The Bass Handbook of Leadership

Within and between analyses (WABAs)

Analysis of leadership at multiple levels of organizational strata

sotto voce Bass, Bernard M.. The Bass Handbook of Leadership: Theory, Research, and Managerial Applications (p. 64). Free Press. Kindle Edition.

Definition of sotto voce 1 : under the breath : in an undertone; also : in a private manner 2 : very softly —used as a direction in music

Material versus Nonmaterial Rewards.

Pay for performance still remains a popular contingent reward in the United States, Britain, and elsewhere, with schedules set by the human resources staff. Supervisors may recommend pay raises in their performance reports of subordinates, but nonmaterial rewarding may be more important in motivating and maintaining performance. Although pay motivates people to seek and accept employment for better wages and salaries, leaders are likely to have even more discretionary effects on their subordinates in their use of nonmaterial positive feedback of praise and recognition for work well done (Kohn, 1993).