Texes Social studies 118 NEWEST VERSION

What were the major civilizations of Mesopotamia?

#1 Sumerians #2 Amorites #3 Hittites #4 Assyrians #5 Chaldeans #6 Persians

What are the four major divisions with anthropology?

#1 biological anthropology #2 cultural anthropology #3 linguistic anthropology #4 archaeology

What two approaches does anthropology research take?

#1 cross cultural reference #2 competitive research

What are some examples of early civilizations and where they developed?

#1 the Nile river valley in Egypt #2 Mesopotamia #3 the Indus River valley #4 hwang ho in China

What is civilization defined as?

#1 the use of metal to make weapons and tools #2 Written language #3 a defined territorial state #4 a calendar

Why was settling near a river important?

#1 water for drinking cultivating crops and caring for domesticated animals #2 a gathering place for wild animals that could be hunted #3 rich soil deposits as a result of regular floodijg

Prehistory -

the period of time before written records

Thomas Aquinas

Adapted the ideas of Aristotle to the christian perspective. He argued that people should have certain rights and duties and that these rights and duties should determine the type and extent of gov rule.

Accomplishments of Egypt

Where the most advanced culture. Developed construction methods to build the pyramids. Formed their own writing system (hieroglyphics) had a highly developed religion. Developed highly complex ways of preserving a dead body. They also made paper processing papyrus (a plant found near the Nile) they invented the decimal system. Made solar calendars and had advanced knowledge of mathematics

Roosevelts Alphabet Organization

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC): provided jobs in forestry service Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA): increased agricultural income by adjusting both production and prices Tennessee Valley Authority: flood control on TN river Public Works Administration (PWA) and Civil Workers Administration (CWA): provided a multitude of jobs, 34,000 projects Workers Progress Administration: helped people secure jobs

Fluvial Civilizations

Civilizations that arose in river valleys (Mesopotamia, Egypt, etc.) earliest civilizations named because they were founded near rivers

Nelothic

More complex social structures more growth in the sense of family ideas of religion and government. Donesticated animals and crops houses and fires with friction tools. They also knit spin and weave.

Neolithic

More complex structures more growth in the sense of family ideas of religion and government. Domesticated animals and crops. Houses and fires with friction tools and knit spin weave

Carpetbaggers and Scalawags

Scalawags - were southern whites who aligned with freedman to take over local governments. Many in the south who could've filled political offices refused to take the necessary oath required ti grant them the right to vote leaving many opportunities for scalawags. Carpetbaggers - were northerners who traveled to the south for various reasons. Some Provided assistance while other sought to make money or to acquire political power during this chaotic period.

Physical Geography and Climate of North America

US/Canada/Mexico -Mountain ranges in the east and the west. - Fertile Plains -Lakes and waterways - Continental climate with four seasons in median areas -Tropical climates in the southern part of the US -Arctic climates in the far North

Upper Paleolithic

Variety of tools. Better made and more specialized. Began to wear clothes organize in groups. Social structures and practice art. Mostly loved in caves

lower paloelithic

time period spanning from about 200,000 o 2.6 million years ago. Humans used crude tooks also known as the early stone age.

Origins of the United Nations

- (UN) came into being toward the end of WW2 - It was a successor of the less successful League of Nations formed after WW1 - Built and Improved on original ideas. - Since its inceptions the UN has worked to bring countries of the world together for diplomatic solutions. to international problems. - It also initiated military action calling for peacekeeping troops from member countries to move against countries violating UN policies. - The Korean War was the first example of UN involvement in an international conflict.

Effect of the Viking Invasions on the Cultures of England and Europe

- 10th century vikings invaded northern France and became normans. -Originated in Scandinavia. Were accomplished seafarers with advanced knowledge of trade routes. - Overpopulation made them travel -8th-11th centuries they spread throughout Europe conquering and colonizing. -Invaded England in waves including there Anglo Saxon invasions that displaced the roman control. -Influence remained significant in England affecting everything from language, location names, government, and social structures. -900 vikings settled in Iceland then to Greenland and eventually North America. -Arrived in the New World even before the Spanish and British. -Traded with Byzantine empire in the 11th century.

Ottoman Empire

- 1400 Ottomans grow in power in Antolia and begun attempts to take Constantinople. - 1453 they finally conquered the Byzantine Capital and renamed in Istanbul. -The Ottoman Empire strength lay inits ability to unite widely disparate people through religious tolerance. - Tollerance stemmed from the idea that Muslims Christians and Jews were fundamentally related and could coexist. -They also believed in just laws and just government with the gov. centered in a monarch known as a sultan.

Significance of Christopher Columbus's Voyage

- 1492 Columbus obtained financial backing from King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain. - 3 ships the Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria he eventually landed in the West Indies. - He failed in his efforts to discover a western route to Asia he discovered the Americas.

Events and Key figures of the French Revolution

- 1789 King Louis XVI faced huge national debt convened with parliament. - The 3rd Estate (Commons) a division of the French Parliament then claimed power and the kings resistance led to the storming of the Bastille (the royal prison) - People established constitutional monarchy. - The King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette attempted to leave the country that were execute via guillotine. - 1793-1794 Robespierre and extrem radicals (the Jacobines) instituted a reign of terror executing thousands of Nobels as well as anyone else who was against the revoluton. Robespierre was then executed as well and the directory came into power leading a temporary return to the bourgeois values. -The governing body proved incompetent and corrupt allowing Napoleon to come into power 1799 first as dictator then as emperor.

KKK

- 1866 Democratic Confederate Army vets came together to fight reconstruction in the south placed by Republican President Abraham Lincoln. -They formed the group called the Ku Klux Klan. -Held white supremacist beliefs including anti-semitism, nativism, anti-catholicism and overt racism. -Relied heavily on violence -1915 they grew in power using the film called a birth of a nation to spread their ideas. -1920s the reach of the KKK spread far into the north and midwest and members controlled a number of state Govs. - Membership and power began to decline during the Great Depression

Transcontinental Railroad

- 1869 The Union Pacific Railroad completed the first section of the transcontinental railroad. This part was from Omaha Nebraska to Sacramento California. - 90% of the workers building the railroad were Chinese working in dangerous conditions for low pay. - With the railroad things were much easier to transport across the country. -It was harder for smaller family farmers though having to pay higher shipping costs for smaller supply orders while larger companies received major discounts.

Measures to limit Immigration in the 19th Century

- 1870 Naturalized Act - puts limits on US citizenship only to whites and those of African decent. -Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 taxed immigrants charging 50 cents per person. These funds helped pay administrative costs for regulating immigration. -Ellis Island - opened in 1892 as a processing center for those arriving in New York. - 1921 Emergency Quota act/Johnson Quota Act - severely limited the numbers of immigrants allowed into the country

Factors and Shifts in Power that led to the Korean War

- 1910 Japan annexed Korea and maintained their control until 1945. -After WW2 soviet and US troops occupied Korea w. the Soviet Union controlling North Korea and the US controlling South Korea. - 1947 the UN ordered elections in Korea to unify the country but the Soviets refused to allow them to take place in North Korea instead setting up a communist gov. -1950 the US withdrew troops and the North Korean troops moved to invade South Korea. - Korean War was the 1st war in which the UN or any international organization played a major role. - The US Australia Canada France Netherlands Great Britain Turkey China The USSR and other countries sent troops at various times. -1953 the war ended in a truce but no peace. Korea Remains divided.

Sequence of Events that led the US to Declare War and Enter WW2

- 1937 Japan invaded China prompting US to halt exports to Japan -General Tojo rose to power as the Japanese Prime Minister - Knowing US ability to halt Japans expansion so he authorized the bombing go Pearl Harbor Dec. 7th -The US responded by declaring war on Japan - Because of the Tripartite Pact among the Axis Powers Germany and Italy then declared war on the US later followed by Bulgaria and Hungary.

End of the Cold War and the Dissolution of the Soviet Union

- 1980s Mikhail Gorbachev led the Soviet Union and introduced a series of reform programs. - Ronald Reagan urged Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall as a gesture of growing freedom in the Eastern bloc and in 1989 it was demolished end the separation of east and west Germany. -The Soviet Union reliquished power over to the various republics of Eastern Europe and they became independent nations. -1991 the USSR was dissolved and the Cold War ended.

first and second phase of the industrial revolution

- 1st - took place from 1750 to 1830. Textile industry experienced major changes as more and more elements of the process became mechanized. Mining benefited the steam engine. Transportation became easier and more available as waterways improved and railroads became more prominent - 2nd - 1830 - 1910. Further improved in efficiency. New industries were introduced like photography, various chemical processes and electricity became more available. Potroleum and hydroelectricity became major sources of power. Industrial revolution spread out of Western Europe and into the US and Japan.

Acts of British Parliament that occurred after the French and Indian Wars

- 4 major acts -The Sugar Act 1764 - This act not only required taxes to be collected on molasses brought into the colonies but gave British officials the right to search homes of anyone suspected of violating it. -The Stamp Act 1765 - this act taxed printed materials such as newspapers and legal documents. Protests led the stamp act to be repealed in 1766, but the repeal also included the Declaratory Act which stated that Parliament had the right to govern the colonies. - Quartering act 1765 -This act required colonists to provide accommodations and supplies for British troops. In addition colonists were prohibited from settling west of the Appalachians until given permission. The Townshend Acts 1767 - These acts taxed paper paint lead and tea that came into the colonies. Colonists led boycotts in protest and in Massachusetts leader like Samual and John Adams began to organize resistance against British rule.

Role of a Cartographer

- A cartographer is a map maker. - They produced detailed illustrations of geographic areas to record various features in the area. - These illustrations can be compiled into maps, charts, graphs, and globes. - When making maps cartographers make note of distortion because the earth is round and they're drawing on flat maps. - Maps must be drawn in a way to minimize this distortion and maximize accuracy. - Accurately representing earths features on a flat surface is achieved through projection.

Planned Economy v. Market Economy

- A market economy (supply and demand) are determined by the consumers. - Planned Economy - a public entity or planning authority makes the decisions about what resources will be produced how they will be produced and who will be able to benefit from them. (meaning factories that produce such things are public entities not privately owned) - Market socialism the economic structure falls somewhere between the market economy and the planned Economy. (Planning authorities determine the allocation of resources at higher economic levels. While consumer goods are driven by market economy.

Effects of Decolonization on the Post War Period

- A rise of nationalism among European colonies led to many of them declaring independence. ---- India and Pakistan became independent of Britain in 1947, and numerous African and Asian colonies declared independence as well. -This period of decolonization lasted into the 1960s. -Some colonies moved successfully into independence but many, especially in Africa and Asia, struggled to create stable governments and economies, and suffered from ethnic and religious conflicts, some of which continue today.

Producer determining what consumers desire for their Products

- A successful market depends not only on convincing customers they need the product but marketing to those who already have a need and desire for the product. Before product release into the public many producers will test markets to determine which will be the most receptive. - 3 steps usually taken to evaluate a products market -Market Research - this involves researching a market to determine tif it will be receptive to the product -Market Surveys - a part of market research market surveys ask consumers specific questions to help determine the marketability of a product to a specific group. -Test marketing - this includes releasing the product into small geographical area to see how it sells.

Impact of Technological Advances in Navigation and Seafaring Exploration

- A warily of navigational tools enabled them to launch ambitious journeys over long distances. - The Compass and astrolabe were important. - Chinese navigators used magnetic compass in 200 BC and knowledge of the astrolabe came toEurope from Arab navigators and traders who refined designs developed by the Ancient Greeks. - Portuguese developed ship called caravel in 1400s that incorporated navigational advancements with the ability to make long sea journeys.

Development in Africa through the 11th century

- Africa was difficult to travel due to dessert and other terrains. - Egypt remained important. - Most of the Northern coast became Muslims armies spread through other areas. -Ghana rose as a trade center in the 9th century - the 12th century trading gold in exchange for salt. -Mali rose later with a trade center in Timbuktu became important exporter of goods like Iron Leather and Tin. Also dealt in agricultural trade becoming most significant trading center in West Africa - African culture was largely defined through migration as arab merchants settled on the continent (mostly the east coast) -Scholars from muslim nations gravitated to Timbuktu in additions was important to trade and became a magnet for those seeking Islamic knowledge and education.

Effect of the Arms race on Post WW2 International Relations

- After WW2 advanced nations particularly the US and the USSR wished to develop highly advanced weapons like the atomic bomb later the hydrogen bomb. -Both countries seemed to want to out space each other with the development of numerous deadly weapons. They were expensive and super dangerous and the war between the US and Soviet remained cold because of fear of the use of one of these weapons.

Us Perspective on the Progression of the Vietnam War

- After WW2 the US pledged as part of its foreign policy to come to the assistance of any country threatened by communism. -When Vietnam was divided into a communist North and Democratic west the eventual attempts of the north to unite the country under communism made the US intervene. - The Vietnam war was unpopular in the US and the US inability to achieve the coals it had set for the asian country. -When Richard Nixon took office in 1969 he escalated the war led protests at Kent state in Ohio during which students were killed by national guard troops. -Protests continued eventually resulting in the end of the compulsory draft in 1973. - Thats same year the south surrender and Vietnam became a country united under communism.

Human Systems that have Shaped Russia

- After numerous conflicts Russia became a communist state known as the USSR - Collapse of USSR in 1991 Russia has struggled to transition into a market driven economy. - Attempts to build a workable system has destroyed natural resources made problems with nuclear power (Chernobyl) -Russia needs to improve transportation and communication and find more efficient natural resources to make a better market economy. -Population not evenly distributed with 3/4 of the population living west of the Ural Mountains. - Over 100 different ethnic groups -80% of the population is Russian and the official language is Russian.

Political Development in India throughout the 11th century

- After the Maurya Dynasty the Guptas ruled India. MaitnIned a long period of peace and prosperity. -During this time Indian people invented the decimal system and concept of zero. - Produced cotton and calico as well as other high demand products in Europe and Asia. -Developed complex system of Medicine. -Gupta ended in the 6th century. - 1st the Huns invaded and then Hephthalites (asian nomadic tribe) destroyed the weakened empire. -14th century Tamerlane (muslim who envisioned restoring Genghis Khans empire) expanded Indian borders and founded Mogul Empire. - His grandsons Akbar promoted freedom of religion and built numerous widespread mosques forts and other buildings throughout the country.

The Gadsen Purchase and the 1853 Post-War Treaty With Mexico

- After the Mexican American war a second treaty in 1853 determined Hundreds of miles of Americas southwest Borders. -1854 the Gadsen Purchase was finalized giving more territory to the transcontinental railroad. - This purchase added what would eventually become the southernmost regions of Arizona and New Mexico. - The modern version of the United States was nearly complete.

Development of Chinese and Japanese Governments through the 11th century

- After the Mongols led by Genghis Khan and his grandson Kublai Khan unified the Mongol Empire China was led by the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) and the Machu (Qing) Dynasty (1644-1912) -Both were isolationists ending Chinas interaction with other countries until the 18th century. -Ming Dynasty was known for Porcelain and Manchus focused on farming and road construction. - Japan - Developed independently of China. Borrowed the Buddhist religion, Chinese writing system and other elements of Chinese society. - Ruled by a divine emperor -basically functioned on a Feudal system led by Dainyo or warlords and soldiers known as Samurai. -Remained isolationist not interacting up until the 1800s

Ways Agriculture Revolution Changed Society

- Agriculture began about 6,000 years ago when the PLOW was invented in Mesopotamia. -because farming was hard people gathered to make farming possible. Stable farming communities replaced groups of nomadic hunter gatherer human societies. -Society became dependent on limited numbers of crops as well as subject to vagaries of weather. -Trading livestock and surplus agriculture output led to the growth of large scale commerce and trade routes.

Ways Humans Modify their Surrounding Environment

- Agriculture led human societies to modify their environment for shelter and room to cultivate food and and to provide for domestic animals. -Clearing ground for crops, redirecting waterways for irrigation, building permanent settlement and creating major changes to the environment. -large scale agriculture leads to loose topsoil and damaging erosion. -large scale cities leads to degraded air quality, water pollution ( from energy consumption) -Environmental Policy - Laws passed to reduce human impact

Major Regional Native American Groups

- Algonquians - eastern US. Northern tribes lived on hunting and gathering, while those further south grew crops. - Iroquois - east coast tribe, spoke a different language from Algonquians, lived in long rectangular houses. - Plains tribes - lived between the Mississippi river and Rocky Mountains, were nomadic, living in teepees and following buffalo herds. Included the Sioux, Cheyenne, Comanche and Blackfoot. - Pueblo tribes - lived in the SW desert in homes made of stone or adobe. Domesticated animals and cultivated crops. Included the Zuni, Hope, and Acoma. - Pacific Coast - Tlingit, Chinook, and Salish lived on fish, deer, berries and roots. Lived in large family groups and used totems. - Far North - Aleuts and Inuit line in skin tents or igloos and were skilled fisherman, using kayaks or umiaks to hunt caribou, seals, whales and walrus.

Age of Exploration

- Also called the Age of Discovery. Began in early 15th century and continued into the 17th. - Age of exploration Developments include advances in navigation, mapmaking and shipbuilding. Led to European exploration of the rest of the world.

Provisions of the Commerce Compromise

- Also resulted in a north and south disagreement. - The norths economy was centered-around industry and trade. -The southern economy was centered around agriculture. -North wanted to give the government the ability to regulate exports as well as trade between states. -South opposed that. -In the end congress received regulatory power over all trade including the ability to collect tariffs on exported goods, - In the south this raised red flags regarding the slave trade as they were concerned on how it would effect their economy - The final agreement allowed important slave to continue for 20 years without government intervention -Import taxes on slaves were limited and in the year 1808 congress would decide to allow continued import of slaves.

Anti slavery Organizations

- American Colonization Society - Protestant churchs formed this group in order to return black slaves to Africa - American Anti-Slavery Society- William Lloyd Garrison quaker was the major force behind this group and its newspaper; The Liberator - Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society - This women only group was formed by Margaretta Forten because women were not allowed to join the Anti-slavery society formed by her father. - Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women - This group continued meeting even after pro-slavery factions burned down their original meeting place - Female Vigilant Society - this organization raised funds to help the Underground Railground as well as slave refugees.

TEXAS CULTURE - Houston live stock show and rodeo

- Americas largest rodeo. -held over 20 days from late feb to early march. -Begin with trail rides that start from several points throughout the state. All convene at reliant park for a BBQ and cook off -Includes typical rodeo events as well as concerts from music artists and carnival rides.

Role of the Middle East in International Relations and Economics

- Armenian genocide - from 1914-1918 the young turks, heirs to the Ottoman Empire slaughtered 800,000 - 1.5 million Armenians. This was half of the Armenian population of the time. - Russian purges under Stalin - scholars attributed deaths between 3-60 million both directly and indirectly to the policies and edicts of Joseph Stalins regime. This took place 1921-1953 - Rwandan Genocide - 1994 hundreds of thousands of Tutsi as well as Hutu who sympathized with them were slaughtered during the Rwandan Civil War. The UN did not act or authorize intervention.

Renaissance Artists Authors and Scientists

- Artists - included Leonardo Da Vinci (also and inventor) Michelangelo (also and architect) and others who had realism in their words. - Literature - major contributions came from humanists authors like Petrarch, Erasmus, Sir Thomas More, and Boccaccio (believed and should focus on reality rather than ethereal), Shakespeare, Cervantes, and Dante followed in their footsteps. - Scientific developments - Included works of Copernicus, Galileo, and Kepler (challenged philosophies of the day by proving the ear wasn't the center of the solar system.)

Holocaust

- As the German economy got worse they looked for someone to blame. - With the distrust of the Jewish people already ingrained it was easy for the Germans to use them as scapegoats for the German problems. - The final plan to deal with the Jews was devised millions of Jews, Gypsies, homosexuals, communists, catholics, and the mentally ill were transported to concentration camps during the war. - 6 million were slaughtered in death camps such as Auschwitz. There were horrible conditions and the torture of prisoners was common. - Allies were aware of the rumors but weren't sure if they were true. Thet realized when they went in to liberate the prisoners the true horrors of the camps were brought to light. - The Holocaust resulted in massive loss of human life as well as the loss and destruction of cultures - After WW2 the United Nations recognized genocide as a crime against humanity. -The UN passed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in1948 in order to further specify what rights the organization protected. - Nazi war criminals faced justice during the Nuremberg Trials. There individuals rather than their governments were held accountable for war crimes.

Communism v. Socialism

- At their roots communism and socialism both focus on public ownership and distribution of good and services. -Communism - works toward revolution by drawing on what it sees to be inevitable class antagonism eventually overthrowing the upper classes and the systems of capitalism -Socialism - makes use of democratic procedures building on the existing order. This was true of the Utopian socialists who saw industrial capitalism as oppressive not allowing workers to prosper. -Socialism struggled between the world wars but communism took hold especially in Eastern Europe.

Hittites

- Centered in what is now turkey - Their empire extended into Palestine and Syria -Conquered Babylonian civilization, but adopted their religion laws and literature. -Tolerated other religions and absorbed foreign god into their own belief system rather than forcing their own religion. -peaked 1600 - 1200 BC - Afer war with Egypt which weekend them they were eventually conquered by the Assyrians.

Geography and climate of Australia, Oceania, Antarctica

- Australia and Oceania present their own climatic combinations. - Australia only island on earth that is also a continent. - Australia has extensive deserts as well as mountains and lowlands. economy is driven by agriculture including ranches farms and minerals. - Steppes bordering extremely arid inland areas are suitable for livestick -only coastal areas receive enough rainfall for crops without using irrigation - Oceania refers to over 10,000 Pacific Islands created by volcanic activity. -Most have tropical climates with wet and dry seasons. - New Zealand boasts rich forests mountain ranges and relatively moderate temps including rainfall throughout the year Antarctica - covered with ice. supports scientific info. Supports wildlife such as penguins, little vegitation

Niccolo Machiavelli

- Author of the prince was proponent of politics based on power. often considered the founder or modern political science.

Market Economy

- Based on supply and demand. -Demand - What customers want and need as well as how much they're able to purchase. - Supply - how much can be produced to meet said demand or how much suppliers are willing to sell. -Market equilibrium - where the needs of consumers meet the needs of suppliers

Persian Wars: Battle of Thermopylae

- Battle during which 300 Spartans fought thousands of Persian soldiers in a narrow mountain pass - Days before Persia defeated the Greeks and took an evacuated Athens

Battle of the Texas Revolution

- Battle of Gonzales - where the "come and take it" flag originated resulted in a Texan victory. Kick started the revolution. -Battle of the Alamo - Texans held in the Alamo missionary for 2 weeks. Santa Anna defeated the 200 Texans defending the Alamo. "Remember the Alamo" would become a battle cry. -Battle of San Jacinto - April 21, 1836. Santa Annas army was surprised by Sam Houstons army who he thought was running away. Santa Annas army of 1,600 men were killed or captured by the 800 Texans. - Sam Houston native Virginian became president of the Republic of Texas for 2 separate terms 1836-1838 and 1841-1844. He was also Governor of the State of Texas

Battles of the Revolutionary War

- Battle of Lexington and Concord (April, 1775) first engagement of Revolutionary War - Battle of Bunker Hill (June, 1775) one of the bloodiest is of the entire war. American troops withdrew about half of the British army was lost. In August Britain declared that the American colonies were officially in a state of rebellion. - Trenton New Jersey; was first colonial victory Delaware River on Christmas Day 1776. Washington and his troops crossed the Delaware on Christmas Day 1776 for a Dec. 26 surprise attack on the British and Hessian troops. - Battle of Saratoga ended a plan to separate New England colonies from their Southern counterparts. Surrender of British general John Burgoyne led to France joining the war as allies to the Americans. (turning point of the war) - Yorktown - October 19, 1781, General Cornwallis surrendered after a defeat in the Battle of Yorktown. Ending the revolutionary war.

Factors effecting climate

- Because earth is titled its rotations brings changes in the season. -Areas closer to the equator and those near the poles experience very little change in seasonal temps. -Mid-range latitudes mostly experience distinct seasons. -Large bodies of waters also affect climate. Ocean currents and wind patterns can change the climate. -Mountains can affect both short-term weather and ling term climate. - Some deserts occur because precipitation is stopped by the wall of mountain ranges. -Climate patterns - can shift over time.

Early Leaders in the Women's Rights Movement

- Began in 1840s with leaders Including Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Sojourner Truth, Ernestine Rose, and Lucretia Mott. - 1869 Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony formed the National Womans Suffrage Association fighting for women rights to vote. - 1848 Seneca Falls/ 1st women rights convention was held with about 300 attendees - discussed the rights if women to vote (suffrage) as well as equal treatment in careers, legal proceedings, ect. -Produced a declaration a "Declaration n of Sentiments" which outlined a plan for women to attain the rights they deserved. -Fredrick Douglass supported the women rights movement as well as the abolition movement.

History of Texas

- Began in 1845 but settlement of the region dates back to the end of the Upper Paleolithic Period around 10,000 BC - History has been shaped by six independent countries: Spain, France Mexico, The Republic of Texas the Confederacy and the US. - 1820s America and European immigrants began arriving in the area joined by Hispanic Tejanos they revolted against a very culturally distant Mexico in 1836 in search of state freedom and defeated in invasion army led by Santa Anna. - After a decade of inpendance Texas Joins the Union (US) in 1945

Industrial Revolution - Effects of the Industrial revolution on society.

- Began in Great Britain in the 18th century. -Bringing coal and steam powered machines into widespread use. -Began a period rapid growth. Goods were now produced more efficiently in larger quantities in factories. -The focus shifted from agrarian based to industrial. - As electricity and internal combustion engines replaced coal and steam as energy sources even more drastic rapid changes occurred. - Western European countries in particular turned to colonialism taking control of portions of African and Asia to ensure access to the raw Materials needed to produce factory monopolies increasing world trade. -Developing large urban centers - Even agriculture changed fundamentally as the Industrial revolution led to a second Agricultural revolution with the new additions of new technology to advance agricultural production.

Progressions of the Crusades and Major Figures Involved

- Began in the 11th century and continued into the 15th. - Goal was to slow progression of Muslim forces into Europe and expel them from the holy land where they had taken control if Jerusalem and Palestine. - Alexius I (Byzantine Emperor) asked Pope Urban II for help when Palestin was taken. - 1095 in hope to reunite Eastern and western Christianity encouraged all christians to help. - Through bloodshed this crusade recaptured Jerusalem, but over the centuries the Holy Land changed hands several times. - Second Crusades (1147 - 1149) unsuccessful attempt to retake Damascus. - 3rd Crusade under Pope Gregory VIII failed recapture of Jerusalem. - 4th Crusade under Pope Innocent III attempt to come into the holy land via Egypt. Led to great power for the Pope and Catholic Church and spend numerous trading and cultural routes between Europe and the east.

Ancient Cultures in the Americas: The Maya

-Emerged in southern Mexico and northern central America - As early as 2600 BC - They also developed written language and a complex calendar.

Triangular Trade

- Began in the colonies with ships setting off for Africa carrying Rum. -Rum was traded for gold and slaves. -Ships went from Africa to the West Indies trading slaves for sugar and molasses or money. - Completing the triangle the ships returned to the colonies with sugar or molasses to make more rum. as well as stores of gold and silver. - Trade triangle violated the Molasses Act of 1733 which required the colonists to pay high duties to Britain on molasses acquired from French Dutch and Spanish colonies. -Colonists ignored these duties and the British giv. adopted a policy of salutary neglect by not enforcing them.

Black Codes and the Civil rights Bill

- Black Codes - proposed to control freed slaves. They wouldn't be allowed to bear arms, assemble, serve on juries, or testify against whites. Segregated schools and unemployed blacks would be arrested and forced to work. - The civil rights act countered these codes providing much wider rights for the freed slaves. - Andrew Johnson - became president after Lincolns death. Supported black codes and vetoed the Civil Rights Act in 1865. The second time congress overrode his veto and it became law. - 2 years later congress voted to impeach Johnson. He was tried and came within a single vote of being conivicted but ultimately was acquitted and finished his term in office.

Importance of the German Blitzkrieg to the Progression of WW2

- Blitzkrieg or lighting war consisted of fast powerful suprose attacks that disrupted communication and made it difficult for the victims to retaliate. -The blitz aerial bombing of England in 1940 was one example. -The Battle of Britain in 1940 brought intense raids by Germanys Air Force. Britains royal Air Force blocked Luftwaffe ending Germanys hopes of conquering Britain.

Alexander the Great

- Born of Macedon and tutored by Aristotle - Considered one the greatest conquerors in History - Conquered Egypt and the Achaemenid/Persian Empire (traveled as far as India and the Iberian Peninsula - Died from Malaria at the age of 32 - His conquering efforts spread Greek cultreinto int the east. -Empire fell apart because of internal conflict after his death - Trade between the east and the west increased as well as exchanged of ideas, belief that influenced both regions.

Spartens V. Athens

- Both Powerful City-States ____ and ____ fought each other in the Peloponnesian war (431-404BC) -Despite proximity both had contrasting cultures. - The ____ located in Peloponnesus. Ruled by an oligarchic military state. Practiced farming, disallowed trade for ___ citizens, and valued military and strict discipline. Known as the strongest military force in the area and maintained that statue for years. In one encounter a small group of spartans held off a huge Persian army at Thermopylae. - The _____ centered in Attica where land is rocky and unsuitable for farming. They descended from invaders who spoke greek. Their gov. was a democracy which was created by Cleisthenes in 508 BC. Excelled in art, theater, architecture and philosophy.

American Revolution v. French Revolution

- Both came about as a protest against excesses and overly controlling nature of their respective monarchs. America - the British colonies left mostly to self-govern until the British monarch began to increase control spurring the colonies to revolt. France - Nobilities excesses led to increasingly difficult economic conditions with inflation heavy taxation and food shortages creating great burdens on the lower classes. - Both led to the devlopment of republics to replace the monarchies that were displaced. French Revolution eventually led to the rise of dictator Napoleon Bonaparte while the American produced a working republic from the beginning.

Interior Lowlands of Texas (North Plains)

- Bounded by the caprock Escarpment to the west the Edward Plateau to the south and the eastern cross timber to the east. - Includes the North Central plains around the cities of Abilene and Wichita Falls and the Western Cross of Timbers to the west of Fort Worth and Grand Prairie and the easter cross timbers of east Dallas -35 - 50 inches annual rainfall -Gentle rolling hilly forested land is part of a larger pine hardwood forest of oaks hickories elm and gum trees. - Soils vary from coarse sands to tight clays or red bed clays and shales

Significance of French and Indian War

- British defeat of the Spanish Armada 1588 led to the decline of the Spanish power in Europe. This led the British and French into battle several time between 1689 and 1748 Wars: - King Williams War or the Nine years war -1689-1697 Fought largely in flanders - The War of Spanish succession or Queen Annes War 1702-1713 -War of Austrian Sucession or King Georges war 1740-1748 - French and Indian War 1754-1763 fought largely in North America. Resulted in the end of Frances reign as a colonial power in North America. The French held many advantagesincluding more cooperative colonists numerous Indian allies the strong leadership of William Pitt eventually led the British to victory. Costs incurred during the war eventually led to discontent in the colonies and helped spark the American Revolution.

Effects of the Missouri Compromise on the Tensions Between the North and South

- By 1819 the US developed a tenuous balance between slave and free states. 22 senators from each faction. - Missouri wanted to join the US as a slave state but it would tip the balance in congress. - To prevent the imbalance the imbalance the Missouri Compromise brought Northern part of Massachusetts into the Union as Maine. establishing it as a free state in order to balance. - The proposed Missouri constitution presented a problem as it outlawed immigration of free blacks into the states. -Another compromise was in order. Proposed by Henry Clay. according to this new compromise Missouri would never pass a law that prevented anyone from entering from entering the state

Significance of the Nicene Creed

- Byzantine Empire - Christian based but incorporated Greek language, philosophy and literature and drew law and government from policies from Rome. - There was as yet no unified doctrine of Christianity because it was a new religion which spread rapidly without a great deal organization. - 325 the First Council of Nicaea addressed this issue. - From this meeting came the Nicene ____ ____ addressing the Trinity and other basic Christianity beliefs. -The Council of Chalcedon in 451 further defined the View of the Trinity.

Major Characteristics of International Trade

- Can take advantage of broader markets bringing a wider variety of products within easy reach. - It can allow individual countries to specialize in particular products that they can produce easily like those who have access to raw materials. - Other products more difficult to make domestically can be acquired through trade with other nations. - International trade requires efficient use of native resources as well as sufficient disposable income to purchase native and imported products.

Effects of Population of a country on the Gross Domestic Product

- Changes in a nations population can effect the calculation of nations GDP particularly since GDP and GNP (Gross National Product) are measured per capita -If a countries economic production is low but the population is high the income per individual will be lower. Same if the population gross quickly and the income grows slowly. -Population growth can also overall effect economic growth. Economic growth requires both that the consumer purchase goods and workers produce them when population doesn't grow quickly enough will not supply enough workers to support rapid economic growth.

Influence of the Roman Catholic Church over Medieval Society

- Church extends significant influence politically and economically throughout medieval society. - Supplied Education -Church filled power void left by various invasions throughout the former Roman Empire. Leading it to a more political role than religious. - Kings were heavily influenced by the pope and ther church officials. - Churches controlled large amounts of land throughout Europe.

Policies and Legislation Enacted Expanding Minority Rights

- Civil Rights Act (1964) -Voting Rights Act (1965) - Age Discrimination (1967) -Americans with disabilities act (1990) Other civil rights movements included a prisoners rights movement, movement for immigrant rights, and women rights movements. (NOW) National Organization for Women established 1966 and worked to pass the equal rights movement. The amendment was passed. It was not enough states states ratified it for it to become part of the US constitution.

Coercive Acts Passed After the Boston Tea party

- Coercive acts passed by Britain in 1774 were meant to punish Massachusetts fro defying British Authority. The following are known as the intolerable acts: -Shut down port in Boston until the city paid back the value of the tea destroyed during the Boston Tea Party. - Required local gov officials in Massachusetts be appointed by the governor rather than elected by the people - Allowed trials of British soldiers to be transferredto Britain rather than being held in Massachusetts -Required locals to provide lodging for British solders any time there was a disturnbance even if lodging required them to stay in private homes. -These acts led to the assembly of the 1st Continental Congress in Philadelphia on Sept.5 1774. 55 delegates representing 12 colonies. They wanted to compromise with England over their increasingly harsh efforts to control the colonies.

Souther Colonies

- Colonies - Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia - Virginia was the 1st permanent English colony and Georgia the last. - Warm climate and rich soil encouraged agriculture; growing seasons were long. - because of this southern economies were based largely on labor intensive plantations. -Crops - tobacco rice and indigo valued cash crops. - Most southern lands were controlled by wealth plantation owners and farmers. - Labor came from indentured servants and slaves. - First African slaves arrived in Virginia in 1619

Middle or Middle Atlantic Colonies

- Colonies - New York, New Jersey, and Delaware. - Middle colonies founders were from various countries including the Netherlands and Sweden. - Various factors led these people to the Americas including more fertile lands the middle colonies became major producers of crops including rye oats potatoes wheat and barley. - Some wealthy inhabitants owned large farms or businesses. - Farmers were able to produce enough to sell.

How Communities Develop

- Communities or groups of people who settle together in specific area, typically gather where certain conditions exist these include: - Easy access to resources such as food and water and raw materials. - Ability to easily transport raw materials and goods such as access to a waterway -Room to house a sufficient workforce. -People in communities also tend to form groups with others who share traits similar to them such as common language, similar culture characteristics and religious beliefs. These factors will determine the overall composition of a community as it develops.

Types of interactions occurring between species in an individual Habitat

- Competition - Occurs when different animals either of the same species or of different species compete for the same resources. -Predation - Predation occurs when one species depends on the other species for food like a fox who subsists on small animals. -Symbiosis - occurs when two species exist in the same environment without negatively affecting one another.

Physical Geography and Climate of North Africa, Southwest, and Central Asia

- Complex geographical structure and climate incorporating seas, peninsulas, rivers, and mountains. -Earthquakes are common (tectonic plates remaining active in the area) -Much of the worlds oil lies in this area -Large rivers (Nile) follow a set pattern drought and extreme fertility.

Two phases of the Reformation Period

- Consisted both of the Protestant and the Catholic Reformation - Protestant - rose in Germany when Martin Lither protested avuses of the Catholic Church. John Calvin led the movement in Switzerland. King Henry VIII (England) made use of the reformations idea to further his political goal - Catholic - (counter reformation) occurred in response to the protestant. Lead various changes in the Church. Provided wider tolerance of different religious views, but others actually increased the persecution of those deemed heretics. -Reformation occurs due to abuses in the Catholic Church such as indulgences or religious offices being sold and an increasingly dissolute clergy. Politically reformation was driven by increased power of various ruling monarchs who wanted all power for themselves. They begun to risk at papal taxes and the churches increasing wealth. The idea of Protestant revolution removed power from the church and pope playing into the hands of monarchs like Henry VIII

Consistent scale maps and thematic maps

- Consistent map scale - the same scale such as one inch being equal to 10 miles used throughout the entire map. This is most often used for maps of smaller areas. Larger area maps must allow for distortion therefore it would be completely accurate. - Thematic map - constructed to show very specific info about chosen themes. Could represent political information such as how votes were distributed in an election.

Relief Maps

- Constructed to show details of various elevations across the area of the map. - Elevations would be represented by different colors - Often show additional details such as the overall ruggedness of smoothness of an area. - Mountains would be shown as ridged and rugged; deserts would be shown as smooth. - Elevation in relief maps can also be represented by contour lines or lines that connect points of the same elevation. -Some even feature textures, reconstruction details in a sort of mini model.

Human Systems Influencing Europe

- Contained wide variety of cultures, ethnic groups, physical geographical features, climates, and resources all of which have influenced the distribution of its varied population - Industrialized and developed with cultural differences giving each individual country its own unique characteristics. -Greek and Roman influences played major roles in European culture as well as christianity. - They spread their beliefs and cultural elements throughout the world by migration and colonization. -Influence on every continent in the world. - Western Europe largely democratic -Eastern Europe communist - The European Union (EU) has increased stability and positive diplomatic relations among European nations. -Now focused on environment issues

Climate in Texas

- Continental, Mountain, and modified Marine are 3 major climatic types of Texas with no distinguishable boundaries -Modified Marine dominates most of the state - Record high 120 degrees in Seymour August 12, 1936 -Most of Texas is under direct threat of drought, heat, hail, high winds, flash floods, hurricanes, and tornadoes

Types of plate boundaries

- Convergent boundaries - plates move toward one another. Known as continental collision. This can create very high and large mountain ranges (Himalayas and Andes) If one plate slides under the other its called subduction this can lead to intense volcanic activity (The ring of fire) - Divergent boundaries - plates move away from each other. This leads to rifts such as the mid Atlantic ridge and east Africas great Rift Valley. -Transform boundaries - slide in opposite directions of each other. Plates edges grind each other leading to earthquakes. Major fault lines including the San Andreas fault , lie along transform boundaries

Effect of Globalization on the Way Countries Interact with each other

- Countries often seek the same resources leading to a high demand for in particular non renewable resources. - This can result in heavy fluctuations of price. - Increased travel and communication make it possible to deal with diseases in remote locations however this makes diseases to be spread by travelers. - A major factor contributing to increased globalization over the past few decades has been the internet which allows instantaneous communication with anyone on the globe. This has led to interaction between far flung individuals and countries and ever increasing awareness of events all over the world.

Types of Projection used in Creating World Maps

- Cylindrical projection - Created by wrapping the globe in a cylindrical piece of paper then using light to project the globe onto the paper. The largest distortion occurs at the outermost edges. -Conical projection - the paper is shaped like a cone and contact the globe only at the cones base. This type of projection is must useful for middle latitudes. - Flat-plane projections - also known as gnomonic projection this type of map is projected onto a flat piece of paper that only touches the globe at a single point. Flat plane projections make it possible tp map out great circle routes or the shortest route between one point and another on the globe as a straight line.

Knowledge Economy and Possible Effect on Future Economic Growth

- Data - Intellectual Property - Technology, especially in the area of communications Information Age may prove to bring about changes in life and culture as significant as those brought on by agricultural and industrial revolutions

General Structure of Government Proposed by the delegates

- Delegates agreed for a strong central government. But not overall it should be limited. -The various branches of government should have balanced power so one group doesn't control the other. -Final power belongs to the citizens who vote people into office based on what provides best representation.

Initial Proposition and Draft of the Constitution

- Delegates of the 12/13 states (except Rhode Island) met in Philadelphia May 1787 -Wanted to revise the Articles of confederation, but quickly realized a revision wasn't going to work with a the governmental structure the new country needed. - They agreed to keep it a secret until it was completed. - The delegates sent out a draft that would eventually be the constitution. -By keeping it secrets the delegates were able to show the country a completed document ready for ratification rather than having every hammer out small details in the general public.

Human systems that have shaped North Africa, Southwest and Central Asia.

- Desert Climate has led to most of the population to center around sources of water (Nile River) -Home of the earliest civilizations origin of christianity, Judaism, and Islam. -Largely parceled out of European Colonies during the 18th and 19th centuries. -Beginning of the 20th century saw many of these countries gain independence. -Islam served as unifying force for large portions of the area and many speak Arabic. - Agriculture is a large business and oil is available resource. - Centuries of conflict led to ongoing political problems which have led to environmental issues.

Distribution Channels

- Determine the route a product takes on its journey from producer to consumer and it can also influence the final price and availability of the product. 2 major forms of distributions. -Wholesale -Retail -Wholesale buys in large quantities and resells smaller amounts to other businesses -Retailers sell directly to the consumers rather than to businesses.

Distribution of Income in a Society

- Distribution ranges from the richest to the poorest. -In most societies income in not distributed evenly - To determine income distribution family incomes are ranked from the poorest to the highest. -These rankings are divided into five sections called quintiles which are compared to each other. -The uneven distribution of income is linked to levels of education and ability in the upper classes but also due to other factors such as discrimination and existing monopolies - The income gap in America continually grows due to growth in the service industry changes in the American family Unitand reduced influence of labor. -Poverty -is defined by comparing incomes to poverty guidelines. these guidelines determine the level of income necessary for a family to function. -Those below the line are eligible for assistance from government agencies.

Ways Geographers Analyze Areas of Human Population

- Distributions of populations - cities towns or other areas where people have settled. Including neighborhoods, industrial areas, transportation and other elements important to population. - For Example they would map out locations of hospitals, airports, factories, police stations, schools, and housing groups. - They also make note of how these places are distributed in areas of habitations like a number of schools in a certain neighborhood or how many grocery stores are located in a specific area - Another area of study is the distribution of towns themselves from widely spaced rural towns to large cities that merge into one another to form megalopolis

Dorian Invasion

- Doesn't pertain to a specific group of people, but rather a hypothetical theory to the end of Mycenaean culture and the growth of classical Greece - Ancient traditions - "The return of Heracleidae" or the sons of Hercules - Still don't know who took out the Mycenaeans but believed to have occurred around 1200 BC - Along with the destruction of the Hittite culture (Modern day Turkey) - The Hittites tell of an attack by Sea People. - Only Athen was left intact

Industrial Activity Before and After 1800

- During the 18th century goods were manufactured in houses or small shops. -With the development of machines people were able to produce larger volumes of goods in a shorter amount of time. - Many numbers of increasing immigrants found jobs in these factories which were constant need of labor. - A major event was the cotton gin which significantly decreased the processing time of cotton and was a major factor in the expansion of cotton production in the southern states.

Effects of the Three Fifths Compromise and the number of representatives for each state.

- During the US Constitution debate the north and south debated how slaves should be counted when determine states quota representatives. -Southern states had large numbers of slaves on plantations and delegates wanted slave to be counted in order to determine the number of representatives but not counted to determine the amount of taxes each state should have to pay. - The northern states wanted the complete opposite of the deal - The final decision was the 3/5 compromise both for tax purposes and for representation.

Major Ideas of the Enlightenment

- During the enlightenment philosophers and scientists began to rely more and more on observation to support their ideas rather than building on past beliefs particularly those held by the church. A focus of ethics and logic drove their work. Rene Descartes - wrote "I think, therefore I am." believed in logic and rules of observation. David Hume - Pioneered empiricism and skepticism; believed the truth could only be found through direct experience. and what others said to be true was always suspect. Immanuel Kant - believed in self examination and observation and that the root of morality lay within human beings. Jean Jacques Rousseau - developed the idea of social contract that gov. existed by the agreement of the people and that the gov. was obligated to protect the people and their basic rights. His Ideas influenced John Locke and Thomas Jefferson.

Developments of the Scientific Revolution

- During the scientific revolution astronomers and other scientists began amass evidence that challenged church doctrines. - Nicolaus Copernicus - Wrote "On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres" argued the earth revolved around the sun. - Tycho Brache - catolged astronimcal observations - Johannes Kepler - defended the heliocentric theories of Copernicus and Kepler discovered four moons of Jupiter. died in house arrest by the church charged with heresy. Isaac Newton - Discovered gravity; studied optics, calculus, and physics; believed the workings of nature could be proven through observation.

Theory of Plate Tectonics

- Earths crust is made up of ten major and several minor tectonic plates these plates are the solid areas of the crust. -They float on top of earths mantle which is made of molten rock - Because a they float on this liquid they tend to move around creating major changes is the earths surface. -Changes happen slowly over time like continental drift. -Changes can also happen rapidly like earth quakes -Interaction between the different continental plates can create mountain ranges, volcanic activity, major earthquakes and deep rifts.

Physical Geography and Climate of Europe

- East and south have mountain ranges -North Dominated by plains -Some countries have long coastlines and island natures (Britain) meaning the climate is warmer. other lands of similar latitudes are warmed by ocean currents -Western Europe have moderate climate. -South dominated by classic Mediterranean climate. -Lost of natural resources -Numerous waterways -Industrialized and agriculture has been developed for thousands of years.

Importance of E-Commerce in todays Marketplace

- Ecommerce makes it possible for nearly any individual to set up a direct market to consumers as well as direct interaction with suppliers. - Competition is fierce . -E-commerce can provide nearly instantaneous gratification with a wide variety of products - Whoever provides the best product most quickly often rises to the top of a market place

Types of Money Available in the US and Economists Measure it

- Economists calculate the aunt of money available they must take into account other factors such as deposits in checking accounts, debit cards, and near moneys such as savings accounts. M1- Currency checkable deposits and travelers checks these are added up and then - M2 is calculated by adding savings deposits

Franklin D. Roosevelt

- Elected president in 1932 with the promise of a new deal. - His goals were to provide giv work programs to provide jobs safe and relief to workers. congress gave him almost free rein to produce relief legislation. The goals of legislation were: -Relief - creating jobs for the high number of unemployment -Recovery stimulating the economy through the national recovery administration -Reform- passing legislation to prevent future similar economic crashes

Iconoclasm and the conflict between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches

- Emperor Leo III ordered destruction of all Icons throughout the Byzantine Empire. - Images of Jesus and Mary were blasphemous and pictures were replaced with crosses. - Pop Gregory II called synod to discuss issue. -Declared the images were not heretical and those who destroyed them would be punished. -Leo tried to kill Gregory and failed.

Navigation Acts

- Enacted in 1651 were an attempt by Britain to dominate international trade. -Aimed largely at the Dutch. -Acts banned foreign ships from transporting goods to the British colonies and from transporting goods to Britain from elsewhere in Europe. - Restrictions angered some colonists it was helpful to other Colonists because they were legally able to provide ships for Britains growing trade interest and use the ships for their own trading ventures. - By the end of the French and Indian War 1/3 of the British merchant ships were built in the American colonies. Many became rich from ship building.

Equal Area Maps vs. Conformal Maps

- Equal area map - designed so that the proportional sizes of various areas are accurate. - Conformal map - focuses on representing the correct shape of geographical areas with less concern for comparative sizes.

Important Ancient Geographers

- Eratosthenes - lived in Ancient Greece and mathematically calculated the circumference of earth and the tilt of Earths Axis. He also created the first map of the world. -Strabo - wrote a description of the ancient world called Geographical in 17 volumes Ptolemy - primarily an astronomer was an experienced mapmaker. Wrote a treatise entitled geography which was used by Christopher Columbus in his travels

Erosion, Weathering, Transportation, and Deposition

- Erosion involves the movement of loose materials on earths surface. Including soil sand or rock fragments which can be displaced by natural forces like wind water ice and plant cover. - Mechanical Erosion - occurs due to natural forces - Chemical Erosion - occurs as a result of human intervention and activities. -Weathering - occurs when atmospheric elements affect earths surface. Water heat ice and pressure all lead to weathering. -Transportation - refers to loose material being moved by wind water and ice. -Deposition - is a result of transportation when material is transported it is eventually deposited and builds up to create formations like moraines and sand dunes.

Factors of Production and Costs of Production

- Every good and service requires certain resources or inputs. These INPUTS are referred to as factors of production. Every good and service requires 4 factors of production -Labor -Capital -Land -Entrepreneurship These factors can be fixed or variable costs. Examples of fixed costs would be land and equipment. Variable costs include labor. The total fixed and variable costs make up production.

Macroeconomics

- Examines economics on a much larger level than microeconomics. It looks at economic trends and structures on a national level. Variables studied in macroeconomics include: -output -consumption -Investment -government spending -net exports Overall economic condition of a nation is defined as the gross domestic product (GDP). GDP measures a nations economic output over a limited time period such as a year.

Classification of Various Markets by Economists

- Existence of competition? -Number and size of suppliers? -Influence of suppliers over price? -Variety of available products? - Ease of entering the market? - Once these questions are answered an economist can classify a certain market according to its structure and the nature of competition within the market.

Importance of the Yalta Conference and the Potsdam Conference

- Feb 1945 Joseph Stalin, Franklin Roosevelt, Winston Churchill met in Yalta to discuss the post-war treatment of the Axis Nations particularly Germany. -This meeting was called the Potsdam conference. Basic provisions of these agreements included: -Dividing Germany and Berlin into four zones of Occupation -Demilitarization of Germany -Poland remaining under soviet control -Outlawing the Nazi party -Trials for Nazi leaders -Relocation of numerous German citizens - The USSR joining the United Nations established in 1945 -Establishment of the United Nations Security Council consisting of the US, the UK, The USSR, China, and France.

Feudalism in Europe in the Middle Ages

- Feudalism - developed as way to ensure European rulers would have the wherewithal to quickly raise army if necessary. - Vassals - swore loyalty promised to provide militaries to their lords who in return offered a fief or land. - Vassals could work the land themselves or have serfs pr peasants do it for them. - Poor people were a little above slavery. - King legally owned the land. But in return promised to protect the vassals from invasion of war. -Vassals gave a percentage of earnings to their lords who intern gave a portion of that to the king. - Manorialism - feudal system was applied to a self contained manor. Manors often Owen by lords who ran them but were under the same loyalty and promises of protection that drove feudalism.

Development of Labor movements in the 1800s

- First Labor strike - a group of bakers held protests in which they stopped baking. - 1830s-1840s labor movement began in Bostons masons, carpenters, and stoneworkers. They protested the length of the workday fighting to reduce it to 10 hours. - 1844 group of women in the textile industry fought to reduce their workday to 10 hours. Forming the Lowell Female labor reform Association

First Established Europeans in Texas

- First established the main part of Texas were the FRENCH, but their colonial presence was short lived. - After exploring what is now the US French Nobelman La Salle returned with a large expedition designed to establish French colonies on the Gulf of Mexico at the moth of the Mississippi River. - Left France 1684 w four ships and 300 colonists. - Expedition plagued by pirates, hostile natives, and poor navigation. - They set up Fort Saint Louis of Texas. -La Salle leda group eastward on foot on 3 occasions to try and find the shortest route from Texas to the Mississippi River. During His last search his remaining 36 followers mutinied and he was murdered by 4 of them near the site of modern Navasota Texas. - The colony only lasted until 1688 when Karankawa natives massacred the 20 remaining adults and took the 5 children captive. -Search parties were sent to find anyone else alive but found no-one. -Even though they failed the French continued to claim Texas even after the Spanish arrived.

Battle of the Bulge

- Following the d-day invasion allied forces gained considerable ground and began a campaign to push through Europe. - Dec 1944 Hitler launched a counteroffensive attempt to retake Antwerp an important port. -The ensuing battle became the largest land battle on the wars western front and was known as the Battle of the Ardennes or Battle of the Bulge. - Lasted from Dec 16,1944 - Jan 25, 1945. - Germans pushed forward making railroads into Allied lands but the Allies stopped them. The Germans were pushed back with massive losses on both sides. This crippled the German army.

Different forms of unemployment

- Frictional - When workers change jobs and are unemployed while waiting for new jobs -Structural - when economic shifts reduce the need for workers. -Cyclical - when natural business cycles bring about loss of jobs -Seasonal - when seasonal cycles reduce the need for certain jobs -Technologies- When advances in technology results in the elimination of certain jobs.

Ancient India

- Gave Rise to Hinduism and buddhism - Practices such as yoga (still popular in the west.) - Literature from ancient _______ included (Mahabharata, Bhagavad Gita, The Ramayana, Anrthashastra, and the vedas) - Indo European languages including English find their beginnings in these ancient cultured.

Individuals who formed the first Administration of the New Government.

- George Washington - Elected as the 1st president of the United States in 1789 - John Adams - Finished second in the election and became the first Vice President. - Thomas Jefferson - Appointed by Washington as secretary of state. - Alexander Hamilton - appointed secretary of the Treasury.

Factors that led to the fall of the Western Roman Empire

- German tribes (including Visigoths Ostrogoths, Vandal, Saxons, and franks controlled most of Europe. -Roman Empire faced major opposition on that front. - Increasing size of Empire made it harder to manage, leading to dissatisfaction through out the empire as Roman gov. became less efficient. -Germanic tribes refused to adhere to the Nicene Creed. -Followed Arianism leading to Roman Catholic Church to declare them heretic. -The Franks proved a powerful military force in their defeat of the muslins in 732 --768 Charlwmagne became king of the franks -These tribes waged wars against Rome (including the invasions of Britannia by the Angles and Saxtons. -Rome lost control over this portion of the empire -soon Rome was invaded too

Human Systems East Asia

- Govs range from Communist to democratic with some with a mix of both. -Isolationism throughout the reds limits the countries contact with other nations. -Unevenly distributed population of East Asia consists of over one and a half billion people. -Widely diverse ethnic backgrounds religions and languages. -More live in Urban area than rural making a shortage of farmworkers. -Urban - Japan Taiwan and South Korea -Rural - China and Mongolia - Japan most industrial country in East Asia -Some areas are suffering from major environmental issues

Persian Wars - The Battle of Plataea

- Greek Victory - Greeks outnumbered the Persian - Ended the Invasion of Greece

Cause and Result of the War of 1812

- Grew out of tension between France and Great Britain . -Napoleon continued his efforts to try and conquer Britain while the US continued trade with both but favored the French. -Because Britain saw what was an alliance between the US and France they determined to bring an end to trade between two nations. - With the British preventing US trade with the French and the French preventing trade with the British, James Madisons presidency introduced acts to regulate international trade. -If either Britain or France removed their restrictions America would not trade with the other country. -Napoleon Acted first and Madison prohibited trade with England. England saw this as the US formally siding with the French and War ensued in 1812. - The war of 1812 has been called the Second American Revolution. It established superiority on the US naval forced and reestablished US independence from Britain and Europe. The British had two major objections to American continued trade with France. 1. They saw the US as helping Frances war effort by providing supplies and goods. 2. The US had grown into a competitor, taking trade and money away from the British ships and tradesman. - In its attempt to end American trade with France the British put into effect the Orders In Council which made any and all fence owned ports off limits to American ships they also began to seize American ships and and conscript crews.

Differences Between Cities in Various areas of the world

- Half of the worlds population live in cities. - Cities continue to grow more quickly in developed regions. - In developing or developed areas cities are often surrounded by metropolitan area made up of both urban and suburban sections. - In some places cities have merged into each there and become megalopolis - a single huge city. - Cities develop differently in different areas of the world. The area available for cities to grow as well as culture and economic forces, drives how cities develop. For example. North American cities ten to cover wider areas. European cities tend to have better transportation systems. In Latin America the richest people can be found in the center of the city while in America they are found in suburban areas. - In other parts of the world transportation and communication between cities are less developed. Innovations such as cell phones have increased communication even in these areas.

Physical Geography and Climate of South America

- High Mountains (Andes) -Wide Plains -High altitude plateaus - Climate zones are largely tropical with rainforests and savannas - Vertical climate zones and grasslands also exist

oCcurrences of WW2 that led to the Surrender of Germany

- Hitler violates non-aggression pact made with Stalin 2 years earlier by invading USSR -Stalin joins allies -Stalling Roosevelt and Winston Churchill planned to take out Germany first and then Japan thus ending the war. - 1942-2943 Allies drove Axis forces out of Africa - Italian campaign involved allied operation in Italy between July 1943- May 1945 including Italys liberation. -June 6 1944 D-Day allies invade France at Normandy -Soviet troops moved on eastern front at the same time driving German forces back by April 25 1945. Berlin was surrounded by soviet troops on May 7 Germany surrendered.

Human Systems that shape South America

- Home to 12 sovereign states including Brazil Columbia Argentina Venezuela and Peru. 2 independent territories and one internal territory. - Majority of South America speak Spanish or Portuguese -Originally dominated by native cultures then conquered by europeans. -South America have since gained independence but there is a wide disparity between various countries economic and political. - South American countries rely on only one or two exports one being agriculture because suitable lands are usually controlled by the rich. -Class separation economically and socially. -Challenges faced include geographical limitations, economic issues, and sustainable development.

Human Systems/ South Asia

- Home to first human civilization which grew in the Indus River Valley -Two major religions Hinduism and Buddhism -Parts of South Asia (India) were subject to British Rule and are still working to improve independent govs and social systems. -Culturally diverse with wide mix of religions and languages. -Many are farmers but many have found prosperity in high tech industries - Continues to face environmental social religious and economic challenges.

Attitudes toward Education in the Early 19th century

- Horace Mann - believed schools would help students stay out of trouble and help them become better citizens. - His common school journal brought his ideas of the importance of education into the public consciousness and proposed his suggestions for a more improve school system. - Increased literacy led to being up to date on current events; understanding of western expansion and other major developments. -Public interests in arts and literature also increased. - By the 19th century all children had access to free public elementary education.

Effects of Human Interaction and Conflict on Geographical Boundaries

- Human societies and communities have led to divisions of territories into countries and other various subdivisions. -Geographical divisions - occur through conflict between different human populations. The reasons behind these divisions include: -Control of resources -Control of important trade routes -Control of populations - Conflict - often occurs due to religious, political, language or race differences. Natural resources are finite and so often lead to conflict over how they're distributed among populations

Human Systems that Geographers Incorporate into the study of the earth

- Human systems affect geography in the way in which they settle for groups that grow into large scale habitations and even create permanent changes in the landscape. -Geographers study movement of people how they distribute goods among each other and to other settlements or cultures and how ideas grow and spread. -Migrations, wars, forced relocation, and trade can all spread cultural ideas language, goods, and other practices to widespread areas. -Human systems can lead to various conflicts or alliances to control access to and the use of natural resources

Aspects of Monetary Policy and the Role of the Federal Reserve system

- Implements all monetary policy in the US. -Monetary Policy regulates the amount of money available in the American Banking system. - They can increase and decrease the amino of money available for loans.

Development and Growth of the Chinese Empires

- In China history is divided into a series of dynasties. - The most famous of these dynasties would be the Han Dynasty. Existed from 206 BC - AD 220 Accomplished of the Chinese empire included -Building the Great Wall of China - Inventions including - paper, paper money, printing, and gunpowder - High level artistic development - Silk production Dynasties were comparable to Rome as far as artistic and intellectual abilities

West v. East 10th - Century Events

- In Europe 500-1000 AD known as the Dark ages. 10th century viking invasion disrupted societies settled under roman. By the 11th century11th century Europe rise again into the High Middle Ages w/ the beginnings of the crusades. -China - War raged. Led to Chinese making gun powder - Americas - Mayan empire was winding down. Toltec became more prominent. Pueblo Indian culture was also at its zenith - East - Muslims and the Byzantine Empire were experiencing significant period of growth and development.

Causes and Progression of the Russian Revolution

- In Russia rule lay with the Czars and overall structure was feudalistic. - Beneath the Czars were rich Nobels, landowners (land worked by peasants and serfs) - The Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) made conditions worse for the poor. - When peasants protested outside of Czars palace guards fired upon them. Demonstration was organized by Union leader and after violent response many unions and political parties blossomed and lead to many strikes. - When the economy stopped Czar Nicholas II signed a document known as the October Manifesto which established a constitutional monarchy and gave legislative power to parliament. - He violated the manifesto shortly after, disbanded parliament ignoring civil liberties granted by the manifesto. This led to the Bolshevik Revolution

Agriculture in the 19th Century - Technological Advances in Agricultural Changes

- In the 1800s irrigation techniques improved significantly. - Advances occurred in cultivation and breeding as well as fertilizer used for crop rotation. - In the great plains (Great American Desert) the dense soil was finally cultivated with steel plows. - 1892 gasoline powered tractors arrived and were widely used by 1900. - Other advancements - agricultural tools including barbed wire combines deep water wells and cream separator

Effects of Manifest Destiny on American Politics

- In the 1800s many believed Americans were destined by god to expand west. - With the Northwest ordinance and the Louisiana purchase half of the continent was under the US umbrella. - The relentless need for expansion brought conflict with the Native Americans, Great Britain, Mexico, and Spain. -One result of Manifest Destiny was the Mexican American War from 1846-1848. by the end of the war the United States owned Texas and California. - Conflict arose over the Oregon Territory shared by the US and Britain. In 1846 President James Polk resolved this problem by compromising with Britain establishing a US boundary south of the 49th parallel.

Development of Economic Trends as the US continued to Grow.

- In the Northeast the economy mostly depended on manufacturing, industry, and industrial development. - This led to discourse between the rich business owners and industrial leaders and the poor workers who supported their businesses. - The south continued to depend on agriculture especially on larger farms or plantations. - In the west where there were new settlements had begin to develop the land was wild. Growing communities were essentially agricultural; raising crops and livestock. -The differences between regions led to each to support different interests both politically and economically.

Development of the Byzantine Empire from the Roman Empire

- In the early 4th century the Roman Empire split. The eastern part becoming the Eastern Empire or the _____ Empire. - in 330 AD Constantine founded the city of Constantinople which began the ____ empire. -Major influences of the ____ Empire came from Mesopotamia and Persia - Western Empire - maintained traditions more closely linked to Greece and Carthage. - _____ positions gave over invaders from the west and east as well as control over trade from both regions. - Protected the Western empire from Invasion from the Persians and Ottomans and practiced a more centralized rule than in the West. - Famous for lavish art and architecture as well as the Code of Justinian which collected Roman Law into a clear system. -Fell to the Ottomans in 1453

Geography and Climate of East Asia

- Includes North and South Korea, Mongolia, China, Japan, and Taiwan -Minerals are plentiful but not distributed evenly throughout. -Coastlines are long -Population large farmlands sparse -Surrounding oceans a major source of sustenance. -has several climate regions -Ocean currents provide milder climates top coastal areas -Monsoons provide much of the rainfall. -Typhoons are common as well as earthquake volcanoes and tsunamis

Basin and Range Province of Texas

- Includes Sand Hills and Stockton Plateau, desert valleys, wooded mountains slopes nd desert grasslands -Extreme western Texas stretches west of the Pecos river beginning with the Davis mountains on the east and the Rio Grande to its west and south. -Trans-Pecos region is the only part of Texas regarded as mountainous and includes 7 named peaks in elevation greater than 8,000 ft. -Less than 12 inches of rainfall this area includes sand hills, desert valleys, wooded mountains slopes and desert grasslands. -Vegetation includes 268 grass species and 446 species of woody plants

unemployment and inflation

- Inflation - when demand outstrips the supply prices are driven artificially high. This occurs when too much spending causes imbalance in an economy or the economy is growing too quickly. -Unemployment rises as people lose their jobs. This occurs when an economy becomes sluggish. -Both of these things are caused by an imbalance between supply and demand.

Jacksonian Democracy v. Preceding Political Climate

- Jacksonian Democracy is seen as a shift from politics favoring the Wealthy to favoring the common man. - The right to vote was given to all white men and not just property owners. - Jacksons approach favored the patronage system, laissez-faire economics and relocation of the Indian tribes from the southeast portion of the country. - Jackson opposed the formation of Federal Banks allowed the Second bank of the United Stated to collapse by vetoing a bill to renew the charter. -He also faced the issue of the Nullification Crisis.

Benefit of the Emancipation Proclamation on the Unions military Strategy

- January 1, 1863 Emancipation proclamation freed all slaves in the confederate states that were still in rebellion against the Union. - Original proclamation didn't free any slaves in the states actually under union control. -Worked in the Unions favor as many freed slaves and other black troops joined the Union Army. -200,000 blacks fought in the Union -10,000 served in the Navy -By the end of the war over 4million slaves had been freed -1865 slavery was abolished in the 13th amendment to the constitution.

Incidents at Harpers Ferry and John Brown Role

- John Brown (an abolitionist) participated in several anti slavery activities including killing 5 pro-slavery men in retaliation. -He and other abolitionist also banded together to pool their funds and build a runaway slave colony. - 1859 Brown seized a federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry (Located west Virginia) -He intended to take the guns, ammunition, and lead a slave rebellion. -Robert E Lee captured brown and 21 followers who were tried and hanged. -Northerners tool the executions as an indication that the government supported slavery. -Southerners were of the opinion that most of the North supported Brown and were in general anti-slavery

Contributions of John Locke, Montesquieu and Rousseau to political science.

- John Locke - published "Two Treatises of Government" in 1689. This worked argued against the ideas of Thomas Hobbes (that people couldn't live peacefully without the control of the government) he argued that individuals were born with blank slates and that they were molded by experience. He also argued that all men should be independent and equal. Many of his ideas are found within the constitution. Montesquie and Rousseau - heavily influenced the French Revolution. Believed gov policies and ideas should change to alleviate existing problems (Liberalism). Rousseau directly influenced the French Revolution with writings like "The Social Contract" and "The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen" Other Rousseau Ideas: - Individual Freedom and community welfare are of equal importance. -Mans innate goodness leads to natural harmony -Reasons develop with the rise of civilized society. - Individual citizens carry certain obligations to the existing government.

Bolshevik Revolution - Factors Leading to the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917

- Lagged behind other countries in development -Continued existence in feudal system -Harsh conditions for most of the population - Lead to massive food shoratges -Tyranical rule of the Czars -Many losses of military conflict -Increased poverty -Decreased supplies -Czars violation of the October Manifesto

Maurya Empire

- Large powerful empire in India - One largest ruling empires to rule in India -existed from 322 - 185 BC - Ruled by Chandragupta Maurya after Alexander the Great left India. - Highly developed including standardized economic system, waterways, and private corporations - Trade with the greeks became common. Trade included silk, exotic foods, spices. - Religions included Buddhism and Jainism - Laws protected civil and social rights of the citizens - Laws protecting animals as well established protected zones for economically important creatures like elephants, lions and tigers. -Peacful period due to strong buddhist beliefs of many of the leaders - Fell due to weak leaders and taken over by Demetrius (Greco Bactrian king)

Ming Dynasty

- Lasted in China from 1368-1644 AD -Established by a Buddhist Monk (Zhu Yuanzhang) - Zhu became obsessed with consolidating power in the central gov. and was known for Brutality with which he achieved his ends. - During the Ming Dynasty China developed and introduced its famous civil service examinations and rigor tests on Confucian Classics. - The future of the ambitious youth dependent on this exam. - Capital transferred from Nanjing to Beijing during this time. -Forbidden city was constructed inside new capital.

Second Great Awakening

- Led by Protestant evangelical leaders. - Occurred between 1800 nd 1830 - Missions grew out out of the movement including American Home Missionary Society. Formed 1826. - Ideas focused on personal responsibility both as an individual and in response to injustice and suffering. - American Bible Society & American Tract Society provided literature while various traveling preachers spread the word. - Another associated movement was the Temperance Moment focused on ending the production and use of alcohol. -One major organization behind the temperance movement was the society for the promotion of temperance formed in 1826 in Boston.

Political, Social and Economic side effects of the Industrial Revolution.

- Led to widespread education and wider franchise and development of mass communication in the political Arena - Economically conflicts arose between companies and employees over struggle for fair treatment and wages. Unions gained power and became more active. Gov. regulations increased, simultaneously businesses fought for free enterprise. - Social; populations increased and concentrated around centers of industry. Cities became larger and more populated. Scientific advancements led top efficient agriculture, greater supply of goods and increased knowledge of medicine and sanitation. Leading to better health

Physical Geography and Climate of South Asia

- Longest alluvial plain (caused by shutting of flood plains of major river and river systems over time) - 3 major river systems in the Ganges, Indues, and Brahmaputra -Has large deposits of minerals including iron ore. -Holds Mountains, plains, plateaus and numerous islands. - Climates range from tropical, highlands, and desert areas. -Experiences monsoon winds that cause long rainy seasons

Geography and climate of Southeast Asia

- Luges largely on the equator -half of the countries are island nations - These countries include Indonesia, The Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand, Myanmar, and Malaysia. -Feature mountains tahat are part of the ring go fire (area where tectonic plates remain active leading to extensive volcanic activity as well as earthquakes and tsunamis) -Has many rivers and abundant natural resources including gems, fossil fuels, and minerals. - 2 seasons wet and dry. -Wet season arrives with monsoons -Consists of tropical rainforest climates - There are some mountain area and tropical savannas

Development of Political Parties in Early US Government

- Many in the US were against forming political parties because they had seen what the political parties were like in Britain who were more interested in personal profit versus overall good of the country. They didn't want this happening in the US. - Differences of opinion led to the formation of political parties. - Hamilton favored a strong central government and believed in a flexible approach when coming to the constitution. His party became the federalists. - Jefferson felt that more power should remain in the states and was in favor of strict constitutional interpretation. Those who supported Jefferson became the Democratic-Republicans.

Types of Consumer Behavior

- Marginal propensity to consume (MPC) - means that those who have greater income will spend more. If they get a raise or a better job they will spend more. -Utility - the ratification of a consumer when acquiring and using a good or service.

Market failure

- Market failure - when any elements for a successful competitive market are missing this can lead to market failure. 5 types of market failure -Inadequate competition -Inadequate information -Immobile resources -Negative externalities or side effects -Failure to provide public goods -Externalities are side effects of a market that addict 3rd parties. These effects can be either negative or positive.

marketing and utility

- Marketing - Consist of all of the activist necessary to convince the consumers to buy goods. -Utility - the ability of a product or service to satisfy the need of a consumer. 4 types of Utility: -Form Utility - a products desirability lies in its physical characteristics -Place Utility- a products desirability is connected to its location and convenience. -Time Utility - a products desirability is determined by its availability at a certain time. -Ownership Utility- a products desirability is increased because ownership of the product passes to the consumer.

Effects if US Cold War Foreign Policy Acts in the International Relationships

- Marshall Plan - This sent aid to war torn Europe after WW2 largely focused on preventing the spread of communism. -Containment Policy - Proposed by George F. Kennan the containment policy focused on containing the spread of soviet Communism. -Truman doctrines -harry S. Truman stated that the US would provide both economic and military support to any country threatened by soviet takeover. -National Security act- passed in 1947 this act reorganized the government military departments into the department of defense and create the central intelligence agency and the national security council.

Renaissance

- Meaning rebirth -After Dark Ages and Black Plague interest rose again in beliefs and politics of Ancient Greece and Rome. Art Literature music science and philosophy. - Many ideas began in Florence Italy 14th century spurred by the Medici family. -Education in upper classes expanded to include law, math, reading, writing. -Realism drove culture to new heights.

Mexican Texas

- Mexican Texas is the name given by Texas Historians to the brief period of 1821-1835 when Texas was a part of Mexico as part of the State of Coahuila y Tejas. - It begins with a Mexican victory over Spain for independence in 1821 and ends with Texas's Declaration of Independence in 1836 forming the republic of Texas. - The riot grande and south Texas have a turbulent history by local Mexican population on account of unitary and unconstitutional practices by the Mexican government. -North and East Texas remained largely in the hands of Native Americans who were hostile to the Spanish and the Mexican Rule.

Mexican-American War

- Mexico gained indépendance from Spain in 1810-1821 -Texas Gained independence after an 1836 revolution. -In 1844 President Tyler Annexed Texas in 1845 Texas Became a state -During the Mexicos war for independence the nation incurred 4.5 million dollars of debt to the US. Polk offered to forgive the debts in return for New Mexico and Upper California but Mexico refused. -In 1846 war was declared in response to a Mexican attack on American troops along the southern border of Texas. -Additional conflict arose in congress over Wilmot Proviso which stated slavery was prohibited in any territory the US Acquired from Mexico as a result of the Mexican American war. - The war ended in 1848

Factors that led to increasing discontent in the American Colonies

- More colonists being born in America lost kinship for far away British rulers and they became separated from the entity of Britain. -Colonist were allowed to self govern in domestic issues but Britain controlled international issues. -American colonies were largely left to form their own local government bodies, giving them more freedom than any other colonial territory. -This gave colonists a sense of independence which led them to resent control from Britain. -Threats during the French and Indian War led to the colonists to call for unification in order to protect themselves.

Muckrakers and the Progressive Movement

- Muckrakers - term used to identify aggressive investigative journalists who exposed scandals, corruption and many other wrongs in the late 19th century. Among these intrepid writers were: -Ida Tarbell - She exposed John D. Rockefelles standard oil trust - Jacob Riis - photographer he brought the living conditions of the poor in New York to the publics attention -Lincoln Steffens - He Worked to expose political corruption in municipal government - Upton Sinclair - His book the Jungle led to reforms in the meat packing industry. - Through the work of these journalists many new policies came into being including workmen's comp child labor laws and trust busting.

History of Islam and its Role in Bringing unity to the Middle East

- Muhammad born in 570AD began preaching 613. Leading his followers in a new religion called Islam (submission to Gods will) -Before this Arabian Peninsula was inhabited largely by Bedouins nomads who battled amongst themselves and lived in tribal organizations. -By the time Muhammad died 632 most of the Arabia had become muslim to some extent. -he conquered Mecca where the temple Kaaba had long served as a center of nomadic religions. Declared the temple the most sacred of Islam and Mecca the holy city. -His writing became the Koran or Qur'an Devine revelations delivered to him by angel Gabriel -His teachings gave the formely tribal Arabian people a sense of unity that didn't exist before. - After his death the converted muslims of Arabia conquered a vast territory. Created an empire bringing advances in literature, technology, science, and art. - Later in its development Islam split into two factions the Shiite and the Sunni. Conflict between these groups continues today.

Nationalism and its Effect on Society through the 18th and 19th Centuries

- Nationalism - strong belief in identification and allegiance to a particular nation and people. - Nationalistic Belief - unified varies areas that had previously seen themselves as fragmented which leads to patriotism and in some cases imperialism - As nationalism grew individual nations observed smaller states that shared similar beliefs. - Side effect of these nationalistic beliefs was often conflict and war. - Imperialism - led to countries spread to influence in Africa and Asia leading to Africabeing divided among several European countries that wanted the raw materials. - Asia also came under European control except China Japan and Thailand. -Manifest Destiny another example -Italy and Germany formed large nations from smaller ones.

Types of Monopolies

- Natural monopoly - a single supplier has a distinct advantage over the others. -Geographic monopoly - only one business offers the product in a certain area. - Technological monopoly - a single company controls the technologies necessary to supply the product -Government Monopoly - a government agency is the only provider of a specific good or service

Persian WarsThe Battle of Salamis

- Naval battle -Outnumbered greeks AGAIN -Greeks Win

Effects of New Laws on British- Colonial relations

- New laws after 1763 req colonists to pay money back to Britain - the british felt this was fair since colonists were British subjects and debt occurred while protecting the colonies - colonists felt this was unfair and illegal - Development of local government in American had given the colonists a different view of the structure and role of gov. -Made it difficult for the British to understand the colonists protest against what the British felt was a fair and reasonable solution to the mother country financial problems.

Colonial Government and British Government Differences that led to "No Taxation without representation"

- New towns another legislative districts developed in America colonist began to practice representative government. - Colonial legislative bodies were made of elected reps chosen by male property owners in the districts. -Britain - parliament represents the entire country. they are not elected to represent individual districts. They instead represent specific classes. - Because of the British different approach to gov. they didn't understand the colonists state that they had no representation in British Parliament.

Human systems that form the basis of cultures in North America

- North America consists of 23 countries including the US, Mexico, Canada, Guatemala, Cuba, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic - US and Canada support similar diverse cultures as both were formed from groups of native races and large numbers of immigrants - Many North American cultures come from mixtures of indigenous and colonial European influence. -Agriculture, service industry, and technology is important to North American countries. -North America supports high standards of living and development and supports trade throughout the world.

Major Events and Developments that brought the North and South into Conflict

- North and South conflict centered around slavery. - The huge plantations in the south ran on slavery to remain profitable. -They also became more dependent on cotton. - In the North a more diverse agricultural economy and the growth of industry made slaves rarer. - The abolitionist movement grew steadily with Harriet Beecher Stows Uncle Toms Cabin giving many ideas to rally around. - Colletions of anti-slavery organizations formed. With many people actively working to free slaves in the south and often times bringing them to northern states or Canada

Geographical terms referring to bodies of water

- Ocean - refers to the salt water that covers about two-thirds of the earths surface. - Ocean basin - named portions of the ocean. The five major ocean bases are the Atlantic , pacific, Indian, southern, and arctic -Seas -a re generally also Salt Water, but are smaller than ocean basins and surrounded by land. Examples include the Mediterranean Sea, the Caribbean Sea, and the Caspian Sea. -Lakes - bodies of fresh water found inland.Sixty percent of all lakes are located in Canada. - Rivers - are moving bodies of water that flow from higher elevations to lower. They usually start as rivulets or stream and grow until they finally empty into a sea or ocean. - Canals - such as the Panama Canal and the Suez Canal are man made waterways connecting two large bodies of water.

Earliest Civilization in China

- Oldest uninterrupted civilization in the world -The Neolithic age in _______ goes back to 10,000 BC with agriculture in ______beginning as early as 5,000 BC - Yellow river served as the center for the earliest ______ settlements -In Ningxia, in the northwest China there are carvings on Cliffs that date back to the Paleolithic period (indicating the extreme antiquity of Chinese culture) - Literature - analects, The Tao Te Ching

Objections against the Constitution

- Once the constitution was drafted it was presented for approval to the states. - 9 states needed to approve the document for it to become official. Objections: 1. There was no bill of rights to protect individual freedoms. 2. States felt too much power was being handed over to the central government. 3. Voters wanted more control over their elected representatives. - Federalists wanted a strong central government - Antifederalists wanted to prevent tyrannical government from developing if a central government held too much power.

Ancient Cultures in the Americas: The Anasazi

- Or the Ancestral pueblo people -Lived in SW United States -Emerging about 12,000 BC -Built complex adobe dwellings -Forerunners of later Pueblo Indian cultures

Kinds of Market Structure in an Output Market

- Perfect Competition - All existing firms sell an identical product. The firms are not able to control the final price. In addition there is nothing that makes it difficult to become involved in or leave the industry. - Monopoly - a single seller control the product and the price. Barriers to entry scubas prohibitively high fixed cost structures prevent other sellers from entering the market. -Monopolistic competition - a number of firms sell similar products but they are not identical, such as different brands of clothes or food. Barriers to enter are low. -Oligopoly - Only a few firms control the production and distribution of products such as automobiles. Barriers to entry are high preventing large numbers of firms from entering the market

Physical v. Cultural Geography

- Physical - the study of the physical characteristics of earth. How they relate to each other and how they were formed and develop. Characteristics include climate land and water and how they effect human population in various areas and determine characteristics of cultures. - Cultural geography - study of various aspects of physical geography and how it affects cultures. It compares cultures and how their lifestyles and customs are affected by their geographical locations as well as how they interact with the environment.

Political Science and its ties to other other Major Disciplines

- Political science focuses on studying different govs and how they compare to each other general political theory ways political theory is put into action how nations and governments interact with each other and a general study of governmental structure and function. - History - how historical events have shaped political thought and process - Sociology - the effects of various stages of social development on the growth and development of governments and politics. -Anthropology - the effects of governmental process on the culture of an individual group and its relationship with other groups -Economics How government policies regulate the distribution of products and how they can control and or influence the economy in general

Study and Quantification of Populations and PopulationGrowth

- Populations are studied by size - Rates of growth due to immigration and the overall fertility rate and life expectancy .

major Changes and events that took place in American during the 1920s

- Post war saw Americans moving from farms to cities. -The roaring 20s and the Jazz age were driven largely by growth in the automobile and entertainment industries -Charles Lindbergh the first aviator to make a solo flight across the Atlantic ocean -Telephone lines, distribution of electricity, highways, the radio and other inventions

Significance of the Articles of Confederation

- Precursor of the constitution -Represented the first attempt of the newly independent colonies to establish a basic government. - Continental congress approved the articles 11/15/1777 went into effect 03/1/1781 following the ratification of the 13 states. -Articles prevented the government from gaining too much power -Instead gave power to the congressional body made up of delegates from all 13 states - BUT individual states retained final authority - Didn't have a strong executive branch. This weak alliance among the new states proved ineffective in settling disputes or enforcing laws. - The idea of a weak central government needed to be revised this led to the new and improved constitution.

US Policy toward immigrants after WW2

- Prior to WW2 immigration was limited to 2% -After WW2 policy shifted to accommodate political refugees from Europe and elsewhere because of so many people displaced by the war. -1946 the UN formed the international refuge organization to deal with that problem. -1948 the US congress passed the Displaced persons act which allowed 400,000 European refugees to enter the US mostly concentration camp survivors and refugees from Eastern Europe. -1952 the United States Escapee Program (USEP) increased quotes allowing refugees from communist Europe to enter the US as did the Refugee Security Act of 1950 which allowed the deportation of declared communists and asians were subjected to quotas based on race. Later changes included -Migrational and Refugee Assistance Act 1962 - Provided aid for refugees in need -Immigration and Nationality Act- 1965 ended quotas based on nation of origin -Immigration reform and control act - 1986 - Prohibited the hiring of illegal immigrants but also granted amnesty to about 3 million illegals already in the country.

Major Elements of Marketing Plan

- Product - this includes any elements pertaining directly to the product such as packaging presentation or services to include along with it. -Price - this calculates the cost of production, distribution, advertising as well as the desire to profit to determine the final price. -Place - this determines which outlets will be used to sell the product whether traditional outlets such as brick and mortar stores or through direct mail or intent marketing. -Promotion - this involves ways to let consumers know the product is available through advertising and other means.

Policies of the Radical and moderate republicans

- Radical Republicans - wished to treat the south quite harshly after the war. - Thaddeus Stevens wanted the confederate states to be seen again as territories under military rule and territorial government before they were allowed to be readmitted. He also wanted to give all black men the right to vote. -Former confederate soldiers would be required to swear they had never supported the confederacy (Ironclad Oath) in order to be granted full rights as American Citizens. - The moderate republicans wanted only literate black men who'd served as Union troops tp be able to vote.All confederate soldiers except troop leaders would also be able to vote. Before Lincolns death he favored a more moderate approach to Reconstruction; hoping that this approach would bring some states back into the union.

Efforts in the US during WW1 supporting the war efforts

- Railroads came under gov control in December 1917 increased the efficiency of the railroad system and allowing the railroads to supply both domestic and military needs. -1918 telegraph telephone and cable service also came under federal control to be returned to private management a year later. -American Red Cross - knitted clothes for the army and nay troops Also helped supply hospitals and refugee clothing and surgical dressings. Over 8 million people participated in this effort. -To generate wartime funds the Gov sold liberty bonds.

Gulf Coastal Plains of Texas

- Range from the Gulf of Mexico inland to the Balcones fault and the Eastern Cross Timbers. -Stretches from Paris to San Antonio to Del Rio -Shows a large variety of vegetation - Thick piney woods of east Texas and the Brush country south of San Antonio - 20 to 50 inches of annual rainfall. -Windblown sands and dunes, grasslands, oak mottes and salt marshes make up the seaward areas.

Factors Leading to the Development of the Populist Party

- Recession struck in the 1890s with crop prices falling dramatically. Drought compounded the problems leaving many farmers in crippling debt. -Farmers Alliance - formed 1875 drawing the rural poor into a single political entity. - Knights of Labor formed 1869 by Uriah Stephens uniting workers into a union to protect their rights. Dissatisfied by views espoused by industrialists the farmer alliance and the knights of labor joined to form the Populist Party also known as the Peoples Party in 1892. -Some of the Parties platforms included: -National currency -Graduated income Tax -Government ownership of railroads as well as telegraph and telephone -Secret ballots for voting -Immigration restriction - Single term limits for president and vice presidents - The were in favor of decreasing elitism and making the voice of the common man more easily heard in the political process.

Factors that led to the growth of the civil rights movement

- Rosa Parks - often Called the mother of the Civil rights movement. Refused to give up bus seat to a white man. -MLK - best known leader of the movement. Drew on Gandhis beliefs and encouraged non-violent opposition. Led a rash on Washington in 1963 received the Nobel peace prize in 1964 assassinated in 1968 -Malcolm X - espousing less peaceful means of change, became a black muslim and supported black nationalism.

Persian Wars

- Ruled by Cyrus the Great -Ecompassed an area from the Black Sea to Afghanistan and beyond into Central Asia - Darius I became king in 522 BC after Cyrus died -Empire reach its smith during his reign -Darius tried to conquer Greece - 499 - 449 BC Greeks and Persians fought int he Persian wars. -The Peace of Callias brought the fighting to an end after the Greeks repelled the invaders.

First Continental Congress

- September 1774, delegates from twelve colonies sent representatives to Philadelphia to discuss a response to the Intolerable Acts and demand that they be repealed. - In response George III of England declared the American colonies must submit or face military actions. -British wanted to end assemblies that opposed their policies. -These assemblies started forming militias -April 19 1775 British soldiers were ordered to disperse an assembly. -Battle ensued Lexington Common as armed colonists resisted. -This battle became the Battle of Lexington and Concord the 1st battle of American Revolutions

Human Systems of Australia, Oceana and Antarctica

- South Pacific cultures originally migrated from Southeast Asia creating hunter gatherer or sometimes settled agricultural communities. -Europeans moved in later on seeking natural resources. -South Pacific islands remain under foreign control. -Cultures in the area are mixed modern, industrialized society with indigenous culture. - Population unevenly distributed because of uninhabited parts of the South Pacific and hot deserts of Australia -Agriculture drives the economy with tourism growing. -Antarctica remains the only continent unclaimed by any country. -There are no human habitations in Antarctica

Human systems / Sub-Saharan Africa

- South of the Sahara Desert, Africa is divided into a number of culturally diverse nations. -Uneven distribution of inhabitants due to geographical limitations. -AIDS a major plague killing millions due to restrictive beliefs that prevent education about disease. -Poverty and unsettled political situations which make it impossible to manage the AIDS pandemic. -Diverse due to migration. - Many people rely on subsistence farming -Starvation and poverty are rampant due to drought and political instability.

Physical Geography and climate of the southern portion of Africa

- South of the Sahara desert; high elevations ect. make it hard for any sort of settlement. -Dominated by plateaus -Mountain ranges and large Rift Valley in eastern parts of the country. - Sub-Saharan Africa contains lakes rivers and waterfalls. the area has tropical climates including rainforests savannas steppes and desert areas. -Main resources are minerals including gems and water.

Events Leading up to the Spanish American War

- Spain controlled Cuba since the 15th century. Over the centuries the Spanish had squashed many revolts. 1886 slavery ended in Cuba and another revolt was rising. - In the meantime the US had interest in Cuba. Offered Spain 130 million for the island in 1853 during Franklin Pierces presidency. -1898 the cuban revolt happened. -In spite of various factions supporting the Cubans the US President William McKinley refused to recognize the rebellion preferring negotiation over involvement in war. -Then the Main a US battleship in Havana Harbor was blown up killing 266 crew members. -The US declared war 2 ,months later and the war ended with Spanish Surrender.

Early 19th Century Texas

- Spanish position doesn't look promising. - Foreign encroachments Indian warfare and insurrectionary activity contributed to demographic and economic collapse. - In the end Spanish authorities authorized anglo American colonization in a effort to populate the area which produced a whole new set of problems for Mexican authorities who replaced them. - After the Louisiana purchase and the acquisition of New Orleans by the US American settlers begun moving westward into Mexican territory. -Some settlers were active filibusters who sought the long term annexation of the area by the US in 1812-13 -Gutierrez-Magee Expedition tried to separate Texas from the Spanish - As a result the Spanish gov in Mexico ordered the virtual genocide of the entire tejano-american population and anyone that helped them cutting the Texas population in half at the beginning go the 18th century

Texas in the 1820s and the 1830s

- The 1820s the population in Texas was very sparse. The Mexican gov. had a hard time getting Mexicans to the area. - So in order to populate the area Mexico sought settlers Europe and the US. -Mexico reached an agreement with Stephen F. Austin allowing him to bring several hundred families from the US known as "Texans " to the the region. -When Mexico abolished slavery some of the US immigrants refused to comply. this on top of complaints about tightening political and economic control over the territory by the central gov. in Mexico City expected the new comers to be Catholic even though the US immigrants were protestant. - Santa Anna abolished the Constitution of 1824 and sought a centralized national power in Mexico City. - This caused civil unrest in Mexico and stirred out emotions in the Texan settlers and local Tejanos leading to the Texas Revolution.

Beginning of Republic of Texas

- The 1st declaration of independence was signed in Goliad Dec. 20th 1835 - The Texas Declaration of Independence was enacted at Washington on the Brazos March 2, 1836 effectively creating the republic of Texas.

Influence of the American System on American Economics

- The American system set up tariffs to help protect American interests from competition with overseas products. -Reducing competition led to growth in employment and overall increase in American industry. - Higher tariffs also provided funds for the government to pay for various improvements. -Congress passed high tariffs in 1816 and also chartered a federal bank. -The Second Bank of the United States was given the job of regulating Americas money supply.

Tea Act that led to the Boston Tea Party

- Townshend acts were repealed after the Boston massacre but British kept tax on Tea -1773 the Tea Act was passed -This allowed the East India Company to sell tea for lower prices and allowed them to bypass American distributors selling directly to shopkeepers. -Colonial tea merchants saw this as a direct assault on their business. -December 1773 the sons of liberty boarded the ship in Bost harbor and dumped 342 Chest of tea into the sea in protest of the new laws. -This became known as the Boston Tea Party.

Britains Texation of the American Colonies After the French and Indian war

- The French and indian war created circumstances for which the British desperately needed more revenue. These Included: - Paying off the War Debt -Defending the expanding empire -GoverningBritains 33 far flung colonies including the American colonies. - In order to meet these needs the British passed additional laws increasing revenues from the colonies. Because they had spent so much money to defend the American colonies. The British felt it was appropriate to collect considerably higher taxes. The colonies felt this was unfair and many were led to protest the higher taxes. Protests eventually led to violence.

Roosevelts New Deal : The great depression

- The Great Depression began 1929 with the stick market crash, grew out of several factors that had developed over years including: - Growing economic disparity between the rich and middle classes with the rich amassing wealth much more quickly than the lower classes. -Disparity in economic distribution in industries -Growing use of credit leading to an inflated demand for some goods - Government support of new industries rather than agriculture -Risky stock market investments lead to the stock market crash. Additional factors include - Labor Day Hurricane in the Florida Keys. The Great Hurricane in 1938 in New England and the Dust Bowl in the Great Plains which destroyed crops and displaced 2.5 million people.

Indian Removal Act of 1830 and the Treaty of New Echota

- The Indian removal act of 1830 gave the New American government power to form treaties with Native Americans. - In theory America would claim land east of the Mississippi in exchange for land west of the Mississippi to which the natives would relocate voluntarily. - Many tribal leaders were forced into signing these treaties and relocation was often times forced. -The treaty of New Echota -in 1835 was supposedly a treaty between the US gov. and the Cherokee tribes in Georgia. - The treaty was not signed by tribal leaders but rather by a small portion of represented peoples. - The leader protested and refused to leave. But president Martin Van Buren enforced the treaty by sending soldiers. -During this forced relocation 4,000 Cherokee Indians died on what is known as the Trail of Tears.

People Indigenous to Texas

- The Pueblo from the upper Rio Grande region -The Mound Builder - of the Mississippi Valley Region - Pre columbian -n cultures of Mexico and Central American -Native American tribes that lived inside the boundaries of Present day Texas include Alabama, Apache, Atakapan , Bidai, Caddo, Coahuiltecan, Comanche, Cherokee, Choctaw, Coushatta, Hasinai, Jumano, Karankawa, Kickapoo, Kiowa, Tonkawa, and Wichita. - Not one culture was dominant in Texas region and many different people inhabited the area

Actions taken during the Roosevelt Administration to Prevent Future Crahes

- The Roosevelt admin passed several laws and established several institutions to initiate the reform portion of the new deal including: - Glass-steagal act - separated investment from commercial banking - Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) - helped regulate Wall Street investment practices making them less dangerous to overall economy -Wagner Act- provided worker union rights to improve relations between employees and employers -Social Security Act of 1935 - provided pensions as well as unemployment insurance

Spanish efforts towards Expansion during 1731-1763

- The Spanish set up missions and presidios -There are still missions and Presidios in present day San Antonia, La Bahia, Los Adaes, El Paso, Laredo, Nacogdoches and San Luis de las Amarillas - This initial expansions was met with immediate setback in 1718 War of the Quadruple Alliance in Europe in which France managed to briefly capture the capital of Texas Los Adaes which is in modern day Louisiana. - Because of Indian depredations the President of SanLuis De Las Amarilla had to be abandoned in 1770 after a period of economic inviability. -Spanish efforts to expand during 1731-62 were mostly failures except at La Bahia, San Antonio and Bexar. - Missions and Presidoes north of San Antonio failed

Major Regulations Regarding Labor After the Great Depression

- The Wagner act (1935) also known as the national labor relations act it established the union were legal protected members of the unions and required collective bargaining. This act was later amended by the Taft-hartley Act of 1947 and the Landrum Griffin act of 1959 which further clarifies certain elements -Davis Bacon Act (1931) - Provided fair compensation for contractors and subcontractors -Walsh Healy Act (1936) Established a minimum wage, child labor laws, safety standards, and overtime pay.

Goals of reconstruction and the Freedmen's Bureau

- The aftermath of the civil war the South was led in chaos. -1865-1877 gov. on all levels worked to help restore the south, ensure civil rights to freed slaves, and bring the confederate states back into the union this became known as the reconstruction period. -1866 congress passed the Reconstruction acts placing former confederate states under military rule and stating the grounds for readmission into the Union - Freedmen's Bureau was formed to help freed slaves with basic necessities like food and clothing and employment, finding family member who'd been separated during the war. -Many felt like the freedmen Bureau worked to se the free slaves against their former owners. -It was actually intended to help free slaves become more independent. -It eventually closed because lack of funding and violence from the Ku Klux Klan.

Circumstances of Lincolns Assassination

- The civil war ended with the surrender of the south April 9, 1865. - 5 days later Lincoln and his wife went to Ford Theatre. -John Wilkes booth who didn't know the war was over played his roll for the confederacy by shooting Lincoln. -He was then carried from th theatre to to a nearby house where he died the next morning. Booth was tracked down and killed by union soldiers 12 days later.

Kansas-Nebraska Act Trigger of Additional Conflict

- The creation of Kansas and Nebraska began another debate. - Popular sovereignty was allowed in these territories but slavery opponents argued that the Missouri compromise wouldn't allow slavery in that region. -In Kansas two separate governments arose one pro and one anti slavery. -Conflict between these two factions rose to violence leading Kansas to gain the Nickname of Bleeding State.

Trench Warefare and Its Use in WW1

- The fighting took place in a series of trenches built along eastern and western fronts. -Trenches added up to more than 24,000 miles - This produced fronts that stretch over 400 miles from the coast of Belgium to the border of Switzerland -Allies made us of straightforward open air trenches with frontline supporting lines and communication lines. -German trenches included well equipped underground living quarters.

Conditions that led to the Rise of the Nazi Party in Germany

- The great Depression - devastated germanys economy especially after the US was no longer able to supply reconstruction loans to help the country regain its footing. Unemployment, dissatisfaction with the government. Fascist and communist parties rose promising change and improvement. - Led by Adolf Hitler the fascist Nazi Party eventually gained power in Parliament based on promises and the votes of desperate German workers - When Hitler became chancellor he launched numerous expansionist policies violating peace treaties that ended WW1 -His military build up and conquering neighboring countries sparker aggression that led to WW2

Globalism

- The idea that the world is becoming increasingly interconnected.

Significance of Marbury v. Madison

- The main duty of the Supreme Court today is Judicial Review. - This power was largely established by Marbury v. Madison. - When John Adams was voted out of office in 1800 he worked in his final day to appoint federalist judges to the Supreme Court position. Knowing Jefferson (his replacement) held differing views. - As late as March 3 the day before Jefferson was to take office Adams made last minute appointments referred as the "Midnight Judges" - One of those late night appointments was William Marbury. - The next day March 4 Jefferson ordered his secretary of State James Madison not to deliver Marburys commission. -This decision was backed by Chief Justice Marshall who determined that the Judiciary Act of 1789 which granted the power to deliver commissions was illegal in that it gave the Judicial Branch powers not granted in the Constitution. - This case precedent for the Supreme Court to nullify laws it found to be unconstitutional.

Lewis and Clark Expedition

- The purchase of the Louisiana Territory doubled the size of the United States. -Thomas Jefferson wanted that area explored and map since most of it was wilderness. -He chose Lewis and Clark to lead the expedition into the Louisiana Territory

Geography

- The study of earth - Geographers study physical characteristics of earth along with man-made borders and boundaries. - They also study the distribution of life on the planet such as where certain species of animals are found and how different forms of life interact. - Major study of elements of geography include: -Locations -Regional Characteristics -Spacial relations -Natural and man-made forces that change elements of earth

Economics

- The study of the ways specific societies allocate resources to individuals and groups within the society. -*Important* are the choices society makes regarding what efforts or initiatives are funded and which ones aren't. - What goods are produced. -How those goods are produced. -Who acquires the goods or benefits from them. - Economics consists of two main categories: Macroeconomics which studies larger systems and microeconomics which studies smaller systems.

Gilded Age

- The time period from the end of the civil war to the beginning of the 1st world War is often referred to as the Gilded age or the Second Industrial Revolution - The US was changing from an agricultural economy to an industrial one. - The country was still expanding west. - This time period saw the beginning of banks, department stores, chain stores, and trusts. Cities grew rapidly and large numbers of immigrants arrived in the country.

Contributions of Ancient Greece that still exist today

- Theater—Aristophanes and other Greek playwrights laid the groundwork for modern theatrical performance. - Alphabet—the Greek alphabet, derived from the Phoenician alphabet, developed into theRoman alphabet, and then into our modern-day alphabet. - Geometry—Pythagoras and Euclid pioneered much of the system of geometry still taught today. Archimedes made various mathematical discoveries, including calculating a very accurate value of pi. - Historical writing—much of ancient history doubles as mythology or religious texts. Herodotus and Thucydides made use of research and interpretation to record historical events . - Philosophy—Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle served as the fathers of Western philosophy. Their work is still required reading for philosophy students.

Development of the Whig, The Democratic, and the Republican Parties

- Thomas Jefferson was elected president in 1800 and again in 1804. - The Federalist Party began to decline and its Major Figure Alexander Hamilton died in a duel with Aaron Burr in 1804. By 1816 the Federalist Party had virtually disappeared. -New parties started to take its place. -After 1824 the Democratic-Republican party suffered a split. -The Whigs rose backing John Quincy Adams and industrial growth -The New Democratic Party formed in opposition of the Whigs and their Candidate Andrew Jackson was elected as president in 1828. - By the 1850s issues regarding slavery led to the formation of the Republican Party which was Anti slavery while the Democratic Party with a larger interest in the South favored slavery. Leading to the two party system we see today.

Divisions of Geographical Study and Tools Used

- Topical - the study of a single feature of earth or one specific human activity that occurs world wide. -Physical - the various physical features of earth, how they are created, the forces that change them, and how they are related to each other and to various human activities - Regional - specific characteristics of individual places and regions -Human - how human activity affects the environment. this includes the study of political historical, social, and cultural activities.

Texas Towards End of 18th Century

- Toward the end of the 18th century Texas remained a sparsely settled territory. - It needed a heavy military presence because of the native Americans that resisted Spanish sovereignty in the region. - The crown wanted to continue settlement but bolstered only a small population, the population that remained was a mixture of hispanizeld Indians centered on the missions, Spanish and Mexican soldiers along with their families some various communities of French, Italian, German, and American settlers who assimilated in to the Spanish system. - 19th century Spain once again faced efforts from rivals now including the US to wrest from it important parts of its North American empire. -Relations with the US came dangerously close to war over navigation rights on the Mississippi and expansion of anglo American frontier settlements into the Spanish Florida. -Napoleons coerced acquisition of Louisiana and his sale of the territory to the US in 1803 left Spanish North America divided and vulnerable.

Developments in transportation

- Transcontinental railroad eventually allowed travel from one coast to the other. -Canals and steamboats simplified water travel and made shipping easier and less expensive. -The Erie Canal (1825) - connected the Great Lakes to the Hudson River. -Other Canals connected other major waterways further facilitating transportation and the shipment of goods. -Wagon trails developed as more people settled west. Including the Oregon Trail, California Trail, and the Santa Fe Trail. -The most common amongst these trails were wagons also known as prairie schooners.

Climates found in the High Latitudes

- Tundra - "marshy plain" the ground is frozen, cold winters little snowfall. During the short summers it becomes wet and marshy. Cannot grow crops in tundras but many plants and animals have adapted to these areas. -Taigas - lie south of tundra regions include large forest areas as well as swamps and marshes. Large mineral deposits exist here as well as many animals valued for their furs. In the winter they are colder than tundras and summers are hotter - Vertical Climate - exists in high mountain ranges. Increasing elevation leads to varying temps, growing conditions, types of vegetation, and animals and occurrence of human habitation often encompassing elements of various other climate regions.

Major Military Events of the War of 1812

- Two major naval battles at Lake Erie and Lake Champlain Which kept the British from invading the US via Canada. - American attempts to conquer Canadian lands were not successful. - The British invaded Washington, DC and burned the White House August 24 1814. - Christmas Eve 1814 The treaty of Ghent officially ended the War - Andrew Jackson was unaware the war was over and managed to achieve another victory at New Orleans on January 8, 1815. This improved American moral and led to a new wave of national pride and support known as the Era of Good Feelings.

Events that Led to the Vietnam War

- Vietnam had once been a part of a French colony called French Indochina - The Vietnam War began with the First Indochina War from 1946-1954 in which France battled with the Democratic republic ruled by Ho Chi Minh. - 1954 a sige at Dine Bien Phu ended in Vietnamese victory. - Vietnam was then divided into North and South sides. - Communist forces controlled the north and the south was controlled by South Vietnamese forces supported by the US. - Conflict ensued leading to another war. -Us troops eventually led the fight support South Vietnam. -War became a major political issue in the US. Many citizens protested US involvement. - 1975 south Vietnam surrendered and Vietnam became the Socialist Republic Vietnam.

Events of World War 1 in the European Theatre

- WW1 began 1914 with the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary) by a Serbian national. -This led to conflict between Austria-Hungary and Serbia which quickly escalated into WW1. - Europe split into Allies Britain France and Russia and later Italy Japan and the US - Versus Central Powers - Austria-Hungary, Germany, The Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria. - The war left Europe deeply in debt and devastated the German economy. -The Great Depression made matters worse and economic devastation opened the door for communist, fascist and socialist governments to take power.

Accomplishments of the LBJ Presidency

- Was Kennedys VP -Assumed the presidency after Kennedy assassination. -Supported the civil rights bills, tax cuts, and other wide reaching legislation that Kennedy supported. -Saw America as a great society and enacted legislation to fight disease and poverty, renew urban areas and support education and environmental conservation. -Medicare and medicaid was instituted under aministration -Continued Kennedys support of space exploration -handled vietnam war. -Started welfare in African American neighborhoods.

Human Systems- Southeast Asia

- Was colonized by European countries during the 18th and 19th centuries except Thailand. -All countries now independent but the 20th century saw numerous conflicts between communist and democratic forces. - Influenced by both Buddhist and Muslim religions. -Industrialization is growing and population from rural to urban areas. -Natural Disasters including volcanoes typhoons and flash flooding are common causing economic damage and societal disruption

Spanish Texas

- Was largely and effort by the Spanish Crown to keep its assets in the new world secure from the French in Louisiana - Because of this Texas was Sparsley populated. - Texas was spanish territory from 1690 the expeditions from the Governor of Coahuila to destroy the ruins of the French colony of Fort Saint Louis and establish a Spanish presence until the independence movements in 1821 which began to shatter the Spanish Empire resulting in the Mexican independence movement. - At this point in time Texas was apart of four provinces in the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Colonial Mexico): New Mexico Nueva Vizcaya, Nuevo Santander after 1749 it was joint jurisdiction with the province of Coahuila.

Major Events of WW2 that Led top the Surrender of Japan

- We continued with Japan after Germanys surrender. -Japanese forces took much of Southeast Asia and Western Pacific. -General Doolittle bombed several Japanese while American troops scored victory at Midway - Final blow the US dropped to Atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki - This was the first atomic bomb ever used in warfare. Japan surrendered September 2, 1945

Government dealings with Native Americans through the end of the 19th century.

- Westward expansion led to many conflicts with the native Americans such as the Battle of Little Big Horn. -1876 American Gov. ordered all Indians to relocate to reservations. -Lack of compliance led yo the Dawes Act in 1887: which ordered assimilation rather than separation. -Native Americans were offered citizenship and a piece of their tribal land if they would accept the lot chosen by the gov. and live on it separately from the tribe. -Act remained in place until 1934 -Reformers also forced Indian children to attend boarding schools where they weren't allowed to speak their native language and were immersed into a Euro-American culture and religions. -Children were often abused and indoctrinated in these schools to abandon their identity as Native American.

Alien and Sedition Acts

- When John Adams became president war was raging against the British and the French. - Adams the federalist backed the British. -Thomas Jefferson and the Republican Party support the French. - The United States almost went to war with the French during this time period while France worked to spread itself internationally with the influence under Napoleon Bonaparte - The Alien and Sedation Acts grew out of this conflict making it illegal to speak in a hostile fashion against the existing government. They also allowed the president to deport anyone in the US who was not a citizen and suspected of treason or treasonous activity. - When Jefferson became the 3rd President he repealed these four laws and pardoned anyone who had been convicted under them.

WW2 and the Ensuing diplomatic Climate that led to the Cold War

- With millions of military and civilian deaths and over 12 million persons displaced WW2 left regions of Europe and Asia in disarray. - Communist gov moved in with promises of renewed prosperity and economic stability. - The Soviet Union backed communist regimes in much of Eastern Europe. -China Mao Zedon led communist forces to overthrow the Chinese Nationalist Party and replace it with a communist gov. 1949. -New communist Govs restored measures of stability to Eastern Europe it brought its own problems with dictatorial Govs and oppressive police forces. - The spread of communism also led to several years of tension between communist countries and democratic west as the west fought to slow the oppressive regimes. - With both sides in possession of nuclear weapons tensions rose. - The standoff lasted until 1989 when the Berlin Wall fell. The Soviet Union was dissolved two years later.

Factors that led to the Boston Massacre

- With the passage of the stamp act 9 colonies met in New York to Demand its repeal. - Protests sometimes became violent targeting British officials. -Townshend act led to more tension. -British sent troops to New York and Boston. -March 5, 1770 protesters began to taunt the British troops throwing snowballs. -Soldiers responded by firing at the crowd. -Clash led to 5 deaths and 8 injuries and was named the Boston Massacre. -Shortly after the British repealed the Townshend Acts

Circumstances and Opportunities for Women During WW2

- Women served widely in the military during ww2 working in numerous positions including flight nurses corps. -Women moved the workforce while men were away at war. - Rosie the Riveter stood as a symbol of these women and means of recruiting others.

Bolshevik Revolution - Events of the Bolshevik Revolution

- Workers strike in Petrograd - set the revolution in motion when the army sided with the workers. - While parliament set up a provisional government made up of Nobels the army and the workers made their own government system known as the soviets. - Soviets consisted of local councils elected by the people. - The chaos opened doors for former exiled leaders like Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin, and Leon Trotsky to make a move for power and gain the support of the red guard. - Overthrowing parliament they took power creating communist Russia. - This led to the spread of communism throughout Eastern Europe and elsewhere greatly effecting diplomatic policies throughout the world for decades.

Origins and Basic Ideas of the Declaration of Independence

- Written by Thomas Jefferson -Signed on July 4 1776 - The Declaration of Independence stated that King George III violated the rights of the Colonists and was establishing a tyrannical reign over them. - Many of Jeffersons Ideas of natural rights were shaped by the 17th century philosopher John Locke. -Jeffersons asserted all peoples rights to "Life Liberty and the Pursuit of happiness. " Lockes comparable idea asserted "life liberty and private property" - Both felt that the purpose of gov. was to protect the rights of the people and that individual rights were more important than individuals obligations to the state.

Roman Empire and Republic

- began as a single town that grew out of Etruscan settlements and traditions. - Derived from the legend of the twin brothers Romulus and Remus who were raised by wolves. Romulus killed Remus and from his legacy grew ___ - 1000 years later the ____ covered a huge portion of the known world from what is now Scotland across Europe and into the Middle East - Hellenization - the spread of Greek culture. (Used a model to spread ___ culture.) -Brought in cultures belief systems and technologies sciences from conquered people into the ___ core. -Began as a republic. Ruled by consuls. - After the assassination of Julius Caesar it became an empire which was led by emperors. - Government was autocratic but local officials came from provinces where they lived

Middle Paleolithic or middle Stone Age

- begins appx. 300,000 BCE - sophisticated stone tools - hunting, gathering, ritual practices

Effect of the Black Death on Medieval Politics and Economic Conditions

- believed to be the bubonic plague. - Most likely came to Europe on fleas carried by rats on sailing vessels. - Killed more than a 3rd of the entire population of Europe effectively ending feudalism. - Peasants and serfs found differed work as demand for skilled labor grew. - Nation states grew in power and in the face of the pandemic many turned away from their faith and toward the ideals of Ancient Greece and Rome for government and other beliefs.

Significance of the Virginia Plan The New Jersey Plan and the Great Compromise

- disagreements immediately occurred between delegates of large states v. smaller states. - Virginia Plan - James Madison and Edmund Randolph (gov. of Virginia) felt that representation in congress should be based on the size of the state population. -New Jersey Plan - Presented by William Paterson from New Jersey proposed that each state should have equal representation. - Connecticut Compromise - ALSO called the great compromise. Similar to what have today. Each state has equal representation. Two Senators in the Senate with the number of representatives in the house of representatives based on population. -This is called bicameral congress, both houses may draft bills but financial matters must originate out of the Houde of representatives.

Technological Advances that occurred throughout the 1900s

- discovery of penicillin (1928) - supersonic air travel (1947) -Nuclear Power plants (1951) - Orbital satellite leading to manned space flights (sputnik 1957) - First man on the moon (1969)

Mycenaeans

- displaced the Minoans - Relied more on conquest than trade -The Mycenaean states included - Sparta, Athens, & Corinth - Included the Trojan war (recorded by homer) - Theorized that _____ populations were eventually destroyed in either a dorian invasion or attack by greek invaders.

Microeconomics

- focuses on economic factors such as the war consumers behave, how income is distributed, and output and input markets.

Popular Sovereignty and the Compromise of 1850

- in addition to the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions a 3rd group rose. They felt that each individual state should decide whether to allow or permit slavery within its own borders. - Popular Sovereignty - the idea that a state could make its own choices. -When California applied to join the union in 1949 the balance of congressional power was again threatened. The Compromise of 1850 introduced a group of laws to bring an end to the conflict. -Californias admittance as a free state. -The outlaw of the slave trade in Washington DC -An increase in efforts to capture escaped slaves. -The right of New Mexico and Utah territories to decide individually whether to allow slavery. -In spite of these measure debate raged each time a new state prepared to enter the Union.

Great Plains of texas

- include the Llano Estacado, the Panhandle, Edwards Plateau, Toyah Basin, and the Llano Uplift. - It is bordered on the east by the Caprock Escarpment in the panhandle and by the Balcones Fault to the southeast. - Cities in this region include Austin, San Angelo, Midland and Odessa, Lubbock, and Amarillo. - Nicknamed the hill country for the area of hills along the balconies Escarpment and is a transition area between the Great Plains and the gulf coastal plains. -15-31 inches of rainfall -Southern end of the Great Plains are gently rolling plains of shrub and grassland and home to the dramatic caporal canyons and the Palo Duro Canyon state parks. -largest concentration of playa lakes on the world on the southern high plains of Texas near eastern New Mexico. - Black land prairie were some of the 1st areas of farmlands in Texas.

Factor Income

- labor (earns wages) - capital (earns interest) - land (earns rent) - entrepreneurs (earn profit)

Significance of the Treaty of Paris

- signed Sept. 3 1783 - Brought an official end to the revolutionary war. -Britain officials recognized the USA as an independent nation -Established the Mississippi River as the country western border. - Also restored Florida to Spain while France reclaimed African and Caribbean colonies taken by the British in 1763 - 11/25/1783 the last of the British troops departed from the USA

Political motivation Behind France selling the Louisiana Purchase

- tensions were still high between Franc and Britain. -Napoleon still needed money to continue his war efforts. -To secure funds he sold the Louisiana territory to the US President Thomas Jefferson for 15 million dollars. -Jefferson wanted New Orleans feeling US trade was made vulnerable to Spain and France at that port. -The Louisiana territory was larger than all the rest of the US put together and eventually became 15 additional states. -Federalist were opposed to the purchase fearing it would extend slavery and further west would weaken the power of the Northern States.

Secondary Center of Colonial Power In Spanish Texas

- the secondary colonial power La Bahia (Present day Goliad) was the second oldest settlement. -Established 1721 at first at the site of La Salle Fort saint Louis then moved in 1749 to the San Antonio River where the presidio and missions had the task of guarding the Texas Gulf Coast against foreign encroachment -1803 the settlements population of approximately 618 soldiers and civilians continued to live under military jurisdiction.

Major elements of any map

- title - tells basic info about the map such as the areas it represents - legend - also known as the key, the legend explains what the symbols used on the map represent. - grid - most commonly represents the geographic grid system or latitude and longitude marks used to precisely locate specific locations - directions - a compass rose or other symbol is used to indicate thecardknal directions -scale- shows the relation between a certain distance on a map and the actual distance.

importance of an organism's ability to adapt

- when a species is relocated to another habitat it must adapt in order to survive if cannot adapt it will not survive

Tafts Dollar Diplomacy to International Theories

-During Tafts Presidency he instituted the Dollar Diplomacy which was Americas effort to influence the Latin American and East Asia through economic rather than military means. Taft saw past efforts in these areas to be political and warlike while his war efforts focused on peaceful economic goals. His justification of the policy was to protect the Panama Canal which was vital to US trade interests. -In spite of Taft's assurance that Dollar Diplomacy was a peaceful approach, many interventions proved violent. During Latin American revolts, such as thosein Nicaragua, the US sent troops to settle the revolutions. Afterward, bankers moved in to help support the new leaders through loans. Dollar Diplomacy continued until 1913, when Woodrow Wilson was elected president.

Provisions of the 16, 17, 18, and 19th Amendments

-16th 1913- Established a federal income tax -17th 1913 - Allowed popular election of senators - 18th 1919- prohibited the sale, production , and transportation of alcohol. This amendment was later repealed by the 21st amendment. - 19th 1920 - Gave women the right to vote.

Progressive Era

-1890s-End of the First World War. -Progressives set forth the ideology that drove many levels of society and politics. -They were in favor of workers rights and safety and wanted measures taken against waste and corruption. -They felt science could help improve society and that the gov. could and should provide answers to a variety of social problems. -They desired to improve society.

Significance of the 442nd Reginmental Combat Team, Tuskegee Airmen and the Navajo Code Talkers During WW2

-442nd regimental combat team consisted of Japanese Americans fighting in Europe for the US 93% of them died. -Tuskegee Airmen were African American aviators the first black Americans allowed to fly for the military. -Navajo Code Talkers - were native Navajo who used their traditional language to transmit information to allied forces. Because Navajo was a language and not simply a code the Axis powers were unable to translate it.

Effect of the Treaty of Paris on Native Americans

-After the revolutionary war the Treaty of Paris outline the terms of Surrender of the British to the Americans; granted large parcels of land to the US that were occupied by Native Americans. -The new government attempted to claim the land treating the natives as a conquered people. This approach proved unenforceable. - The gov. then tried to purchase the land from the Indians via a series of treaties as the country expanded west. -These treaties were not honored and Natives were simply dislocated and pushed further west often times with Military action.

Inventors from the 1800s

-Alexander Graham Bell - The Telephone. - Orville and Wilbur Wright - the airplane -Richard Gatling - the Machine Gun -Walter Hunt, Elias Howe and Isaac Singer - the Sewing machine - Nikola Tesla - alternating current motor - George Eastman - light bulbs motion pictures, the phonograph -Samual Morse - the telegraph - Charles Goodyear - vulcanized rubber - Cyrus McCormick - the reaper -George Westinghouse - the transformer; the air brake

Pieces of legislation passed as a result of the Civil RIghts Movement

-Brown v. Board of Education - Supreme Court declared "Separate but equal" accommodation and services were unconstitutional -Civil rights Act of 1964- this declared discrimination illegal in employment, education. or public accommodations. -Voting rights act of 1965- this act ended various activities practiced mostly in the south to bar blacks from exercising their voting rights. These included poll taxes and literacy tests.

New England Colonies

-Colonies - New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts. - Founded to escape religious persecution in England. - Puritan beliefs 1600s significantly influenced development of these colonies. - Northeast areas of America the New England colonies featured numerous harbors as well as dense forests. - Soil was rocky and had short growing seasons not suited for agriculture. -Economy centered around fishing shipbuilding and trade with small farms and lumber mills. - Life centered mainly in small towns and cities where merchants largely controlled the trade economies - Coastal cities like Boston grew and thrived.

Four major government actions that helped improve US Agriculture in the 19th century

-Department of Agriculture - came into being in 1862 working for the interests of farmers and ranchers across the country. -The Morrill Land Grant Acts - were a series of acts passed between 1862-1890 allowing land grant colleges - The Hatch Act of 1887 - brought agriculture experiment stations into the picture helping discover new farming techniques. - Smith Lever Act - provided cooperative programs to help educate people about food home economics community development and agriculture

Physical Geography and Climate of Russia

-Encompasses part of Asia and Europe -Largest country in the world -Has wide variety of climatic regions including plains, plateaus, mountains, and tundras -Climate is harsh -Frozen rivers most of the year -Siberia is dominated by permafrost -natives in this region follow hunting and gathering lifestyle. -Other areas include taiga with extensive dense woods in north central Russia and more temperate steppes and grasslands in the southwest.

Persian Wars: Battle of Marathon

-Greeks have bad odds, but the win because they have a good strategy. - Super outnumbered. -Greek forced somehow managed to achieve victory.

Major Cultural Movements of the 1920s Influenced by African Americans

-Harlem Renaissance - saw a number of AA artists settling in Harlem in New York. This produced well known writers including Langston Hughes, Nella Larson, Zora Neale Hurston, Claude McKay county Cullen and jean Toomer. - The Jazz Age - the growth of jazz -Big Band and Swing Jazz also developed in the 1920s

Presidential Candidates for the 1860 Election

-John Breckenridge - Representing the Southern Democrats was pro slavery but urged compromise to preserve the Union. - Abraham Lincoln - of the republican part, was anti-slavery - Stephen Douglas - of the Northern Democrats, felt that the issue should be determined locally on a state by state basis - John Bell - of the constitutional Union Party focused primarily on keeping the Union intact. - Abraham Lincoln won on both popular and electoral election. Southern states swore to secede from the Union of Lincoln got elected did so led by South Carolina. Shortly after the Civil War begins.

Major Characteristics of a developing nation

-Low GDP -Rapid growth of population -Economy that depends on subsistence agriculture -Poor conditions, including high infant mortality rates, high disease rates, poor sanitation, and insufficient housing -Low literacy rate - Developing nations often function under oppressive governments that do not provide private property rights and withhold education and other rights from women.

Growth of Civil Rights for African Americans

-Marcus Garvey founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL) which became a large active organization focused on building black nationalism. -1909 National Association For the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) came into being working to defeat Jim Crops Laws. They also helped prevent racial segregation from becoming federal Law, fought against lynchings, helped black soldiers in WW1 become officers and helped defend the Scottsboro boys who were accused of rape.

Climate Regions Found in the Middle Latitudes

-Mediterranean - occurs between 30 - 40 degrees latitude both north and south on the western coasts of continents. Characteristics include a year long growing season; hot dry summer followed by mild winters; sparse rainfall that occurs mostly during the winter months. -Humid-subtropical - Located in southeastern coastal areas. Winds blow in over warm ocean currents produce long summers mild winters and long growing seasons. These areas are highly productive and support larger part of the earths population than any other climate. -Humid-continental - The humid climate produces the familiar four seasons typical of a good portion of the US. Some of the most productive farmlands are in these climates. Winters are cold and summers are hot an humid. - Marine - found near water or on islands. Ocean winds make these areas mild and rainy. Summers are cooler but winters bring milder temps due to the warmth of ocean winds. -Steppe - or prairie climates are found far inland on large continents summers are hot and winters are cold. Rainfall is sparser. -Desert - occur where steppe climates receive even less rain. For example the Gobi desert in Asia as well as desert areas of Australia

Role of the Middle East in International's Relations and Economics

-Middle eastern countries - Europe and Asia have easy access to making it crucial in many international issues both diplomatic and economic. - because of its location its been a hotbed for violence since before the beginning of history. -Conflicts over land resources and religious and political power continue today. - Spurred by conflict and control of the areas vast oil fields as well as over territories that have been disputed for thousands of years.

Events of the Civil Rights Movement

-Montgomery Bus Boycott- after rosa parks refusal to give up seat and being tried and convicted a 381 day boycott ensued protesting segregation on public buses. -Desegregation of Little Rock- 1957 supremes court decision on Brown v. Board of education which declared separate but equal unconstitutional. The Arkansas school board voted to desegregate their schools. The Governor brought Akansas national guard to prevent 9 black students from entering central high school in Little Rock. President Eisenhower responded by federalizing the national guard and ordering them to stand down. -Birmingham Campaign - Protesters organized a variety of actions such as sit ins and an organized march to launch a voting campaign. When the City of Birmingham declared the protests illegal the protestors included MLK Jr. they were arrested and jailed.

Dred Scott Decision

-Scott was taken from Missouri (Slave State) traveled to Illinois (Free State) then to Minnesota (Free state according to Missouri Compromise) then his owner died - A Missouri slave sued for his freedom. -Claiming that his four year stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made free land by the Missouri Compromise had made him a free man. -The U.S, Supreme Court decided he couldn't sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen.

Major Events of WW1

-Sinking of the Lusitania - British passenger liner RMS Lusitania was sunk by German U-Boat 1915. 1000 civilian victims 100 were American. Pissed many Americans pushed for US involvement in the war. -German U-boat aggression- Wilson kept the US out of the war. While continuing to work toward an end of the war. German U-boats began to attack American and Canadian merchant ships carrying supplies to German enemies. -Zimmerman Telegram - interception of the telegram proposed for German alliance with Mexico if the US entered the war.

Geographical features

-Mountains - Elevated areas that measure 2,000 ft or more above sea level. Often steep and rugged, they usually occur in groups called chains or ranges. Six of the seven continents on earth have at least one range. -Hills- are of lower elevation than mountains, at about 500-2,000 feet. Hills are usually more rounded and are found throughout every continent. - Plains - are large, flat areas and are usually very fertile. The majority of earths population is supported by crops grown on vast plains. -Valleys - lie between hills and mountains. depending on their location, their specific features can vary greatly, from fertile and habitat to rugged and inhospitable. - plateau - are elevated but flat top. Some plateaus are extremely dry, such as the Kenya plateau, because surrounding mountains prevent then from receiving moisture. - Deserts - receive less than ten inches or rain per year. They are usually large areas, such as the Sahara desert in Africa or the Australian outback. - Deltas - occur at river mouths. Because the rivers carry sediment to the deltas these areas are often very fertile. - Mesas are flat steep sided mountains or hills. The term is sometimes used to refer to plateaus. - Basins - are areas of low elevation where rivers drain. - Foothills - are the transitional area between plains and mountains , usually consisting of hills that gradually increase in size as they approach a mountain range. -Marshes and swamps - are also lowlands but they are very wet and largely covered in vegetation such as reeds and rushes.

Role of the Federal trade Commission in Eliminating trusts

-Muckrakers such as Ida Tardell and Lincoln Steffens brought to light the damaging trend of trust. Huge corporations working to monopolize areas of commerce so they could control prices and distribution - The Sherman Antitrusts Act and Clayton Antitrust Acts set out guidelines for competition among corporations and set out to eliminate these trusts. -The federal Trade Commission was formed 1914 in order to enforce antitrust measures and ensure that companies were operated fairly and did not create controlled monopolies

Provisions and Importance of the National Origins Act of 1924

-National Origins Act placed limitations on immigrations. Amount of immigrants allowed into the country depended on the number of the population of each nationality of immigrants who were living in the country in 1890. - Only 2% of populations numbers were allowed to immigrate. -This led to disparities between immigrants from various nations and asian immigration was not allowed at all. - Fear of communism led to US fear of immigrants

North vs. South in the Civil War

-Northern Advantages -Larger population - the North consisted of 24 states while the South had 11 - Better transportation and finances with railroads primarily in the North, supply chains were much more dependable as were overseas trade. -Raw materials - the north held of Americas gold as well as iron, copper and other minerals vital to wartime. -Southern Advantages -Better trained military officers- many of the southern officers were West Point trained and had commanded in the Mexican and Indian wars. -Familiarity with weapons - the climate and lifestyle of the south meant most of the people were experienced with both guns and horses. The industrial north had less extensive experience. -Defensive position - the south felt that victory was guaranteed since they were protecting their own lands while the north would be invading -Well defined goals- the south fought an ideological war to be allowed to govern themselves and preserve their way of life. The north originally fought to preserve the Union and later to free the slaves.

Geography of Texas

-Occupying about 7% of the total water and land area of the U.S., - it is the second largest state after Alaska - Southernmost part of the Great Plains. Texas is in the south-central part of the United States of America, - considered to form part of both the U.S. South and Southwest. -The Rio Grande, Red and Sabine Rivers all provide natural state lines where Texas borders Oklahoma on the north, Louisiana and Arkansas on the east, New Mexico on the west. - Austin is the State Capital farther south than any other state Capital. (With the exception of Honolulu -Residents are seperated into North East Central South and West Texas. -Has 4 major physical regions - The gulf coastal plains, Interior lowlands, Great Plains, and Basin and Range Province. - 10 climatic regions 14 soil regions and 11 distinct ecological regions. - Geographic center of Texas is 15 miles northeast of Brady in Northern McCulloh County -Guadalupe Peak at 8,749 above sea level (Highest point in Texas) -The lowest being sea level where Texas meets the Gulf of Mexico - 5 state forests and 120 state parks for a total of 605,00 acres. -3,700 named streams and 15 major rivers flowing through 191,000 miles of Texas

Ancient Cultures in the Americas : The Norte Chico Civilization

-Peru agricultural society -Made up to 30 individual communities -existed 5,000 years ago -known as the caral sure civilization -oldest known civilization in the americas.

Influence of Wilsons 14 points in the Final Peace treaties that ended WW1

-President Woodrow Wilson proposed 14 points as the basis for a peace settlement to end the war. The 14 points included - 5 points outlining general ideals -8points to resolve immediate problems of political and territorial nature -One point proposing an organization of nations (The League of Nations) with the intent of maintaining world peace. -Nov Germany agreed to an armistice assuming the final treaty would be based on the 14 points. During the conference in Paris 1919 there was a lot of disagreement leading to finally agree to punish Germany and other central powers much more than originally intended. Henry cabot lodge became the foreign relations committee chairman in 1918 and wanted unconditional surrender from Germany and was concerned about the article in the treaty of Versailles that gave the league of nations power to declare war without a vote from US congress. The senate rejected the treaty and the US didn't join the league of nations

Oldest and Largest Colonial Texas Community

-San Antonio de Bexar - oldest and largest of colonial Texas. It had evolved from a presidio mission complex to the first chartered municipality to finally the provincial capital its 2,000 settlers were made of Mexicans from Coahuila, Nuevo Leon ect. - After the US bought the Louisianna territory reinforcement of the Spanish military presence in Texas resulted in the transfer of the second flying company of San Carlos to San Antonio where it was headquartered in 1803 at Sa Antonio mission which had been closed. - Other units from Nuevo Santander and Nuevo Leon swelled the population to over 3,000 by 1810

Legacies of Spanish Texas

-Spanish occupation of Texas lasted 105 years. - The use of Spanish named of towns cities counties and geographic features in Texas - San Antonio (one of the first settlements) is one of the 10 largest cities in the US - 42 of the 254 counties inTexas bear either Hispanic names Anglicized derivation like Galveston or a misspelling like Uvalde. -The names of physiographical features like Llano Estacado, Guadalupe Mountains, Padre Island serving as a reminder of Spanish explorers and conquistadors. - Spanish Introduced numerous crops, irrigation at San Antonio and other mission sites as well as livestock handling techniques. - Farming was expanded and improved by Spanish Missionaries. - Restored missions at San Antonio and Golliad still stand as monuments to the Franciscans who brought the mantle of Christianity to Texas natives

Well-known Native Americans

-Squanto, Algonquian Helped early English settlers survive the hard winter by teaching them native methods of planting corn squash and pumpkins. -Pocahontas - Algonquian became famous as a liaison with John Smiths Jamestown colony 1607 -Sacagawea - Shoshone served a vital role in the lewis and clark expedition when the two explorers hired her as their guide in 1805 -Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull - Led Sioux and Cheyenne troops in the battle of the Little Bighorn in 1876 soundly defeating George Armstrong Custer -Chief Joseph- leader of the New Peace who supported peaceful interaction with white settlers attempted to relocate his tribe to Canada rather than move them to a reservation.

Ecology

-Study of the way living creatures interact with their environment -Biogeography -explores the way physical features of earth affect living creatures - Ecology - bases its studies on 3 different levels of the environment: -Ecosystems - this is a specific physical environment and all organisms that live there. -Biome - a group of ecosystems usually consisting of a large area with similar flora and fauna as well as similar climate and soil. Ex. deserts, tropical rainforests, taigas, tundras. -Habitat - this is an area in which specific species usually live. The habitat includes the necessary soil water and resources for that particular species as well as predators and other species that compete for the same resources.

Role of Native Americans in Wartime Through the Beginning of the 20th Century

-The Spanish American War- 1898 Saw a number of native Americans serving under teddy Roosevelt in the Rough Riders. -Apache Scouts accompanied General John J. Pershing to Mexico to find Pancho Villa -More than 17,000 Natives were drafted into service for WW1 though at the time they weren't considered legal citizens -1924 natives were finally considered legal citizens by the Indian Citizenship Act

Wilson Approach to the International Diplomacy

-Turned away from tarts dollar diplomacy -Wilson instituted a foreign policy he called Moral Diplomacy. This still influences American foreign policy today. -He Felt that representative government and Democracy in all countries would lead to worldwide stability. -Democratic Govs. would less likely to threaten American interests. He also saw the US and Great Britain as the role models in this area as well as champions of the world peace and self governments. Free trade and international commerce would allow the US to speak out regarding world events Main Elements of Wilsons policies: -Maintainging a strong military -promoting democracy throughout the world -expanding international trade to boost the American economy.

Origins of the Red Scare

-WW1 created many jobs but after the war the jobs were gone. - In the wake of unemployment changes the International Workers of the World and the Socialist party headed by Eugene Debs became more visible. - Workers began to participate in strikes in order to get the favorable working conditions they had before. - The strikes became violent and the actions were blamed on the "reds" or communists for trying to spread their views in America

Panic of 1893

-Was an economic crisis that affected most of the globe. -President Grover Cleveland repealed the Sherman Silver Purchase Act afraid it had caused downturn rather than boosting the economy as intended. -Panic led to bankruptcies with banks and railroads going under the factory unemployment rising as high as 25%. -Republican Party regained power due to the economic crisis.

Specific Types of Map Projections

-Wrinkle triple projection - most common projection. Used for world maps since it was accepted in 1998 by the national geographic society as standard. It balances size and shape greatly reducing distortion Robinson projections - east and west sections of the map are less distorted but continental shapes are somewhat inaccurate

Types of Inflation

-creeping inflation - inflation rate of about 1-3 percent annually -Walking inflation - inflation rate of 3-10 percent -Galloping inflation - this is a high inflation rate of more than 10% but less than 1,000 % - Hyperinflation - inflation rate of over 1,000% per year. This usually leads to complete monetary collapse in a society as individuals cannot generate sufficient income to purchase necessary goods.

Kushites

1. Kush, or Cush, was located in Nubia, 2. South of ancient Egypt, 3. The earliest existing records of this civilization were found in Egyptian texts. 4. At one time was the largest empire on the Nile River, ruling not only Nubia but Upper and LowerEgypt as well. 5. In Neolithic times, Kushites lived in villages, with buildings made of mud bricks. They were settled rather than nomadic and practiced hunting and fishing, cultivated grain, and also herded cattle. 6. Kerma, the capital, was a major center of trade. 7. Kush determined leadership through matrilineal descent-of their kings, as did Egypt. 8. Their heads of state, the Kandake or Kentake, were female. 9. Their polytheistic religion included the primary Egyptian gods as well as regional gods, including a lion-headed god, which is commonly found in African cultures. 10. Kush was conquered by the Aksumite Empirein the 4thcentury AD.

Minoans

1. lived on the island of Crete, just off the coast of Greece. 2. This civilization reigned from approximately 4000 to 1400 BC and is considered to be the first advanced civilization in Europe. 3. developed writing systems known to linguists as Linear A and Linear B. Linear A has not yet been translated; Linear B evolved into classical Greek script. 4. is not the name they used for themselves but is instead a variation on the name of King Minos, a king in Greek mythology believed by some to have been a denizen of Crete. 5. civilization subsisted on trade, and their way of life was often disrupted by earthquakes and volcanoes. 6. Much is still unknown about the Minoans, and archaeologists continue to study their architecture and archaeological remains. 7. eventually fell to Greek invaders and was supplanted by the Mycenaean civilization.

Purpose of 13,14,15 amendments

13 - Was ratified by the states on Dec. 6, 1865 this amendment prohibited Avery in the United States. 14 - overturned the Red Scott decision and was ratified Jul. 9, 1868. American citizenship was redefined; citizen was any person born pr naturalized in the US with all citizens guaranteed equal legal protection by all states. It also guaranteed citizens of any race the right to file a lawsuit or serve on a jury. 15 - was ratified on Feb. 13, 1870. It states that no citizen of the United States can be denied the right to vote based on race or color or their previous status as a slave.

The Sumerians

1st to invent the wheel. Brought up irrigation systems. Had a cuneiform writing system(more simple than hieroglyphics) developed a time keeping system still in use today.

Major Events of the Civil War

6 Major events of the Civil War, outcomes, and significances -The first battle of Bull Run (July 21, 1861). 1st major land battle of the civil war. Observers watched from picnics from a distance witnessing blood baths. Union forces were defeated. The battle set the course of the civil war as long bloody and costly. - The capture of Fort Henry - by Ulysses S. Grant February of 1862 marked the Unions first major victory. - Battle of Gettysburg - (July 1-3, 1863) seen as the turning point in the war. Saw the largest number of casualties with 50,000 dead wounded or missing. Lee was defeated and confederate army was crippled. - The overland campaign - (may and June of 1864) grant now in command of all the Union armies, led this high casualty campaign that eventually positioned the Unions victory. -Shermans March to the Sea - William Tecumseh Sherman (May 1864) conquered Atlanta. Continued to Savannah destroying vast amounts of property as he went. -Following Leeds defeat at the Appomattox courthouse, General Grant accepted Lees surrender in the home of Wilmer McLean in Appomattox Virginia in April 9, 1865.

Stages of Economic Development

Agricultural stage Manufacturing stage Service sector stage Developing countries have difficulties to acquire the necessary funding to provide equipment and training to move into advance stages of economic development. Some receive help from more developed countries via foreign aid investment like International Monetary Fund or the World Bank

American Civil Liberties Union

An organization created in the 20s designed to protect the individual constitutional rights of all Americans. Controversial groups protected by the ACLU include the KKK, Sacco & Vanzetti, socialists, radical African-Americans, etc.

Influences of Philosophers on Political Study

Ancient Greek philosophers Aristotle and Plato believed political science would lead to order in political matters and that this scientifically organized order would create stable just societies

Thomas Hobbes

Author of Leviathan -believed that peoples lives were focused solely on quest for power and the state must work to control this urge. He believed people couldn't live together without the intervention of the gov.

How Banks Function

Banks are in their income by loaning out money and charging interest on those loans.

Bronze Age

Began 3,000 BC. Metals are discovered and first civilization emerged as humans become more technologically advanced

Upper or late Stone Age

Began 40,000 BC including the Mesolithic and Neolithic eras textiles and pottery developed. Discovered the wheel. Began to practice agriculture and polished tools. Had some domesticated animals

Iron Age

Begin 1200 - 1000 BC metal tools replace Stone tools as humans learn to smelt

Lower Paleolithic or early Stone Age

Beginning 2-3 million years ago. Early humans used tools like needles hatchets awls and cutting tools

The Babylonians

Best known for the Code of Hammurabi, an advanced law code.

Alliances

Between different countries based on similar interests, political goals, cultural values, or military issues. -North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) -Common Market -European Nations (UN) - United Nations (UN) -Caribbean Community -Council of Arab Economic Unity -Large companies and multi-national corporations can create alliances and various kinds of competition based on the need to control resources production and the overall market place.

Importance of the Panama Canal

Connected the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Encouraged trade Improved defense. - Its a passage wat between north and South America.

How do archaeologists evaluate this -

Detailed notes maps artifacts photographs and surveys

General political theory

Ensuring National Security - the government protects against international domestic and terrorist attacks and also ensures ongoing security through negotiating and establishing relationships with other govs. -Providing public service - the gov should promote the general welfare as states in the preamble to the US constitution by providing whatever is needed to its citizens. -Ensuring Social Order -the gov supplies means of settling conflicts among citizens as well as making laws to govern the nation, state, or city. - Making decisions regarding the economy - laws help form the economic policy of the country regarding both domestic and international trade and related issues. The gov also has the ability to distribute goods and wealth to some extent among its citizens.

Main theories regarding the origin of the state

Evolutionary - State evolved from the family, with the head of state the equivalent of the family's patriarch or matriarch. Force - One person or group of people brought everyone in an area under their control, forming the first gov. Divine Right - Certain people were chosen by their deity to be rulers. Social Contract - No natural order. The people allow themselves to be governed to maintain social order, while the state promises to protect the people they govern. If the government fails, the people have the right to seek new leaders.

French Spanish Dutch and British Goals in Colonizing the Americas

French - focused on expanding fur trade. Later colonization led to the growth of plantations in Louisiana which brought many African slaves to the New World -Spanish Colonists - came looking for wealth and to convert Natives to Christianity. For some the desire for gold led to mining in the New World. Others established large ranches. - Dutch - involved in the fur trade and imported slaves as the need for laborers increased. British - arrived with various goals. Some were looking for additional income others were fleeing religious persecutions.

Growth of the Labor Movement through the Late 19th Century

Homestead Strike 1892 - occurred when the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers struck against the Carnegie steel company. Gunfire ensued and Carnegie was able to eliminate the plants union. -1894 workers in the American Railway Union led the Eugene Debs initiated the Pullman Strike after the Pullman Palace Car. Co. cut wages by 28% - President Grover Cleveland called troops to break up the Strike on the grounds that it interfered with the mail delivery. -Marry Harris "Mother" Jones organized the Children's Crusade to protest child labor. A protest march proceeded to the home of President Theodore Roosevelt in 1903. Jones also worked with the United Mine Workers of America and helped found the Industrial Workers of the World.

Before that? (Before the 600,000 years)

Humans are believed to have appeared 1 million years ago. Eventually developing into cro-magnon man and the Homo-sapiens

By studying these sights scientists have theorized....

Humans have existed for nearly 600,000 years

Lower Paleolithic

Humans used crude tools also known as the early Stone Age

Ideal balance to be obtained in an economy

Ideally, and economy functions efficiently with the aggregated supply, or the amount of national output equal to the aggregate demand or the amount of the output that is purchased. Economies typically go through phases: Boom: GDP is high and the economy prospers -Recession- GDP falls and unemployment rises -Trough - the recession reaches its lowest point -Recovery - unemployment lessens, prices rise, and the economy begins to stabilize again.

Where did the earliest civilizations develop before Egypt?

In the Tigris and Euphrates river valleys in Mesopotamia around 5,000 - 3,000 bc in an area known as the Fertile Crescent. Mainly for the geography and water.

Types of Earning Generated by an Economy Considered to Calculate GDP

Income factors Are: - Wages paid to laborers or compensation of employees -Rental income derived from land -Interest income derived from invested capital -Entrepreneurial income Entrepreneurial income consist of 2 forms. -Proprietors income - income that comes back to the entrepreneur himself -Corporate Profit - income that foes back into the corporation as a whole.

Interventionist and Isolationist Approaches in WW2

Interventionist - willing to provide aid without actually entering into the conflict. Isolationists - believed that the US should not have any sort of involvement not even providing aid.

Major Ideas driving American foreign Policy

Isolationism - The early US gov. did not intend to establish colonies though they did plan to grow larger within the bounds of North America No entangling Alliances - Both George Washington and Thomas Jefferson were opposed to forming any permanent alliances with other countries or becoming involved in other countries internal issues. -Nationalism - a positive patriotic feeling about the US blossomed quickly among its citizens particularly after the War of 1812 when the US once again defeated Britain. The Industrial revolution also sparked increased nationalism by allowing even the most far flung areas of the US to communicate with each other via telegraph and the expanding railroad.

Ancient Cultures in the Americas

Less is known of _______ since less was left behind.

Climates found in low latitudes

Low latitudes 0-23.5 degrees - rainforest climates - near the equators. have high temps and humidity as well as relatively high rainfall. - savannas - found on either side of the rainforest region mostly grasslands they are typically experienced dry winters and wet summers. - deserts - hot, dry climates, sparse rainfall, and temp fluctuates of up to 50 degrees from day to night.

Major Players in the Federalist and anti federalist Camps

Major Federalists : Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison - The wrote a series of letters called the Federalist Papers aimed at convincing the states to ratify the constitution Antifederalists: Thomas Jefferson and Patrick Henry - Argued against the constitution as it was originally drafted in a series of Antifederalist papers. -Final compromise - they produced a strong central government with a system with checks and balances. A bill of rights was also added which would become the first 10 amendments of the constitutions. - The bill of rights 10 amendments protected rights such as freedom of speech religion and other basic rights.

Obstacles Developing nations Face Regarding Economic Growth

Major Obstacles Include: - Rapid uncontrolled population growth - Trade Restrictions -Misused resources often perpetrated by the gov. - traditional beliefs that can slow or reject change As well as corrupt govs who create economic disparities making it impossible for individuals to advance in turn preventing all growth overall.

NATO, Warsaw Pact, and the Berlin Wall

NATO The North Atlantic Treat Organization - came into being 1949. It essentially amounted to an agreement among the US and Western European countries that an attack on any one of these countries was to be considered and attack on the entire group. -Warsaw Pact - Under the influence of the Soviet Union, The Eastern European countries of the USSR, Bulgaria, East Germany, Poland, Romania, Albania, Hungary and Czechoslovakia responded with the war pact which was a similar agreement among those nations. - 1961 a wall was built to separate a communist east Berlin from a democratic west Berlin

The Fertile Crescent

Named by James Breasted. Used to describe the area in southwest Asia and Mediterranean basin where the earliest civilizations arose. Included modern day Iraq Syria Lebanon Israel Palestine and Jordan

Hebrews

Or ancient Israelite culture developed monotheistic religion (one god) that eventually developed modern day Judaism and Christianity

The Mycenaeans

Practiced a religion that grew into the Greek pantheon. Worshipping Zeus and other Olympian gods. They developed the Linear B writing system used to write the earliest forms of Greek.

Phases of Reconstruction

Presidential Reconstruction - Driven by President Andrew Johnson's. Lenient on the South and allowed continued discrimination against and control over blacks. Congressional Reconstruction - Congress, controlled largely by Radical Republicans, provided a wider range of civil rights for blacks and greater control over Southern gov. Military control over former Confederate States. Redemption - Gradually the Confederate states were readmitted into the union. Democrats took over the gov. of most of the South. In 1877, President Rutherford Hayes withdrew the last federal troops form he South.

Problems When Industrialization Occurs Too Quickly

Rapid growth throughout the world leaves some nations behind and sometimes spurs their govs to move forward too quickly into industrialization. The four major problems due to rapid industrialization are - Use of technology not suited to the products or services being supplied -Poor investment of capital -lack of time for the population to adapt to new Paradigms -Lack of time to experience all stages of development and adjust to each stage.

state sovereignty

Recognizes the division of geographical areas into areas controlled by various governments or groups of people - They not only control the territory but all of its natural resources and inhabitants in the area. -Entire earth is divided into political or administrative sovereign areas controlled by a particular government

Actions taken by the US government to control Monopolies

Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) - this prohibited trusts monopolies and any other situations that eliminated competition. -Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)- this prohibited price discrimination -Robinson-Patman Act (1936) - this strengthened provisions of the Clayton antitrust act requiring businesses to offer the same pricing on products to any customer

What is archaeology?

Study of past human cultures by evaluating what they leave behind. Such as bones, buildings, art, tools, pottery, graves, trash.

Sumerians

Sumer, located in the southern part of Mesopotamia, consisted of a dozen city-states. Each city-state had its own gods, and the leader of each city-state also served as the high priest. Cultural legacies of Sumer include: 1- The invention of writing 2-The invention of the wheel 3- The first library—established in Assyria by Ashurbanipal 4- The Hanging Gardens of Babylon—one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World 5- First written laws—Ur-Nammu's Codes and the Codesof Hammurabi 6- The Epic of Gilgamesh—the first recorded epic story

McCulloh vs. Maryland

Supreme Court decision that (1819) established the supremacy of the national govt. over state governments.

Ways to measure the gross domestic product of a country

TWO major ways to measure GDP: -Expenditure approach - calculates GDP based on how much money is spent in each individual sector -Income Approach - calculates the GDP based on how much money is earned in each sector. Both methods yield the same results and both of these calculation methods are based on four economic sectors that make up a countries macro-economy - Consumers -Business -Government -Foreign Sector

Upper Paleolithic

The last part (10,000 to 40,000 years ago) of the Old Stone Age, featuring tool industries characterized by long slim blades and an explosion of creative symbolic forms. They had a variety of tools. They were better made and more specialized. Began to wear clothes and organize in groups. Social structures and practiced art. Mostly lived in caves.

What is anthropology?

The study of human culture and the study of human groups and how they relate to each other. Including similarities and differences in different groups and cultures.

Autocratic

These cultures were all autocratic meaning they had a single ruler as the head of the government and often was the main religious ruler as well. These rulers were often tyrannical, militaristic leaders who controlled all aspects of life, including law, trade, and religious activity. Portions of the legacies of these civilizations remain in cultures today. These include mythologies, religious systems, mathematical innovations,and even elements of various languages.

Where did the earliest civilizations develop?

They developed near river valleys. Where reliable, fertile land was easily found.

How do most anthropologists work?

They work living among the cultures and participating in those cultures to learn more about them.

The Minoans

Used syllabic writing system and build lard and colorful palaces. The palaces included sewage systems and running water bathtubs and every flushable toilets. Their script Linear A has still yet to be deciphered

Weather v. Climate

Weather - involves daily conditions in the atmosphere that affect temp, precipitation (rain, snow, hail or sleet) wind speed, air pressure and other factors. Weather focuses on the short term. What the conditions will be today tomorrow or even the next few days. - Climate - aggregates information about daily and seasonal weather conditions in a region over a long period of time. Climate takes into account average monthly and yearly temps, average precipitation over long periods of time, and the growing season of an area. Climates are classified according to latitude or how close they lie to earths equator. The three major divisions are: - Low latitudes - lying from 0 to approximately 23.5 degrees. - Middled Latitudes - found from 23.5 - 66.5 degrees. -High latitudes - found from 66.5 degrees to the poles

The Persians

Were conquerors those they conquered were allowed to keep their own laws customers religions and traditions. Developed the alphabet. Practiced Zoroastrianism and Mithraism religions that influenced modern day religions practiced

Government Intervention Policies that can help Mitigate Inflation and Unemployment

When an economy becomes too imbalanced government intervention becomes necessary to put it back on track. Government Fiscal policy can't take several forms including: -Contractionary Policy -Expansionary Policy -Monetary Policy - Contractionary Policies - help counteract inflation. Decreasing taxes and decreasing government spending to slow spending in the overall economy -Expansionary policies - increase gov. spending and lower taxes in order to reduce unemployment and increase the level of spending Monetary Policies - can take several forms and affects the amount of funds available to banks s for making loans.

Goals of the Anti-Defamation League

a. Formed in 1913, the league served to prevent anti Semite behavior and practices. It later worked to prevent all forms of racism and discrimination. They spoke out against the KKK, as well as other racist organizations.

Significance of the Second Continental Congress

a. Met May 10, 1775, a month after Lexington and Concord, to discuss defense of the colonies, the growing war, local gov., and declaring independence from Britain. b. They established an Army, and on June 15, named George Washington as the Commander in Chief. c. By 1776 there was full scale war with Britain, and on July 4, drafted the Declaration of Independence.

Monroe Doctrine

an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers. - The US would stay out of European matters and expected Europe to offer America the same service. This policy stated in no uncertain terms that America would not tolerate any new European colonies in the New World.

Indus Valled

an urban civilization arose in what is now India. These ancient humans developed the concept of zero in mathematics, practiced an early form of the Hindu religion, and developed the caste system,which is still prevalent in India today. Archaeologists are still uncovering information about this highly developed ancient civilization.

Assyrians

developed horse-drawn chariots and an organized military

Cybernomics

economics driven by e-commerce and other computer based markets and products Other issues coming to the fore regarding cybernetics include - Secure online trade -Intellectual property rights - rights to privacy - Bringing developing nations into the fold.

Irrigation techniques

helped direct water where it was most needed to sustain herds of domestic animals and to nourish crops of increasing size and quality

Human Environment Interaction

how people affect their environment and how their environment affects them

China

human civilizationdeveloped along the Yangtze River. These people produced silk, grew millet, and made pottery, including Longshan black pottery.

Functions and types of Money

money is used in 3 major ways: - as an accounting unit - as a store of value - as an exchange of medium -It must be acceptable throughout society in exchange for debts or to buy goods and services. It should be scarce, value should remain stable, and easily carried, durable, and easy to divide up. 3 basic types of money: Commodity money - includes gems and metals Representative money- can be exchanged for items such as gold and silver that hack inherent value Fist money - legal tender, has no inherent value but has been declared to function as money by the gov. Its often is backed by silver or gold.

comparative advantage

refers to a country focusing on a specific product that it can produce more efficiently and more cheaply or at a lower opportunity cost than any other country has giving it a comparative advantage in production.

Phoenicians

skilled seafarers and navigators. used the stars to navigate their ships at night. They developed a purple dye that was in great demand in the ancient world, and worked with glass and metals. They also devised a phonetic alphabet, using symbols to represent individual sounds rather than whole words or syllables.

open market operations

the buying and selling of government securities to alter the supply of money

bidiversity

the many different types of life that exist in an environment

Elasticity

this is based on how the quantity of a particular product responds to the price demand for that product. If quantity responds quickly to changes in price the supply/demand for that product is said to be elastic. If it does not respond quickly then the supply/demand is inelastic.

Market Efficiency

when a market is capable of producing output high enough to meet consumer demand