The Appendicular Skeleton
The scapula's lateral surface is divided into two grooves by the spine of the scapula, called the:
1. supraspinous fossa (cranial) 2. infraspinous fossa (caudal)
Dogs have up to _____ sesamoid bones in each front paw at the metacarpophalangeal joints
13
Cats have ______ sesamoid bones on the palmar surface of the metacarpophalangeal joints in the front paw.
9
________ is an inflammation of the periosteum over the equine third metacarpal bone; this condition occurs on the cranial surface of the bone
Bucked shins
______ often lack the first carpal bone and occasionally have a fifth distal carpal bone lying lateral and distal to the ulnar carpal bone, for a total of seven or eight carpal bones
Horses
what is the function of the scapula?
It attaches the thoracic limb to the body wall and also serves as the pivot point for the humerus
_____ lack the first metacarpal bone, and their third and fourth metacarpal bones are longer than the outermost bones (the second and fifth) so that only the two middle toes are actually supporting the animal's weight
Pigs
______ have all eight carpal bones.
Pigs
_______ lack the entire first digit, have two dewclaws—the second and fifth digit—and bear weight on the third and fourth digits
Pigs
_________ are similar to pigs, but their dewclaws contain very small, irregular phalanges that reside in soft tissue without articulating with any metacarpal bones. This structure occurs because the second metacarpal is absent, and the fifth metacarpal bone is very small.
Ruminants
describe the scapula?
a flat bone, roughly triangular in shape. -One point of this triangle is directed ventrally, whereas the base of the triangle is directed dorsally. -The medial side of the scapula rests against the rib cage.
Only the _______ carpal bone attaches to muscles
accessory
At the junction of the ilium, ischium, and pubis is a deeply concave joint surface called the __________-
acetabulum
the ________ is where the femur articulates with the pelvis in a ball-and-socket joint that forms the hip
acetabulum
the radius and ulna form part of the thoracic limb known as the forearm or _______
antibrachium
The _________ is composed of the bones of the thoracic and pelvic limbs.
appendicular skeleton
The caudal part of the ilium is called the _____ (or shaft)
body
what is the fibular tarsal bone also referred to as?
calcaneus
Horses have a large third metatarsal bone called the _____ bone
cannon
in horses, the large third metacarpal bone is also known as the _____ bone
cannon
The radius and ulna articulate with the ______ bones distally and act as points of attachment for the muscles that control the elbow and carpal joints
carpal
the distal phalanx in horses is called the
coffin bone
In _____ and ______, the first and second metacarpal bones are missing, the third and fourth are fused into one bone called the cannon bone, and the fifth metacarpal bone is very small
cows / sheep
Carpal bones are a collection of small, somewhat _______, bones that form much of the carpus
cuboidal
Cats have five digits, but the first digit, which has only two phalanges, doesn't bear weight and is thus a _____
dewclaw
All metacarpal bones have the basic long-bone structure: one _________ with two epiphyses, proximal and distal.
diaphysis
The patella allows the tendons of the muscles of the leg's cranial surface to slide easily over the _____ femur and improves the strength and leverage of the muscles that work across the stifle joint
distal
In addition to the patella, carnivores also have small sesamoid bones called _______ that are located caudal to the distal femur
fabellae
The _________ is the thighbone
femur
which tarsal bone is the largest?
fibular tarsal bone (calcaneous)
in the first row of tarsal bones is also the __________ bone
fibular tarsil
Horses completely lack the _____ and ____ metacarpal bones
first / fifth
Dogs and cats have ______ metatarsal bones per hind limb
five
Humans, cats, and dogs each have ______ metacarpal bones
five
In domestic animals, you'll find _____ to _______ tarsal bones, depending on the species, arranged in two rows
five / seven
what type of bone is the scapula?
flat bone, roughly triangular in shape
the front limbs of bats have been modified for ______
flight
the thoracic limbs of dolphins, whales, and seals have evolved into _______
flippers for swimming
The ______ provides space for muscles to attach the scapula to the humerus
fossa
Most bird species contain _______ digits in the pelvic limb
four
just distal to the neck of the scapula, the bone flares out slightly and ends in a concave (dished) region called the ______
glenoid cavity
The gluteal muscles of the pelvic limb attach to the lateral side of the ilium, which is called the _________
gluteal surface
In humans and primates, the thoracic limbs are used primarily for
grasping and manipulating objects
The dorsal border of the body of the ilium is called the ____________
greater ischiatic notch
Cranial to the head of the humerus are two projections called the _________ on the cranial and lateral surface, and the lesser tubercle on the medial surface
greater tubercle
The round, smooth, proximal end that joins with the scapula is called the ______ of the humerus
head
The tarsus is commonly referred to as the ________ in animals
hock joint
Just distal to the scapula is the _______, a long bone with a cylindrical shape
humerus
The _______ serves as a site of attachment for muscles that attach to the scapula and neck to allow the leg to be pulled forward or backward and the head and neck to be pulled down or to the side
humerus
The wing bones consist of the ________, _______, _______, _______, _________, and ______
humerus / radius / ulna / alula bone / metacarpal bones / digits
The wing of the ilium widens near the cranial border like the base of a triangle. This area is called the _______
iliac crest
The _______ is the largest bone in the pelvis
ilium
the sacroiliac joint is the meeting of the _______ of the pelvis and sacrum of the spinal column
ilium
what are the three pelvic bones?
ilium, ischium, pubis
Between the condyles on the tibia you find the __________, which is the the attachment site for some of the ligaments that connect the femur to the tibia
intercondylar eminence
The caudal and lateral angles of the ischium are known as the ______________
ischiatic tuberosities
Caudal and ventral to the ilium lies the _______, which is also a mostly flat bone
ischium
The _______'s position is somewhat horizontal, whereas the ilium is positioned more vertically
ischium
Just proximal and slightly caudal to the condyles of the humerus are two projections that flare out to each side. These are called the ______ epicondyle and ________ epicondyle
lateral / medial
The distal end of the humerus is made up of two condyles—the _________ and the medial trochlea
lateral capitulum
The ________ is a small process at the distal end of the fibula that articulates with the tarsal bones
lateral malleolus
Cranial to the head of the humerus are two projections called the greater tubercle on the cranial and lateral surface, and the ________ on the medial surface
lesser tubercle
Some sesamoid bones increase _________ for the muscle pulling on the tendon in which the sesamoid is embedded; this increased ________ clearly provides a biomechanical advantage to the muscle
leverage
The sacral part of the spine attaches firmly and closely to the medial side of the ilium by means of short and strong _________
ligaments
The metacarpal bones are _______ bones lying side by side
long
The common name for the equine proximal phalanx is the _________
long pastern bone
The distal row of carpal bones is numbered from 1 to 4, starting with the _______ bone and moving laterally
medial
On the medial side of the distal tibia is a bony projection known as the _________, which helps form the joint with the tarsal bones
medial malleolus
The distal end of the humerus is made up of two condyles—the lateral capitulum and the ________
medial trochlea
Distal to the carpal bones are the _______ bones
metacarpal
The epicondyles on the humerus are attachment sites for _______
muscles
_______ and _______ attach the dorsal surface and spine of the scapula to the thoracic spine and the medial surface to the rib cage
muscles / ligaments
the distal sesamoid bone in the horse—commonly called the navicular bone—may develop a type of lameness called ________
navicular disease
The scapula narrows near the ventral point; this is called the _____ of the scapula
neck
A large opening called the ______________- is formed by the ischium and pubis on each side of the pelvis
obturator foramen
Nerves and blood vessels pass through which foramen to reach the inner thighs?
obturator foramen
The _________ is the bony prominence you can feel at your elbow
olecranon process
The most proximal part of the ulna is the __________, which is a very large tuberosity that serves as a point of attachment for the muscles that extend the elbow joint and thereby straighten the leg
olecranon process
the _________ serves as a point of attachment for the muscles on the elbow
olecranon process
Digits that don't bear weight are called _______ (or dewclaws)
paradigits
The ______ is the kneecap
patella
the _______ is slightly oval shaped with a slight point on the distal end
patella
which sesamoid bone in the body is the largest?
patella
In birds, reptiles, and amphibians, the thoracic limb is referred to as the ________
pectoral girdle
The tubercles serve as points of attachment for the ______
pectoral muscles
The ______ limbs support the rear end of the body, and in most land animals the hind limbs are the main source of propulsion and strength when the animal runs or jumps
pelvic
The fundamental bones of the pelvic limb, starting proximally and moving distally, include the following: ________, _______, _______, _______, ________, _________, ________, and _________
pelvic bones / femur / patella / tibia / fibula / tarsal bone / metatarsal bones / phalanges
The seam where the right and left sides of the pelvis come together ventrally is called the _______________
pelvic symphysis
The _______ is a girdle of bones that attaches the spine to the pelvic limbs
pelvis
The bones of each digit are called _______ (singular, phalanx)
phalanges
For a species such as the horse that has a greater need for speed and stability in the legs, fusion of the radius and ulna provides greater stability by _________
preventing this part of the limb from rotating
Each digit except the first is composed of three phalanges: ___________, _________, and _______
proximal / intermediate / distal
The _______ bone lies cranial to the ischium on both sides of the pelvis.
pubis
In horses, the _______ is a long bone slightly flattened on the cranial and caudal surfaces
radius
the lateral capitulum on the humerus articulates with which bone?
radius
The pelvic limbs are directly connected to the axial skeleton by way of the _______ joint
sacroiliac
The tuber sacrale joins the sacrum to form the _______ joint
sacroiliac
the sacroiliac joint is the meeting of the ilium of the pelvis and _______ of the spinal column
sacrum
The ________ is the shoulder blade
scapula
The bones of the thoracic limb, starting closest to the spine and ending near the foot, are the
scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpal bones, metacarpal bones, and phalanges
Hoofed animals have a well-developed ridge of cartilage along the dorsal border of the scapula called the _______
scapular cartilage
The pectoral girdle of birds consists of the paired _______, ________, and _______
scapulas / coracoids / clavicles
In addition to the phalanges, the digits also possess _________. These are small nodular bones near a joint
sesamoid bones
Dogs have fused radial and intermediate carpal bones, for a total of _______ carpal bones
seven
unlike the accessory carpal bones, the other carpal bones are pivot points for flexion and extension of the carpal joint and act as ________
shock absorbers
the intermediate phalanx in horses is called the
short pastern bone
In ruminants, the first distal carpal bone is missing, and the second and the third are fused, for a total of _____ carpal bones
six
The lateral surface of the scapula features a ridge, called the ________, which projects laterally along almost the entire length of the bone
spine of the scapula
The shaft of the humerus ________ slightly as it travels distally, following the path of the muscles that travel over the humerus
spirals
in horses, the second and fourth metacarpal bones, commonly called the ________, are vestigial and very small
splint bones
Some species of snakes have vestigial limbs referred to as ______
spurs
The femur articulates distally with the tibia and patella to form the _______
stifle joint
Dogs have a small hole just above the condyle called the ___________
supratrochlear foramen
what is the tibial tarsal bone also referred to as?
talus
The tibia also attaches the muscles that bend the ______ joint distally
tarsal
The ________ are a collection of bones that form the tarsus, which connects the tibia and fibula at the proximal end to the metatarsal bones at the distal end
tarsal bones
the thoracic limbs are connected to the axial skeleton by
the collarbone
where does the humerus articulate with the scapula?
the glenoid cavity
the humerus has knoblike, rounded ends that serve as points of articulation with which bones?
the scapula proximally, and the radius and ulna distally
Horses have only one digit—the _______—that bears all of the weight for the thoracic limb
third
In horses, the _______ metacarpal is the main metacarpal that bears the animal's weight
third
the _________ support the front end of the body and aren't connected to the axial skeleton by bone, only by ligaments and tendons
thoracic limbs
The ________ articulates with the femur to form the stifle joint
tibia
the cranial aspect of the tibia has a ridge called the __________
tibial crest
In the first row of tarsal bones are the _______ bone
tibial tarsal
The _____ bone forms most of the joint with the tibia and fibula
tibial tarsal
At the proximal end of the tibial crest is a projection of bone called the _______, where ligaments connect the patella to the tibia
tibial tuberosity
At the proximal end of the shaft are several projections called _________- that serve as sites of attachment for various muscles, including the gluteals
trochanters
Cranial and just proximal to the condyles lies a curved surface called the ________, where the patella articulates
trochlea
the patella is embedded in muscle tendons that straighten the knee joint, and it slides in the _______ of the femur as these muscles contract and relax.
trochlea
Just distal to the olecranon is the ___________, the curved surface that articulates with the humerus
trochlear notch
the lateral angle of the iliac crest is the _______
tuber coxae
The medial angle of the iliac crest is called the _______
tuber sacrale
When veterinarians take bone marrow biopsies for diagnosis of bone marrow disease, the _________ is often the area biopsied
tuber sacrale
The ________ serve as points of attachment for the pectoral muscles
tubercles
Horses have _______ proximal sesamoid bones located behind the distal articular surfaces of the third metacarpal bone, and one distal sesamoid bone located behind the junction of the intermediate and distal phalanges
two
The first digit is composed of ____ phalanges
two
At its distal end, the _______ tapers and fuses to the radius
ulna
In species in which the ulna remains separate from the radius, which of the two bones is longer?
ulna
The _______ in horses is attached to the caudolateral surface of the radius, and its shaft is incomplete distally
ulna
in dogs and cats, what may be the longest single bone in the body?
ulna
the medial trochlea on the humerus articulates with which bone?
ulna
the limbs attach to the pelvis at the ______ and _______ borders
ventral / lateral
the ilium is a mostly flat, triangular bone that curves outward slightly at the cranial end, which is called the _______
wing