required because of theunexpectedly large number of visitors;however, according to the newspaperLe Monde, almost half of the $90 million budget was spent on refurbishing thefacade." The statement that "even celebrated architects fell short" (line 7) suggests that the celebrated architects A.received negative public response to the buildings they designed B.failed to experiment with new materials and aesthetic theories C.hesitated to include modern conveniences in the buildings they designed D.made few efforts to please those for whom they designed buildings E.failed to design buildings that would last a long time

Option (E) is correct. The first sentence of the passage points to a long-held assumption about architecture—that it would be built to endure. However, the second sentence presents information that undermines that thought. Architectural experimentation, according to the passage, sometimes led to the building of structures that did not endure. Le Corbusier and Frank Lloyd Wright are given as examples of two "celebrated architects" who designed such buildings.

From a thermal perspective, the larger the ratio of surface area to volume, the more heat lost by an object. Larger objects tend to have smaller surface-area-to-volume ratios, and therefore they lose less heat. As the largest of the rocky planets, Earth has lost less heat over time than have significantly smaller bodies such as Mercury, Mars, and the Moon. The author of the passage mentions Earth, Mercury, Mars, and the Moon most likely to A.present a contrast between living conditions on Earth and those on other bodies in the solar system B.support an argument about the rocky nature of planets and other bodies in the solar system C.resolve a debate about the surface area of Earth D.explain why Earth is larger than certain other bodies in the solar system E.illustrate an assertion about size and heat loss

Option (E) is correct. The objects mentioned in the last sentence provide illustrations of the earlier claim about the relationship between heat loss and an object's size.

"Before the development of radioactive isotope dating techniques, paleontologists had to rely on relative dating to estimate theLineage of a fossil. Since no absolute time(5)sequences were known, it could only be said that something was older or younger than something else, based on the assumption that older rock sediments would be buried under more recent rock sediments. Fossils(10)from deeper sediments were considered to be older than fossils from more shallow sediments. In most cases, this was a reasonable assumption, but it did not hold where the earth had been folded or where(15)fossils had weathered out of sediments." Question: Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage? A.Two processes are introduced and one is found to be superior. B.A controversy is presented and its resolution is described. C.A phenomenon is discussed and a specific example is noted. D.A problem is posed and solutions are evaluated. E.A method is presented and drawbacks of it are noted.

Option (E) is correct. The passage discusses the relative dating of fossils through comparison of sediment layers; the final sentence indicates potential pitfalls of reliance on that method of dating.

"One might assume that the mostadmired architecture would be the mostenduring. This once was generally true, butLinein the twentieth century, when new materials and new aesthetic theories often drovearchitects to cavalier experimentation,even celebrated architects fell short in thatdepartment. Le Corbusier's suburban villas,for example, were crudely finished in cement plaster, and they aged poorly. Some FrankLloyd Wright buildings have leaky skylights,sagging overhangs, and defective heatingsystems. This does not make them any lessdelightful to visit, but it must make them considerably less delightful to inhabit. The Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris,which opened in 1977, was widely praisedfor its architectural innovation—the Britishperiodical Architectural Design called it "a seminal building of the Modern Movement."The architects turned the building literallyinside out. They dramatically hung pipes,ducts, fire stairs, elevators, and escalatorsfrom the exterior structure. These previously hidden features were now exposed in plainsight—and exposed to the elements. Theresult might have been foreseen: after onlytwenty years, the French government wasobliged to close the building for a two-year renovation. The authorities maintained thatthe renovation was required because of theunexpectedly large number of visitors;however, according to the newspaperLe Monde, almost half of the $90 million budget was spent on refurbishing thefacade." In the context in which it appears, "elements" (line 26) most nearly means A.fundamentals B.components C.essentials D.chemical substances E.weather conditions

Option (E) is correct. The passage suggests that because they were placed on the exterior of the building, architectural features that ordinarily would have been protected were instead exposed to the weather outdoors and deteriorated prematurely as a result.

"Historians today use numbers to resurrect the complexities of long-dead societies. As history has become more Line specialized and scientific, its pages have become filled with statistical charts attempting to illuminate various aspects of past societies. However, some skeptics question how accurate statistics can be when they purport to explain life in eras whose records are incomplete or in societies that have left no written sources. Especially when dealing with preliterate or largely lost cultures, do historians risk using soft numbers to give the illusion of hard fact?" Which of the following best describes the primary purpose of the second paragraph? A.To refute the claim made by some historians that all statistics are misleading B.To support the judgment of statistical historians who claim that their research is groundbreaking C.To compare the views of skeptics with those of the passage's author D.To suggest that a society's written records are not necessarily accurate E.To express doubt about whether statistics can be valid in certain situations

Option (E) is correct. The second paragraph presents a skeptical view of the use of statistics for studying societies that have left few or no written records.

(1) We live in an era when extinctions are accelerating. (2) Because of habitat destruction and climate change, a planet may be losing dozens of species daily. (3) But these extinctions, as troubling as they are, occur against a backdrop of immense biodiversity. (4) It's estimated, for example, that as many as 7.8 million distinct animal species live on Earth. (5) Fewer than a million, likewise, have so far been identified by science. (6) Even as some species vanish through extinction, scientists continue to discover species that were previously unknown. (7) Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus devised the formal system for naming animals and plants in the eighteenth century. (8) And the number of such discoveries is extraordinary: each year, as many as 10,000 "new" animals are added to the scientific roster. (9) Many are very small, and many live in habitats, like deep-sea trenches, that make them difficult to observe. (10) Others, though, are comparatively large land-dwelling animals. (11) The list of animals discovered since 2000 includes species of rabbits, porcupines, sloths, and monkeys. (12) Why had no one noticed them before? (13) The truth is, many were indeed familiar to the people who live near their habitats. (14) They are "newly discovered" only in the sense that until recently they remained unknown to science. (15) Take the case of the Vangunu giant rat. (16) This giant rat is an extremely large rodent that lives in the Solomon Islands. (17) Nearly three times as big as the common brown rat, it was first reported by scientists in 2015. (18) But it had long been known to local islanders, who told stories of a rat so big it could crack coconuts. (19) In fact, it was the islanders' tales that first prompted them to search for the creature in nearby forests. Answer the question below by clicking on the correct response. Question: In context, what is the best way to deal with sentence 7 (reproduced below) ? Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus devised the formal system for naming animals and plants in the eighteenth century. A.Leave it as it is. B.Add "As a matter of fact," to the beginning of the sentence. C.Replace "devised" with "developed". D.Change "naming animals and plants" to "naming Earth's fauna and flora". E.Delete it from the passage.

Option (E) is correct. The sentence about Carl Linnaeus should be deleted from the passage because it is irrelevant to the main line of reasoning. The passage is about biodiversity, not about the system for naming the various species of animals and plants. Though sentence 8 mentions a "scientific roster" of animal species, the topic of how animals are named is never discussed in the passage.

Fix the sentence Although aspens are often confused with birch trees because of their similar appearance, yet birch trees belong to an entirely different family of trees. A.yet birch trees B.yet birch and aspen C.but these trees D.but they E.birch trees

Option (E) is correct. The sentence begins with the subordinating conjunction "although," so the underlined portion cannot also begin with a subordinating conjunction. Option (E) correctly begins the main clause with the subject ("birch trees"). Options (A), (B), (C), and (D) all include subordinating conjunctions, leaving the sentence without a main clause. Only Option (E) creates a grammatical sentence with correct subordination.

Fix the sentence The philosopher and reformer John Dewey maintained that children's education should be based not on rote learning, but they should learn through experience. A.learning, but they should learn B.learning, where they should learn C.learning but they will learn D.learning, instead E.learning but on learning

Option (E) is correct. The underlined portion of the sentence attempts to draw a contrast between two philosophies of education (rote learning versus experience) but fails because of its faulty construction and wordiness. Option (E) rectifies both of those shortcomings by omitting unnecessary verbiage and by using parallel construction: ". . . not on rote learning but on learning through experience." None of the other options does the same.

Fix the sentence Studying the impact of our beliefs about ourselves, Stanford psychologist Carol Dweck has found that a growth mind-set thrives on challenge and sees failure not as evidence of unintelligence than as a springboard for personal development. A.challenge and sees failure not as evidence of unintelligence than as B.challenge; and sees failure not as evidence of unintelligence than C.challenge, and she sees that failure is not evidence of unintelligence and as D.challenge to see failure is not evidence of unintelligence but E.challenge and sees failure not as evidence of unintelligence but as

Option (E) is correct. This sentence hinges on the description of a mind-set that sees failure in one way rather than in another. Option (E) expresses this distinction most effectively: "not as evidence of unintelligence but as a springboard for personal development." Option (A) does not use the preferred "not as . . . but as" construction, and options (B) and (C) compound this failing by introducing other errors. While option (D) uses "but," it omits "as" and also garbles the sense of the distinction.

"Faces are special," brain scientists like to say. Days after birth, an infant can distinguish its mother's face from those of other women. Babies are more reliably(5)engaged by a sketch of a face than they are by other images. Though human faces are quite similar in their basic composition, most of us can differentiate effortlessly among them. A face is a codex of social information:(10)it can often tell us, at a glance, someone's age, gender, racial background, mood. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging scans, researchers have discovered that certain areas of the brain are hardwired for(15)processing faces. The human brain is often less reliable than digital algorithms, but it remains superior at facial recognition. This might no longer seem true in an era in which social(20)networking Web sites prompt users to tag friends in photographs. With its database of billions of user photos, one such site has developed a facial-recognition algorithm that is more reliable than those developed for the(25)FBI. But the site's software has conspicuous advantages allowing it to compete with humans: people usually post photographs of friends, and this helps narrow the range of possible matches. The image quality also(30)tends to be high: people are unlikely to post a grainy shot taken from a bad angle while a person is moving or in shadow." Which of the following statements about the facial-recognition algorithm used by the social networking site is supported by the passage? Select all that apply. A.The sheer volume of pictures in the site's database gives its algorithm an advantage over algorithms developed for the FBIF B I. B.The site's algorithm is typically applied to images of higher quality than those included in the FBI'sF B I's algorithms. C.The site's algorithm has led to the arrest of more criminals than have the algorithms developed for the FBIF B I.

Options (A) and (B) are correct. The ideas expressed in (A) and (B) are supported by the comments in the last three sentences of the passage.

"Because I could not stop for death - He kindly stopped for me - The carriage held but just Ourselves - And Immortality. We slowly drove - He knew no haste And I had put away My labor and my leisure too, For His Civility - We passed the School, where Children strove At Recess - in the Ring - we passed the Fields of grazing Grain - We passed the Setting Sun or Rather - He passed us - The Dews drew quivering and chill - For only Gossamer, my Gown - My Tippet - only Tulle We paused before a House that seemed A swelling of the Ground - The roof was scarcely visible - The cornice - in the Ground - Since then - 'tis Centuries - and yet Feels shorter than the Day I first surmised the horses Heads Were toward Eternity" The descriptions of Death in the "Fields f Gazing Grain," and of the setting sun all employ which literary device - Analogy - Hyperbole - Alliteration - Personification

Personification

In the model known in reading instruction as the three cueing systems, which of these relate most to how sounds are used to communicate meaning? - Syntactic cues - Semantic cues - Phonological cues - Pragmatic cues

Phonological cues

"Call the roller of big cigars, The muscular one, and bid him whip. In kitchen cups concupiscent curds. Let the wenches dawdle in such dress As they are used to wear, and let the boys Bring flowers in last month's newspapers. Let be be finale of seem. The only emperor of ice-cream." The line "let the finale be seem" can be interpreted as reflecting a concept from which of the following? - Ovid's metamorphoses - Dante's Divine Comedy - Plato's Dialogues - Homer's Iliad

Plato's Dialogues Expounded the philosophy of Socrates, including the concept that the mortal life of humanity and the world of the human senses and perception are an illusion, while the eternal life of the divine and the world of the ideal are reality, rather than the vice versa.

An Essay on Criticism

Pope (1711). Heroic couplets, discussing how bad criticism may be as harmful as bad poetry. Refers to ancient writers approvingly, like Virgil, Homer, Aristotle, Horace, Longinus, etc. 'Tis hard to say, if greater Want of Skill Appear in Writing or in Judging ill, But, of the two, less dang'rous is th' Offence, To tire our Patience, than mis-lead our Sense Some few in that, but Numbers err in this, Ten Censure wrong for one who Writes amiss; A Fool might once himself alone expose, Now One in Verse makes many more in Prose" (1-8)

Which of the following correctly represents the sequence of stages or steps in the writing process? - Prewriting, drafting, revising, editing, publishing - Prewriting, drafting, editing, publishing, revising - Prewriting, editing, drafting, revising, publishing - Prewriting, drafting, editing, revising, publishing

Prewriting, drafting, revising, editing, publishing

Conflict

Problem to be solved in the story

Which of the following forms of expository writing is most likely to provide a detailed description of a problem and full explanations of possible solutions to that problem? - personal essay - business letter - newspaper article - research report

Research report

"I am assured by our Merchants, that if a boy or a girl before 12, is no saleable commodity; and even when they come to this age, they will not yield above [an amount of money] at most, on the Exchange; which cannot turn into account... to the Parents; the Charge of Nutriment and Rags, having been at least four times that Value. I shall now therefore humble propose my own Thoughts which I hope will not be liable to the least Objection. I have been assured by a very knowing american of my aquantance in london; that a young healthy child, well nourishing, and wholesome Food; wherther Stewd, Roasted, Baked, or boiled; and, I, make no doubt, that it will equally serve in a Fricasie or Ragoust." The literary form used in the excerpted piece is: - Persuasion - Sature - Exposition - Bathos

Satire

"I knew I should be grateful to Mrs Guinea, only I couldn't feel a thing. If Mrs Guinea had given me a ticket to Europe, or a round-the-world cruise, it wouldn't have made one scrap of difference to me, because wherever I sat - on the deck of a ship or a street cafe in Paris or Bangkok - I would be sitting under the same glass bell jar, stewing in my own sour air. I sank back in the gray, plush seat and closed my eyes. The air of the bell jar wadded round me and I couldn't stir [ following a successful shock treatment ] All the heat and fear had purged itself. I felt surprisingly at peace. The bell jar hung, suspended, a few feet above my head. I was open to the circulating air. 'We'll take up where we left off, Esther,' she (my mother) had said, with her sweet, Martyr's smile. ' We'll act as if all this were a bad dream.' A bad dream. To the person in the bell jar, blank and stopped as a dead baby, the world itself is the bad dream. Valerie's last cheerful cry had been 'So long! Be seeing you.' 'Not if I know it,' I thought. But I wasn't sure, I wasn't sure at all. How did I know that someday - at college, in Europe, somewhere again- the bell jar, with its stifling distortions, wouldn't descend again?" Which of the following statements is accurate about Sylvia Plath? - The bell jar was her last in a long series of novels, all of them sucessful - She ultimately recovered, lived a long lige and wrote many more novels - Plath wrote only a few poems, but the bell jar was the first of her book s - She wrote the bell jar about her initial breakdown almost a decade later

She wrote the bell jar about her initial breakdown almost a decade later

Correlative conjunctions

Show the connection between pairs Either or, Neither nor, Not only... but also Either you are coming or you are staying He not only ran three miles but also swam 200 yards.

Find the error With its neck parallel to the ground and its tail streaming, the roadrunner dashed between Marissa and I, vanishing into the desert vegetation before either of us could speak. No error

Since Marissa and the narrator are the objects of the preposition "between," the pronoun representing the narrator needs to be in the objective case: I must be replaced by me.

Find the error Approximately 25 to 30 percent of a hummingbirds' body mass is flight muscle , considerably more than the average of 15 percent typical of other birds. No error

Since the body mass of a single hummingbird is referred to, the possessive is properly formed by the addition of an apostrophe followed by the letter "s." Consequently, hummingbirds' must be changed to hummingbird's.

"Had we but world enough, and time, This coyness, lady, were no crime. We would sit down and think which way to walk and. pass out long love's day. But at my back I always hear time's winged chariot hurrying near; and yonder all before us lie deserts of vast eternity" The author of the excerpted work is famous for using a literary technique known as.. - Stream-of-conciousness - The unreliable narrator - First-person narration - The author surrogate

Stream of consciousness

In the three cueing systems model of word recognition in reading adn instrution, which system most relates to how words are assembled into meaningful language? - Phonological - Semantic - Syntactic - Pragmatic

Syntactic

" I like to see it lap the Miles - And lick the valleys up- and stop to feed itself tanks - and then - prodigious step around a pile of mountains and supercilious peer in Shanties - by the sides of roads - and then a quarry pare to fit its ribs and crawl between complaining all the whole ini horrid - hooting stanza - then chase itself down hill - and neigh like Boanerges - then - punctual as a Star Stop - docile and omnipotent At its own stable door -" An amazing feat in this poem is that the structure of the subject describes is mirrored n the poems - vocabulary - rhythms - syntax - tone

Syntax

Your writing assignment asks you to "organize," "plan," "formulate," "assemble," "compose," "construct," and/or "arrange" some material. Which of the following cognitive (learning). objectives is the teacher aiming to meet with this assignment? - Analysis - Synthesis - Evaluation - application

Synthesis

Mad Girl's Love Song

TONE: Bitter or Angry (over the memories left of love) PURPOSE: Even though love may feel grand and beautiful for a short period of time, eventually love fades and what is left is pain. OTHER COMMENTS: Romanticizing painful memories can consume a person and make the process of moving on more difficult.Romanticizing seen through lyrical nature of poem.

"Mad girl's love song"

TONE: Bitter or Angry (over the memories left of love) PURPOSE: Even though love may feel grand and beautiful for a short period of time, eventually love fades and what is left is pain. OTHER COMMENTS: Romanticizing painful memories can consume a person and make the process of moving on more difficult.Romanticizing seen through lyrical nature of poem. Sylvia Plath Villanelle

Find the error Since they had never before visited the resort town in autumn, it looked strangely to them without vacationers and with the tall lindens turning bronze. No error

The adverb strangely needs to be replaced by the adjective strange. In this sentence, looked is a linking verb and thus not to be modified by an adverb.

"I should have been a pair of ragged claws scuttling across the floors of silent seas. Shall I part my hair behind? Do I dare eat a peach? A shall wear white flannel trousers, and walk upon the beach. I have heard the mermaids singing, each to each. I do not think that they will sing to me. We have lingered in the chambers of the seamy sea-girls wreathed with seaweed red and brown Till human voices wake us, and we drown." Which of the following is the best interpretation of the final line? - Mermaids protect us from drowning; humans ruin it - The dream of art is ruined by the intrusion of reality - Dreaming of mermaids is part of death by drowning - Mermaids bewitch us from knowing that we drown

The dream of art is ruined by the intrusion of reality

A writer is developing an expository essay on railroads in American history. Given the writers purpose, which of the following sentences would be the omst effective thesis statement for the essay? - railroads have played a very important role in the history of the united states - The expansion of the railroads in the 19th century led to industrialization in the univerd states - the north's extensive railroads were the more decisive factor leading to its victory in the American Civil War - Railroads will help reduce carob footpring

The expansion of railroads in the 19th century led to industralization in the united states

First stanza I wake to sleep, and take my waking slow. I feel my fate in what I cannot fear. I learn by going where I have to go. Last stanza This shaking keeps me steady. I should know. What falls away is always. And is near. I wake to sleep, and take my waking slow. I learn by going where I have to go. First stanza "I shut my eyes and all the world drops dead;I lift my lids and all is born again.(I think I made you up inside my head.) Last stanza I should have loved a thunderbird instead;At least when spring comes they roar back again.I shut my eyes and all the world drops dead.(I think I made you up inside my head.)" First Stanza Do not go gentle into that good night, Old age should burn and rave at close of day; Rage, rage against the dying of the light. Last stanza And you, my father, there on the sad height, Curse, bless, me now with your fierce tears, I pray. Do not go gentle into that good night. Rage, rage against the dying of the light. Which of the poems focuses on the nature of reality vs the imagination? - The second and third - The first and second - The first and third - All of the above

The first and the second

"I should have been a pair of ragged claws scuttling across the floors of silent seas. Shall I part my hair behind? Do I dare eat a peach? A shall wear white flannel trousers, and walk upon the beach. I have heard the mermaids singing, each to each. I do not think that they will sing to me. We have lingered in the chambers of the seamy sea-girls wreathed with seaweed red and brown Till human voices wake us, and we drown." Which of the following is/are the best interpretations of the meaning in the first excerpt? - The speaker's existence is as significant as the life os a crab - The speaker loves the sea and wishes he could live under it - The scavenger can create beauty and reconstructing garbage - The first and the third

The first and the third

Dialect

The form of a language spoken by people according to their geographical region, social class, cultural group or any other distinctive group. - Pronunciation - Grammar - Spelling

of the following, which statement is true regarding Standard English? - The formal Standard English applies to written language - Standard English is universal in English-speaking nations - Speech communities use the Standard English of writing - The standard English construct does not include dialects

The formal standard english applies to written language

Fluency

The goal of literacy development. It is the ability to read accurately and quickly.

Theme in Les Miserables

The importance of love and compassion for others

Which of the following statements is more accurate about writing the introduction to an essay? - The introduction should use the technique of startin essays with dictionary definitions - The introduction should leave the most attention grabbing material for later in the work - The introduction should move from the focused and specific to te broad and general - The introduction should move from the broad and general to the focused and specific

The introduction should move from the broad and gneral to the focused and specific

Bottom up processing

The listener figures out the meaning of a message by using data obtained from what is said.

Top down processing

The listener refers to background and global knowledge to figure out the meaning of a message.

The Pardoner's Tale

The love of money is the root of all evil

"I should have been a pair of ragged claws scuttling across the floors of silent seas. Shall I part my hair behind? Do I dare eat a peach? A shall wear white flannel trousers, and walk upon the beach. I have heard the mermaids singing, each to each. I do not think that they will sing to me. We have lingered in the chambers of the seamy sea-girls wreathed with seaweed red and brown Till human voices wake us, and we drown." What is the title of the work from which these excerpts are taken? - "The Waste Land" - "The love song of J. Alfred Prufrock - "Notes toward the definition of culture - "The hollow men"

The love song of J. Alfred Prufrock

The mysterious Stranger

The man in the tavern Pip sees stirring his rum with the file he gave to convict #1; he gives him shillings wrapped in two one-pound notes Mark Twain

"I imagine this midnight moment's forest: Something else is alive Beside the clock's loneliness And this blank page where my fingers move. Through the window I see no star: Something more near Though deeper within darkness Is entering the loneliness: Cold, delicately as the dark snow A fox's nose touches twig, leaf; Two eyes serve a movement, that now And again now, and now, and now Sets neat prints into the snow Between trees, and warily a lame Shadow lags by stump and in hollow Of a body that is bold to come Across clearings, an eye, A widening deepening greenness, Brilliantly, concentratedly, Coming about its own business Till, with a sudden sharp hot stink of fox It enters the dark hole of the head. The window is starless still; the clock ticks, The page is printed." Which of the following best characterizes how this poem portrays the creative process? - The poet exercises tight control of a thought - The poet is a passive recipient of the thought - The poet carefully guides the thought to him - The poet imagines a fox to help him write

The poet is a passive recipient of the thought

Some experts maintain that teaching reading comprehension entails not just the application of skills, but the process of actively constructing meaning. This process they describe as interactive, strategic, and adaptable. Which of the following best defines the interactive aspect of this process? - The process involves text, the reader, and the context in which reading occurs. - The process involves readers using a variety of strategies in constructing meaning. - The process involves readers changing their strategies to read different text types - the process involves changing strategies according to different reasons for reading

The process involves text, the reader, and the context in which reading occurs

"I imagine this midnight moment's forest: Something else is alive Beside the clock's loneliness And this blank page where my fingers move. Through the window I see no star: Something more near Though deeper within darkness Is entering the loneliness: Cold, delicately as the dark snow A fox's nose touches twig, leaf; Two eyes serve a movement, that now And again now, and now, and now Sets neat prints into the snow Between trees, and warily a lame Shadow lags by stump and in hollow Of a body that is bold to come Across clearings, an eye, A widening deepening greenness, Brilliantly, concentratedly, Coming about its own business Till, with a sudden sharp hot stink of fox It enters the dark hole of the head. The window is starless still; the clock ticks, The page is printed." Which of these does the poem really describe? - The process of a fox's natural actions - The process of being inspired by nature - The process of being inspired to write - The process of being attacked by a fox

The process of being inspired to write

Author's purpose

The reason the author has for writing. ( Inform, persuade, express, & entertain)

Find the error In recent years, neuroscientists are trying to understand how the brain works when people interact , and they have found that a region of the brain that activates when we think about ourselves also activates when we allow others to influence us. No error

The sentence states that in recent years neuroscientists have found out something about a particular region of the brain; their research is best thought of as beginning in the past and continuing to this day. To accurately reflect this time frame, the verb phrase are trying must be changed from the simple present tense to the present perfect: have been trying.

Passive voice

The subject of the sentence receives the action. The picture is drawn by John (The subject 'picture' is receiving the action from John.

Simple subject of a sentence

The subject of the sentence without all its modifiers The small red car is the one he wants for Christmas Simple subject - CAR

Find the error Many of the methods that are used to determine the authenticity of paintings, such as scanning electron microscopy, destroys part of the artwork itself. No error

The subject of the verb at option (C) is "methods" (not, as might first appear, the adjacent "scanning electron microscopy"). Therefore, the singular verb destroys must be changed to the plural destroy.

Find the error In order to qualify for the final round of the dance competition, her and her partner were required to demonstrate proficiency in a variety of dances. No error

The unspecified female and her partner form the compound subject of the verb were required. Therefore, the first pronoun her must be in the subjective (not objective or possessive) case: "she and her partner were required."

who vs whom

The word "who" is used as a subject in a sentence. The word "whom" is used as an object. He knows who wants to come - subject pronoun He knows the man whom he wants at the party - object pronoun

Find the error Written in 1871 for the three-year-old daughter of friends, "The Owl and the Pussy-Cat" is Edward Lear's most famous poem and a fine example of victorian nonsense verse still cherished by both children and adults. No error

The word victorian needs to be capitalized. Victorian in the context of this sentence is an adjective meaning "characteristic of the reign of Queen Victoria (who ruled the United Kingdom from 1837 to 1901) or the art, letters, or tastes of her time."

"The Waking" Villanelle

Theodore Roethke

The waking

Theodore Roethke

Which of the following gives an example of a fallacy? - There are exceptions to all general statements - Please pass me; my parents will be upset if I fail - He is guilty; there is no evidence that he is innocent - Have you stopped cheating on your assignments?

There are exceptions to all general statements

Scholars have identified three kinds of major connections that students make when reading: Connecting text to self, text to the world, and text to text. Which of the following student statements best reflect(s) the connection of text to the world? - These mythical gods have more power, but feel and act like humans - This novel is set during a period I learned about in my history class - I can realte to how the main character felt about being controlled. - All three statements equally reflect connection of text to the world.

These mythical gods have more power, but feel and act like humans

Which of the following do the adventures of huckleberry finn, the diary of a young girl and the fall of the house of usher have in common? - They are all examples of narrative type and purpose writing -They are all examples of a purely descriptive writing type/purpose - They are all examples of works of primarily expository writing type - They are all examples of writing of the persuasive type and purpose

They are all examples of the narrative type and purpose of writing

First stanza I wake to sleep, and take my waking slow. I feel my fate in what I cannot fear. I learn by going where I have to go. Last stanza This shaking keeps me steady. I should know. What falls away is always. And is near. I wake to sleep, and take my waking slow. I learn by going where I have to go. First stanza "I shut my eyes and all the world drops dead;I lift my lids and all is born again.(I think I made you up inside my head.) Last stanza I should have loved a thunderbird instead;At least when spring comes they roar back again.I shut my eyes and all the world drops dead.(I think I made you up inside my head.)" First Stanza Do not go gentle into that good night, Old age should burn and rave at close of day; Rage, rage against the dying of the light. Last stanza And you, my father, there on the sad height, Curse, bless, me now with your fierce tears, I pray. Do not go gentle into that good night. Rage, rage against the dying of the light. Which is true of all three excerpted poems? - They are all ballads - They are all sonnets - They are all villanelles - They are all different forms

They are all villanelles

Which of the following is the most accurate characterization of dialects? - They are non-standard versions of any language - They're often seen as less socially acceptable - They include linguistic features that are incorrect - They indicate poor/incomplete language learning

They are often seen as less socially acceptable

Find the error Before preceding to discuss any confidential personnel matters, the city council, as required by law, always withdraws into private session. No error

This sentence refers to an action (withdrawing into private session) that must occur before the council can go on, or proceed, to discuss certain matters. The verb precede, which means to "go before," does not fit the context.

Find the error Since 2013, Los Angeles International Airport has ran a therapy dog program in its terminals, joining the many other airports in the United States and abroad that procure teams of dogs and their handlers, usually volunteers, to greet stressed passengers and put them at ease. No error

To convey the time frame from 2013 to now, the verb phrase at (A) needs to be in the present perfect tense: has ran must be changed to has run.

The Parlement of Foules

Written by Geoffrey Chaucer The narrator is led by Scipio Africanus through a Temple of Venus to a place where a bunch of eagles are "democratically" fighting over mates Reflects stoic philosophy

Samuel Butler

Wrote The Way of All Flesh

Conceit

a fanciful, particularly clever extended metaphor

Hamartia

a fatal flaw leading to the downfall of a tragic hero or heroine

Indefinite pronoun

a pronoun that does not refer to a specific, person, place, thing, or idea; examples: everyone, everything, everybody, anybody, many, most, few, each, some, someone, all, nothing, nobody, and no one

Literature review

a scholarly research step that entails identifying and studying all existing studies on a topic to create a basis for new research

Exclamatory sentence

a sentence expressing strong feeling, usually punctuated with an exclamation mark I can't believe we won the game!

declarative statement

a sentence that makes a statement The football game starts at 7pm

Compound sentence

a sentence with two or more coordinate independent clauses, often joined by one or more conjunctions The time has come and we are ready

thesis statement

a statement or sentence that states the purpose of a paper or essay

Frame tales

a story within a story

Revenge tragedy

a style of drama, popular in England during the late 16th and 17th centuries, in which the basic plot was a quest for vengeance and which typically featured scenes of carnage and mutilation

stream of consciousness

a style of writing that portrays the inner (often chaotic) workings of a character's mind.

Peripateia

a sudden change or reversal of movement/drama/life; a character's sudden change

Sentence fragment

an incomplete sentence

split infinitive

an infinitive with an adverb between 'to' and the verb (e.g., 'to boldly go') to go boldly

spatial pattern of organization

an order of presentation in which the content of a speech is organized according to relationships in space

sequential pattern of organizaion

an organizational pattern in which the various steps of a process or phenomenon are identified and discussed one by one

denouement

an outcome; result

Affect, effect

affect: verb effect: noun

Which of the following has been affected in the long term by the great vowel shift? - Written spelling - Teaching reading - Text comprehension - All of the above

all of the above

relative adjectives

can show the comparison between things

metamorphosis

change of form

Conjugating

changing the forms of a verb to indicate who is doing the action Dreamed, dreams, had dreamed, have dreamed, dreaming

Man vs self conflict resolution

conflict is resolved by the character growing or coming to an understanding about part of himself

comparison transition

similarly, likewise, in like manner

Legend of Faust

sold his soul to the devil in exchange for knowledge, which echoes Adam and Eve's fall from grace caused by their desire for knowledge; Christopher Marlowe wrote "Dr. Faustus" at end of 1500s, Thomas Mann wrote "Doktor Faustus" in 1900s, and Goethe wrote "Faust" in 1800s

The process of fossilization

some of the incorrect forms a learner of second language has developed are not corrected over time but become permanently fixed

There, their, they're

there-location...example: They are over there. Their- ownership...example: That is their book. They're- contraction...example: They're at the store.

Logical continuation transition

therefore, as such, for this reason, thus, consequently, as a reasult

Metacognition

thinking about thinking

Demonstrative pronouns

this, that, these, those

chronological pattern of organization

used to describe events or processes in the order that they occur in time, from earlier events to later events

topical pattern of organization

used to divide your speech into categories or subtopics

future perfect tense verbs

used to express actions that will begin in the future and will be completed in the future. 'I will have talked' When she comes for the supplies, I will have walked to the store.